International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A composite PCM/FM+FM/FM system combines the spectral efficiency of the analog system with the accuracy of a PCM system when needed for specific sensors and allows the direct transmission of binary computer words if necessary. A PCM/FM+FM/FM system combines the bit sequence with the modulated subcarriers at baseband and the resultant modulates the carrier. In the design of the composite system it is of importance to determine the impact of the subcarriers on the bit error rate of the bit sequence and to determine the degradation of the output signal-to-noise ratio of the subcarrier channels caused by the bit sequence.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The VME bus is used in a wide variety of airborne applications. The particular application of the VPE is for use in the MSTI satellite to provide spacecraft telemetry. The VME based PCM encoder can provide telemetry from any stand alone data acquisition system. This paper describes the VME based PCM encoder. Since this design is ruggedized to meet the launch and environmental requirements for space, it can be used in any airborne VME system.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Verifying the quality of a PCM (or PAM) telemetry system is an important concern before any launch. A frame simulator generated test is definitely inchoate to exercise the link’s real world disturbances response behavior. It should be completed with tests involving some disturbances measurements.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Encoders are extensively used in instrumentation and telemetry systems. Commercially available encoders are available from several sources and vary in complexity depending on the application. Encoders often include analog signal conditioning, a system clock, and one or more digital input ports. Many of these systems also cost several thousand dollars and the cost goes up when high data accuracy of one or two percent is required. This paper describes a low cost approach which has been used in production telemetry applications with great success and which yields a PCM encoder with data accuracies of better than 2%.

Submitted by Souza Tanajura Augusto (cast@ufba.br) on 2012-12-12T13:59:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias.pdf: 24361426 bytes, checksum: 0e4d906633ce8a15229770aaad819bf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-12T13:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias.pdf: 24361426 bytes, checksum: 0e4d906633ce8a15229770aaad819bf5 (MD5) / Centro de Pesquisa em Geofísica e Geologia / Neste trabalho apresento os resultados de investigações rasas (ground penetrating radar - GPR, pipeline current mapper - PCM e eletrorresistividade) aplicada ao mapeamento de dutos situados em áreas distintas (terrestres e travessias de rios) da costa nordestina brasileira. O objetivo é estabelecer uma correlação direta da qualidade dos dados de GPR com características geológicas das áreas. Para isto utilizamos análises granulométricas de solos e de rochas, assim como valores de resistividade elétrica do meio. Neste trabalho o método PCM foi utilizado para orientar as investigações com o GPR e subsidiar maiores informações na localização dos dutos principalmente em áreas onde o GPR não obteve bons resultados. Os radargramas obtidos têm sua qualidade correlacionada com laudos granulométricos e em laguns casos comparados com a resistividade elétrica bem como com a saturação de fluidos. A aplicabilidade do método é revelada pelo gráfico que correlaciona a qualidade dos radargramas (razão sinal/ruído) com o teor de argilosidade do terreno. Exibindo um decréscimo da razão sinal/ruído com o aumetno da argilosidde. A resistividade elétrica também serviu para contribuir na aplicabilidade do método GPR, mostrando que quanto maior a resistividade elétrica do terreno, melhor a qualidade dos dados (razão sinal/ruído). Estes parâmetros evidenciam as limitações do método GPR em áreas onde a quantidade de argila predomina como a fração dominante do sedimento e os valores de resistividade elétrica são baixos. / Pós Graduação em Geofísica da UFBA

Application of ETAP in the design of Power Substations in Rwanda / Acess Energy and Saving scheme in Rwanda

The expanding use of renewable and sustainable energy systems is at the forefront of the global effort to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change. Thermal energy storage has become a critical component of many of these new and innovative systems, and research in this field has expanded to meet their requirements. Water has been traditionally used as a storage medium because of its high heat capacity and low cost, but depending on the application, the storage volume requirements may be excessively large. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) offer an opportunity to reduce the storage volume through latent energy storage. However, energy storage in PCM presents new challenges, and careful design of thermal storage is required to realize the benefits. The design of PCM storage must consider the system operation, operating temperature range, PCM properties, encapsulation, and the heat transfer fluid. In the current state-of-the-art literature, there is no standard method for designing PCM thermal storage based on system requirements. The objective of this thesis is to deliver a methodology to assess the feasibility of using PCM for thermal energy storage in place of water. This is done by identifying which applications benefit from PCM, comparing the analytical and numerical performance of water-only to hybrid water-PCM storage, and developing a method to size PCM containment to achieve theoretical performance when PCM is beneficial. This research study develops analytical solutions for sizing PCM thermal energy storage based on system boundary conditions. These boundary conditions consist of the system itself (e.g. heat pump, absorption chiller), the energy source into the system, and the required load from the system (e.g. a building). The PCM is incorporated into a water tank such that the water acts as both a heat transfer fluid and an energy store. Analytical predictions of the total energy storage capacity in this hybrid water-PCM thermal storage unit are coupled to analytical predictions of the rate of melting and solidification to appropriately determine the required volume and encapsulation thickness of PCM thermal storage based on the system requirements. The results are verified against full-system numerical simulations based on case studies of solar absorption cooling and heat-pump heating. It is shown in this study that the total required volume of storage is a function of the temperature differential of the system, and the total mismatch in time between when energy is available and when it is required. A mathematical formulation is proposed which quantifies the required storage volume based on the temperature differential, the source and load profiles, and the percentage of PCM in the hybrid water-PCM storage unit. Furthermore, the rate of melting and solidification of the thermal storage is coupled to the overall storage size and required time for charging, and a mathematical formulation is proposed which solves for the PCM encapsulation thickness. The method assumes a conservative conduction-dominated domain and demonstrates how complete melting can be ensured before the system reaches its maximum allowable temperature. The map the region of applicability of PCM thermal storage is also presented which is defined in terms of the non-dimensional Biot and Stefan numbers, in which systems utilizing PCM thermal storage will benefit from volume reduction when compared to using water only. This region is characterized with a low Biot number, corresponding to a slender geometry acting as a lumped system, as well as a low Stefan number, corresponding to limited temperature differential and limited sensible energy storage. These characteristics favor the use of PCM thermal storage instead of water only. This thesis presents a novel contribution to the state-of-the-art literature in PCM thermal storage, which is established through the analytical methodology for sizing PCM thermal storage based on system boundary conditions. The details of the contribution are presented in the form of three journal publications that have been integrated into this sandwich Ph.D. thesis on PCM thermal energy storage. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

Récemment, la course à la miniaturisation a vue sa progression ralentir à cause des défis technologiques qu’elle implique. Parmi ces obstacles, on trouve l’impact croissant de la variabilité local et process émanant de la complexité croissante du processus de fabrication et de la miniaturisation, en plus de la difficulté à réduire la longueur du canal. Afin de relever ces défis, de nouvelles architectures, très différentes de celle traditionnelle (bulk), ont été proposées. Cependant ces nouvelles architectures demandent plus d’efforts pour être industrialisées. L’augmentation de la complexité et du temps de développement requièrent de plus gros investissements financier. De fait il existe un besoin réel d’améliorer le développement et l’optimisation des dispositifs. Ce travail donne quelques pistes dans le but d’atteindre ces objectifs. L’idée, pour répondre au problème, est de réduire le nombre d’essai nécessaire pour trouver le processus de fabrication optimal. Le processus optimal est celui qui conduit à un dispositif dont les performances et leur dispersion atteignent les objectifs prédéfinis. L’idée développée dans cette thèse est de combiner l’outil TCAD et les modèles compacts dans le but de construire et calibrer ce que l’on appelle un PCM (Process Compact Model). Un PCM est un modèle analytique qui établit les liens entre les paramètres process et électriques du MOSFET. Il tire à la fois les bénéfices de la TCAD (puisqu’il relie directement les paramètres process aux paramètres électriques) et du modèle compact (puisque le modèle est analytique et donc rapide à calculer). Un PCM suffisamment prédictif et robuste peut être utilisé pour optimiser les performances et la variabilité globale du transistor grâce à un algorithme d’optimisation approprié. Cette approche est différente des méthodes de développement classiques qui font largement appel à l’expertise scientifique et à des essais successifs dans le but d’améliorer le dispositif. En effet cette approche apporte un cadre mathématique déterministe et robuste au problème.Le concept a été développé, testé et appliqué aux transistors 28 et 14 nm FD-SOI ainsi qu’aux simulations TCAD. Les résultats sont exposés ainsi que les recommandations nécessaires pour implémenter la technique à échelle industrielle. Certaines perspectives et applications sont de même suggérées. / Recently, the race for miniaturization has seen its growth slow because of technological challenges it entails. These barriers include the increasing impact of the local variability and processes from the increasing complexity of the manufacturing process and miniaturization, in addition to the difficult of reducing the channel length. To address these challenges, new architectures, very different from the traditional one (bulk), have been proposed. However these new architectures require more effort to be industrialized. Increasing complexity and development time require larger financial investments. In fact there is a real need to improve the development and optimization of devices. This work gives some tips in order to achieve these goals. The idea to address the problem is to reduce the number of trials required to find the optimal manufacturing process. The optimal process is one that results in a device whose performance and dispersion reach the predefined aims. The idea developed in this thesis is to combine TCAD tool and compact models in order to build and calibrate what is called PCM (Process Compact Model). PCM is an analytical model that establishes linkages between process and electrical parameters of the MOSFET. It takes both the benefits of TCAD (since it connects directly to the process parameters electrical parameters) and compact (since the model is analytic and therefore faster to calculate). A sufficiently robust predictive and PCM can be used to optimize performance and overall variability of the transistor through an appropriate optimization algorithm. This approach is different from traditional development methods that rely heavily on scientific expertise and successive tests in order to improve the system. Indeed this approach provides a deterministic and robust mathematical framework to the problem. The concept was developed, tested and applied to transistors 28 and 14 nm FD-SOI and to TCAD simulations. The results are presented and recommendations to implement it at industrial scale are provided. Some perspectives and applications are likewise suggested.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / With recent developments in telemetry transmitter technologies, significantly greater DC to RF power efficiencies can be achieved. These new high efficiency transmitter designs may impact overall system design trade-offs by reducing the system size and weight requirements for batteries, heat sinks, and cabling. Furthermore, these fully DC isolated, next generation ARTM Tier 0, I and II enabled devices offer unique options to the platform designer in EMI/EMC control and system design. Advanced manufacturing techniques coupled with adaptive microprocessor control promises enhanced functionality, improved performance and reduced unit costs. The paper presents the performance of a new, high efficiency, telemetry transmitter topology and the possible system benefits involved with the application of this advanced transmitter technology within modern and legacy telemetry platforms. Specific sub-assembly circuit design techniques will be discussed and compared with prior design approaches.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Much modem telemetry is transmitted in a digital format and to be compatible with existing range equipment the digital data is impressed on the carrier using FM modulation. The receiving system in common use employs an FM limiter/discriminator as a detector followed by an integrate and dump matched filter for bit detection. This system has been studied by previous authors [1] and it is well known that in the absence of frequency uncertainty the optimum transmission parameters consist of a modulation index of .7 (peak-to-peak deviation divided by the bit rate) and an IF filter bandwidth equal to the bit rate followed by a limiter discriminator. In many cases, there is a need for some small amount of analog telemetry transmission in addition to the digital data discussed above. In these cases it is common practice to include analog subcarriers on the main carrier with the digital data modulating the carrier at baseband, the resulting system is called PCM/FM + FM/FM. These hybrid analog/digital systems are the subject of this paper. In particular this paper addresses the performance of these systems through simulation using the Block Oriented System Simulator (BOSS) from Comdisco and with analytical techniques to obtain the BER versus SNR curves for these systems. The simulation is used over a wide range of parameters to find the optimum values of modulation index and IF bandwidth for these systems.