L'extraction du gluten et de l'amidon de la farine de blé est un procédé en pleine expansion avec le renchérissement des usages non-alimentaires de ces deux produits. Ce procédé repose sur l'aptitude des protéines du blé à former un réseau au cours du malaxage de suspensions farine / eau. Une difficulté majeure auquel ce procédé est confronté est la variabilité de cette aptitude selon la farine. L'enjeu de notre étude est de faire émerger les critères de composition des farines qui déterminent leur comportement dans le procédé amidonnier et de proposer des conduites du procédé adaptées. L'étude s'appuie sur un panel de 40 farines provenant de différents génotypes de blés dont on a déterminé la composition biochimique. On utilise un mélangeur planétaire (P600) couplé à une station de contrôle de la vitesse de mélange et instrumenté en couple et température pour développer le réseau de gluten (Plastographe, Brabender). Les essais sont réalisés à 25°C, pour des vitesses variables (50-110 rpm) et des teneurs en eau contrastées (rapports eau/farine de 70 à 120 g/g). Une relation reliant la durée de développement du réseau de gluten à la puissance de mélange a d'abord été établie. Cette relation fait apparaître deux paramètres propres aux farines, la quantité d'énergie et la puissance de mélange minimale pour développer le gluten. Ces paramètres sont fortement associés au locus glu-1D et à la teneur en protéines polymériques non extractibles au SDS. Par ailleurs, l'inclusion de temps d'arrêt dans le procédé et l'étude des effets d'agents chimiques interférant avec les fonctions thiols nous permet d'affirmer que la mise en place du réseau de gluten obéit successivement à un contrôle temporel puis énergétique. Dans la mesure où la viscosité des suspensions impacte également le procédé, une équation prédictive de celle-ci a été réalisée. Elle prend en compte les teneurs en amidon endommagé et en arabinoxylanes solubles, dans des proportions variables selon la teneur en eau de la pâte. Le rendement en gluten s'est enfin révélé sensible uniquement à la teneur en protéine, pour autant que l'extraction soit réalisée à l'atteinte de l'optimum de développement du réseau. De façon à disposer d'outils prédictifs faciles à mettre en œuvre industriellement, on a évalué les performances de plusieurs tests de qualité d'usage des farines (Farinographe, Alvéographe) et d'un mélangeur récemment développé (Gluten Peak Tester, Brabender). On montre qu'il est possible d'accéder à la plupart des paramètres définis dans ce travail à l'aide de cet appareil. Cette étude fournit ainsi un ensemble de relations pour contrôler le procédé et l'adapter à la farine utilisée. / Gluten and starch extraction out of wheat flour is a developing process due to the growing use of these two products for non-alimentary uses. This process is based on wheat protein abilities to form a network when flour and water are mixed. A difficulty that this process has to face is the variability of this ability among flours. The scope of our work is to determine the flour components that determine their behaviour in the gluten/starch separation process and to propose adapted process control.This study is based on a pool of 40 flours from various wheat genotypes and known biochemical composition. A planetary mixer (P600) coupled with a station controlling mixing speed and measuring torque has been used to develop gluten network (Plastograph, Brabender). Tests were performed at 25°C for varying mixing speeds (50-110 rpm) and contrasted dough water contents (water/flour ratio varying from 70 to 120g/g). A relation predicting mixing duration for network formation according to mixing power has been established. From this relation two parameters characterising flours have been isolated, energy demand and minimum mixing power to develop gluten network. Theses parameters are strongly linked with locus glu-1D and to SDS-unextractable polymeric protein content (UPP) in the flour. Besides, the inclusion of mixing stops in the process and the study of the effects of thiol-interfering chemical reactant has demonstrated that gluten development inclusing successively a temporal and an energetic phenomenon.As dough viscosity also strongly impacts process, a predictive equation of viscosity has been determined. Viscosity is obtained from the calculated effects of damaged starch and soluble arabinoxylans contents, varying with dough water content. Finally, it was whown that gluten extraction yield depends only of flour protein content when extraction is performed out of optimally developped dough,.In order to get tools applicable industrially, the predictive performance of two devices measuring flour quality (Farinograph, Alveograph) and of a novel mixer (Gluten Peak Tester, Brabender) was evaluated. Most of the relevant parameters defined in this work could be obtained out of that novel apparatus. This study hence gives relations to control the process and adapt it to the flour.

No description available.

Rapid implementation of universal newborn hearing screening programs has exposed a need for a reliable test of middle ear function for timely identification of middle ear pathology and for differentiation between true sensorineural and conductive hearing losses. Use of higher probe tone frequencies for the assessment of immitance measures have proven to be more reliable and accurate in identifying MEE in infants. However a lack of classification-guidelines and age specific normative data exists. This study investigated the characteristics and normative values of high frequency tympanometric and acoustic reflex results for infants (n = 936 ears). Participants were 510 infants (262 male, 248 female) aged 0 – 12 months (mean age = 12.8 weeks) recruited from primary health care and immunization clinics in a South African community. A three-part procedure was performed on each test ear: 1) OAEs were recorded and pass results served as control variable for normal middle ear functioning; 2) 1000 Hz probe tone admittance, susceptance and conductance tympanograms were recorded and analysed in terms of shape, tympanometric peak pressure and maximum (peak) admittance; 3) 1000 Hz probe tone acoustic reflexes, measured with a 1000 Hz ipsilateral stimulus, were recorded and thresholds determined. Significant associations were observed between tympanogram shape, and OAE pass or fail results. 93% of ears with an OAE pass result displayed peaked tympanograms, while 79% of ears with absent OAE’s displayed flat tympanograms. Single peaked tympanograms were recorded in 782 ears (84%), double peaked tympanograms in 41 (4%) ears and flat sloping tympanograms in 112 (12%) ears. Admittance (Ya) tympanograms for the total sample displayed a mean admittance value of 2.9 mmho, with a standard deviation of 1.1 mmho. The 90th percent range was determined at 1.5 mmho (5th percentile) to 4.9 mmho (95th percentile). Mean tympanometric peak pressure in Ya tympanograms was 0.1 daPa, with a standard deviation of 61 daPa. The 90th percent range was -110 daPa to 90 daPa for the 5th and 95th percentiles respectively. Gender specific norms indicated a higher admittance for male ears. Age specific norms indicate a gradual increase in admittance indicating the need for age specific normative classification systems. Ipsilateral 1000 Hz stimuli acoustic reflex measurement proved successful with a 1000 Hz probe tone and present reflexes were recorded in 84% of ears tested. Significant association between acoustic reflex presence, OAE pass and peaked tympanogram results were observed. The normative tympanometric values derived from the cohort may serve as a guide for identification of middle ear effusion in neonates. High frequency tympanometry in combination with acoustic reflexes proves a useful measure for verifying middle ear functioning in young infants. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / M (Communication Pathology) / unrestricted

The Diploma thesis in theoretical part deals with description of possibilities of accumulations of electricity energy focusing on electrochemical accumulators. Next chapter of theory also describes possible applications of battery storages focusing on costumer. In practical part diploma thesis deals with suggestion of simulation model for battery application peak-shaving. Output of the suggestion represents two case studies based on real data of commercial building consumption. Furthermore, practical part also deals with suggestion of control logic for application peak-shaving which was used for verification of simulation model.

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical chemistry tool used to determine the chemical composition of a gas sample by separating sample analytes as they travel through a GC column. Recent efforts have been made to understand and control gas chromatography separations with a negative thermal gradient on the column. The present work presents results from thermal gradient GC separations on two GC columns in different configurations (serpentine and radial) in a stainless-steel plate. Methods to fabricate the GC systems capable of isothermal, temperature programmed and thermal gradient separations are presented. Isothermal experimental data from the serpentine column were used to fit retention and dispersion parameters in a transport model that simulates GC separation for hydrocarbons C12-C14. Transport model simulated retention times and peak widths matched experimental values well for isothermal, temperature programmed and thermal gradient separations. The validated transport model was used to study the effect of static (not varying temporally) thermal gradients on GC separations with varying injection widths, injection band shapes and stationary phase thickness. Resolution results from different heating conditions were considered comparable if retention times for each analyte were within 5%. An optimal, static thermal gradient is shown to reduce analyte band spreading from axially-varying velocity gradients with resolution improvements over isothermal separations of up to 8% for analytes with similar retention factors. Static thermal gradients have a larger effect on fronting peak shape than tailing peak shape. Stationary phase distribution acts similar to a velocity gradient and can be corrected by a thermal gradient. Another transport model was created from isothermal experimental data on a commercial column for hydrocarbons C12-C20. An optimal, static thermal gradient does not improve resolution for all analyte pairs. An optimal, dynamic (varying tempo-rally) thermal gradient is created by uniformly increasing the temperature on an optimal, static thermal gradient. Improvements in resolution of up to 20% are achievable over temperature programmed GC separation. A dynamic thermal gradient can also correct for a poor sample injection by creating a temperature trap at the beginning of the column.

This study arises out of a proposal of the Natal Parks Board (NPB) to develop a 200 bed hutted camp at Cathedral Peak in the Natal Drakensberg. In line with the NPB's stated commitment to the principles of Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), a multidisciplinary group, comprising five students from the Masters programme of the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences of the University of Cape Town, was commissioned to conduct a Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) on the proposed development. The author was one of the members of this study team, hereafter referred to as the Masters Group, which conducted the PEIA at Cathedral Peak under the supervision of the Environmental Evaluation Unit of the University of Cape Town.

In Sweden, the rock mass is commonly used for construction of tunnels and caverns. The rockmass is also used as a foundation for large structures such as bridge abutments and dams. Forthese structures, the understanding of the rock mechanical properties play a key role for reachingan acceptable safety level and minimizing cost. One of the properties that has a high uncertaintyis the shear strength of rock joints. These rock joints constitute the weakest link in the rock massand often govern it´s strength. The uncertainty lies in the amount of factors that affect the shearstrength such as the degree of weathering, the matedness, the roughness of the surface and thescale. Various authors have tried to develop a failure criterion that can predict the peak shearstrength of rock joints and takes into account the influence of the various factors.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the ability of the newly developed Casagrande et al.criterion to determine the peak shear strength for perfectly mated and natural rock joints withdifferent degrees of matedness. All samples analyzed in this thesis have been scanned andcustomized to run in the programmed version of the Casagrande et al. criterion. This iterativeprocess will stop as the application reach the apparent dip angle where the total shearing force issmaller than the total sliding force. This angle combined with the basic friction angle gives thepeak friction angle for calculations of the peak shear strength.The result show that the Casagrande et al. criterion can predict the peak shear strength forperfectly mated joint. However, for the natural rock joint, as the degree of matedness decreases,the accuracy of the prediction of the peak shear strength decreases. The conclusion of this studyis that the Casagrande’s criterion cannot determine the peak shear strength of natural rock jointsand that further development of the Casagrande et al. criterion is needed taking this parameterinto account. / Sverige är berg ett vanligt material för byggande av tunnlar och bergrum. För dessakonstruktioner spelar bergegenskaperna en nyckelroll för att nå en acceptabel säkerhetsnivåoch minimera kostnaden. En av de egenskaper som har stor osäkerhet är skjuvhållfastheten förbergsprickor. Osäkerheten ligger i de många faktorer som påverkar skjuvhållfastheten, såsomgraden av vittring, passning, ytans råhet och skala. Olika författare har försökt att anpassa ettbrottkriterium för bergsprickor som tar hänsyn till faktorernas inflytande och som kan användastill att uppskatta den maximala skjuvhållfastheten.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera förmågan hos det nyligen utveckladebrottkriteriet av Casagrande et al. att bestämma den maximala skjuvhållfastheten för perfektpassade sprickor och naturliga sprickor med olika grad av passning. Alla prover i detta arbetehar skannats in och anpassats för att köras i den programmerade algoritmen som beräknar denmaximala skjuvhållfastheten enligt kriteriet av Casagrande et al.. Kriteriet använder sig av eniterativ process som pågår tills algoritmen når den vinkel där den totala skjuvkraften är mindreän den totala glidkraften. Denna vinkel kombinerad med sprickans basfriktionsvinkeln ger denmaximala friktionsvinkeln för beräkning av skjuvhållfastheten.Resultaten visar att Casagrande et al. kan förutspå den maximala skjuvhållfastheten förperfekt passade sprickor. När passningsgraden minskar för naturliga bergsprickor minskar kriterietsförmåga att prediktera den maximala skjuvhållfastheten. Slutsatsen från detta arbete äratt kriteriet av Casagrande et al. kan prediktera skjuvhållfastheten för perfekt passade sprickormen saknar förmågan att beakta inverkan från passning, vilket leder till att skjuvhållfasthetenöverskattas om kriteriet användas på naturliga sprickor som inte är perfekt passade. Fortsattforskning krävs för att vidareutveckla kriteriet så att graden av passning kan beaktas.

I Sverige användes det år 2010 ca 907 miljoner kubikmeter dricksvatten från kommunala uttag. Allt detta vatten måste kunna transporteras, vilket görs genom vattenledningar. För att dimensionera dessa krävs att man vet hur mycket vatten som skall distribueras och hur det varierar bl.a. beroende på när under dygnet, veckan och året som uttag sker. Vid dagens tillvägagångssätt för dimensionering av vattenledningar till nya områden använder man bland annat typexempel på förbrukningsvariationer under dygnet för ett liknande område. Dessutom används erfarenhetsbaserade värden på maxtim- och maxdygnsfaktorer. Dagens dimensioneringsätt har ej kunnat säkerställas på grund av otillräcklig och bristfälligt detaljerad data över förbrukningsmängd. Syftet med detta arbete är att säkerställa eller motbevisa dagens dimensioneringssätt. För att kontrollera dagens dimensioneringssätt har vi använt mätdata från Norrvatten och tagit fram nya dimensioneringsfaktorer. Genom att mäta vattenförbrukningen för 13 kommuner och jämföra mot varandra med hänsyn till invånarantal och fördelning över förbrukarkategorier har vi kunnat få ut olika dimensioneringsfaktorer. Examensarbetet har påvisat ett behov av en uppdatering vad gäller maxtim- och maxdygnsfaktorer. För att vidare studera faktorerna bör ett system införas för att kontrollera hur stor del av vattenförbrukningen som förbrukas av respektive förbrukarkategori på ett mer detaljerat sätt. / In Sweden, 2010, approximately 907 million cubic meters of drinking water was withdrawn from municipalities. All of this water must be transported, which is done through water pipes. To dimension these it requires that we know how much water that is to be distributed and it varies among others depending on the time of the day, week and year that the withdrawals occur. In today’s approach of designing new water pipes, amongst other ways, we use typical examples of consumption variations during the day of a similar area. In addition, arbitrary and experiential values of ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’ are used. Unfortunately today’s way of dimensioning water pipes has not been ensured due to inadequate detailed data on consumption quantity. The main purpose of this study is to confirm or refute today’s way of dimensioning water pipes. To verify this we have with detailed data from Norrvatten been able to see consumption quantity on an hourly basis which helps us assess today’s dimensioning process. By measuring the flow into 13 municipalities and then comparing them against each other regarding population size, distribution over categories of users and more, we have been able to get different dimensioning factors. In this report we can conclude that there is a need to update the factors regarding ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’. In order to further study the dimensioning factors, a system must be developed that can measure the precise consumer flow for different consumer categories on a more detailed level.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in technique between sprinters and baseball players while running at maximal speeds. 20 male NCAA Division I athletes participated; ten members of the track and field team specializing in the 100 m or 200 m sprint or the 100 m hurdles and ten members of the baseball team. Each subject performed a maximal effort 80 m sprint while their sprint times were recorded every 10 m starting at the 20 m mark. Each subject was filmed at they ran through a set10 m marking that included where they reached their top speed allowing the camera to capture at least one complete stride. By using the Peak Motus System, each subject's minimum knee flexion, minimum hip angle, knee extension at toe off, contact time, stride length, center of mass at touchdown and shank angle were measured. ANOVA with repeated measures found that sprinters and baseball players display significant differences in their sprinting technique in all variables except shank angle with the sprinters displaying a shorter 10 m split time. It was concluded that proper sprint training during baseball practice could prove to be beneficial to baseball players, however, further research would need to be conducted to support this claim.

Synchronization between base stations is a fundamental part of any operating telecommunication system. With 5G and future generations of mobile networks, the data speeds are getting higher, which creates the need for fast and accurate synchronization. In wireless systems, the transmitted signals are affected by the environment. Both moving and stationary objects can cause a transmitted signal to be scattered or reflected, causing the receiver to receive multiple instances of one signal. If a synchronization signal is transmitted from one base station and received in multiple instances by another, it is hard for the receiving base station to know which of the received instances that should be used for calculating the synchronization error between the base stations. In this thesis, multiple different algorithms for selecting a synchronization signal pair between two base stations to be used for calculating time alignment error have been tested. The results have been evaluated based on their accuracy of selecting a correct matching signal pair. It is shown that the proposed algorithms in this thesis all perform significantly better than the method currently in use. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the new algorithms are discussed, and finally new concepts for future studies are suggested. / Synkronisering mellan basstationer är en fundamental del av ett fungerande telekommunikationssystem. Med 5G och framtida generationer av mobila nätverk så ökas datahastigheter, vilket skapar behovet av en snabb och precis synkronisering. I trådlösa system påverkas skickade signaler av dess omgivning. Både stationära och icke-stationära objekt i omgivningen kan splittra eller reflektera signaler, vilket ger upphov till en flervägskanal. Detta gör att en mottagare kan ta emot flera instanser av en skickad signal. Om en synkroniseringssignal skickas från en basstation via en flervägskanal till en mottagande basstation, så kommer mottagaren att ta emot flera instanser av den skickade signalen vid olika tidpunkter. Det kan då vara svårt för mottagaren att avgöra vilken av de mottagna signalerna som ska användas vid beräkning av tidsfelet mellan basstationerna. I detta examensarbete testas ett flertal olika algoritmer för att välja vilket synkroniseringssignalpar som ska användas vid beräkning av tidsfelet mellan två basstationer. Resultatet utvärderas baserat på hur hög precision algoritmen har i att välja ett korrekt matchat synkroniseringssignalpar. Resultatet visar att de algoritmer som presenteras i denna uppsats presterar märkbart bättre än den algoritm som används i systemen just nu. Vidare diskuteras fördelar och nackdelar med de olika algoritmerna och förslag på vidareutveckling av algoritmerna läggs fram.