<p>Studies have been performed to evaluate the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), one mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), as an analytical technique in industrial pharmaceutical analysis. The potential for using chemometrics for the optimisation of MEKC methods has also been studied as well as the possibilities of coupling MEKC with mass spectrometry (MS). </p><p>Two methods were developed, one for the determination of ibuprofen and codeine and another for pilocarpine, together with their degradation products and impurities in both cases. MEKC was found to be the most suitable mode of CE for the methods. Both methods were optimised by means of experimental design. Valuable information was gathered and optimum conditions were defined which resulted in fast systems with baseline-separated peaks. The ibuprofen-codeine method was validated according to the recommended validation procedures of the International Conference of Harmonisation. The validation was performed on a commercially available tablet formulation to verify the suitability of the method, i.e. for quantification of the two main compounds and to determine the degradation products and impurities in area% of each main peak. The following parameters were determined: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and range. The results confirm that the method is highly suitable for its intended purpose, i.e. as a routine method for assay and impurity determination. The MEKC method for ibuprofen-codeine was coupled to a mass spectrometer in order to evaluate the potential of partial filling (PF)-MEKC-MS for identification of impurities in pharmaceutical substances and products. The so-called partial-filling technique was used to prevent the non-volatile micelles from entering the MS and was shown to fulfil its purpose of providing detection limits of about 10 pg. </p><p>The study clearly shows that micellar electrokinetic chromatography is well-suited as an analytical technique in industrial pharmaceutical analysis. </p>

Studies have been performed to evaluate the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), one mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), as an analytical technique in industrial pharmaceutical analysis. The potential for using chemometrics for the optimisation of MEKC methods has also been studied as well as the possibilities of coupling MEKC with mass spectrometry (MS). Two methods were developed, one for the determination of ibuprofen and codeine and another for pilocarpine, together with their degradation products and impurities in both cases. MEKC was found to be the most suitable mode of CE for the methods. Both methods were optimised by means of experimental design. Valuable information was gathered and optimum conditions were defined which resulted in fast systems with baseline-separated peaks. The ibuprofen-codeine method was validated according to the recommended validation procedures of the International Conference of Harmonisation. The validation was performed on a commercially available tablet formulation to verify the suitability of the method, i.e. for quantification of the two main compounds and to determine the degradation products and impurities in area% of each main peak. The following parameters were determined: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and range. The results confirm that the method is highly suitable for its intended purpose, i.e. as a routine method for assay and impurity determination. The MEKC method for ibuprofen-codeine was coupled to a mass spectrometer in order to evaluate the potential of partial filling (PF)-MEKC-MS for identification of impurities in pharmaceutical substances and products. The so-called partial-filling technique was used to prevent the non-volatile micelles from entering the MS and was shown to fulfil its purpose of providing detection limits of about 10 pg. The study clearly shows that micellar electrokinetic chromatography is well-suited as an analytical technique in industrial pharmaceutical analysis.

De nos jours, la stéréochimie des médicaments est devenue un enjeu important aussi bien pour l'industrie pharmaceutique que pour les autorités réglementaires. Il a été démontré que les nucléotides / nucléosides ou les structures en double hélice et tétrade de guanine présentaient certaines propriétés énantio sélectives. Néanmoins, à ce jour, très peu d’études se sont focalisées sur l’utilisation de l’ADN en tant que sélecteur chiral. Grâce à l’utilisation d’une méthode de remplissage partiel, les propriétés de discrimination chirale d'un répertoire d'oligonucléotides (ONs) en série ADN caractérisé par diverses compositions de bases et de structures ont été testées sur une large gamme de mélanges racémiques par électrophorèse capillaire (EC), méthode séparative performante utilisant de faibles volumes d’échantillons. A des concentrations d'ADN sub-millimolaire, il a été montré que tous les ONs en série ADN testés, présentaient des capacités d'énantio discrimination vis-à-vis de plusieurs composés pertinents. Les couples d’énantiomères séparés sont, soit des composés cationiques possédant un groupement phényle, soit des analytes sans charge nette ou avec une charge positive et comportant deux cycles aromatiques. Une étude portant sur les capacités séparatives de plusieurs séquences d'homopolymères poly-dT de longueurs différentes (de 5 à 60-mer) a ensuite été menée sur certains couples d’énantiomères. Les résultats ont montré qu’une longueur minimale de 30 bases, où l'ADN semble adopter une conformation de type pelote, présentait de meilleures propriétés d'énantioséparation qu’une séquence constituée d’un maximum de 10 bases. De plus, la reconnaissance chirale des ONs en série ADN implique principalement des bases d'ADN libres dont la diversité chimique augmente leur capacité d'énantio résolution. Finalement, afin d'étudier la contribution thermodynamique impliquée dans les séparations énantiomériques obtenues par les ONs simples brins testés, des mesures de constantes d’affinité pour les énantiomères du tryptophane ont été réalisées vis-à-vis du Poly-dT30 par trois techniques différentes. Les méthodes utilisées n’ont pas permis de déterminer une différence d’affinité entre les deux énantiomères. / Nowadays, drug stereochemistry has become a significant issue for both the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory authorities. It has been demonstrated that nucleotides/ nucleosides or duplex and G-quadruplex structures showed some enantioselective properties. Nevertheless, to date, the use of DNA as chiral selector has been largely neglected. Using partial filling capillary electrophoresis (CE) method, highly efficient technique with little volume consumption need, the assessment of the enantioselective properties of a repertoire of arbitrarily chosen DNA oligonucleotides (ONs) characterized by diverse base compositions and structural features was studied for a series of various racemates. Under (sub) millimolar DNA concentration conditions, it was shown that all the ONs tested presented enantiodiscrimination properties for interesting organic compounds. The resolved compounds are either cationic carrying one phenyl group or contain two aromatic cycles with no net or one positive charge. Then, sequence prerequisites of ONs for the CE enantioseparation process were studied for a series of homopolymeric sequences (Poly-dT) of different lengths (from 5 to 60-mer) and for the discrimination of various enantiomers. The results showed that the sequence length of 30-mer (or more) of the ONs was better for the enantioseparation properties, where the DNA adopted a coil-like conformation, than ONs with a sequence length ≤ 10-mer. The base-unpaired state constituted also an important factor in the chiral resolution ability of ONs. Moreover, the chemical diversity enhanced the enantioresolution ability of single-stranded ONs. Finally, several attempts have been conducted to study the thermodynamic contribution involved in enantiomeric separation obtained with DNA strands. Binding affinity constants were determined for tryptophan enantiomers towards Poly-dT30 by three different techniques. The used methods did not allow determining a difference of affinity between enantiomers.

Объектом исследования является конструкция цилиндрической линзы Люнеберга из однородного диэлектрика. Целью работы являлась разработка способа проектирования цилиндрической линзы Люнеберга на основе однородного материала. В работе были рассмотрены различные способы задания структуры цилиндрической линзы из однородного диэлектрика, описан процесс их моделирования, проведен анализ полученных результатов. В качестве способа изготовления была выбрана 3-D печать из пластика. Получена аппроксимирующая функция, позволяющая создать цилиндрическую линзу Люнеберга с плавным изменением эффективной диэлектрической проницаемости по радиальной координате. Приведены результаты ее моделирования. / The object of the research is the construction of a cylindrical Luneberg lens from a uniform dielectric. The aim of the work was to develop ways to design a cylindrical Luneberg lens based on a homogeneous material. In this paper, various ways of setting a cylindrical lens made of a uniform dielectric, the described process of modeling them were considered, and the results were analyzed. As a method of manufacturing was chosen 3-D printing from plastic. An approximating function is obtained, which makes it possible to create a cylindrical Ludberg lens with a smooth variation of the effective dielectric constant along the radial coordinate. The results of its modeling are given.