The thesis focuses on the ecological thought of Gregory Bateson and the contributions that such epistemology can offer nowadays to the educational scene, connecting in particular to the problematicistic perspective of Giovanni Maria Bertin with the aim of rethinking and updating it. The writing explicates the meaning of education to an ecological knowledge, that privileges connections, creativity and solidarity with the living world. The work analyzes, moreover, the cultural and epistemological value of relations focusing on ethic commitment as an instrument of promotion of the right to difference. A final part of the work is dedicated to some ecological aspects such as environmental safeguard and development, fundamental topics especially for the educational context.

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Questa ricerca mostra l’evoluzione della letteratura mitologica per ragazzi in Italia. Il primo libro italiano di mitologia per bambini è stato pubblicato nel 1911 (lo stesso anno di un’importante e violenta guerra coloniale tra l’Italia e la Libia): la scrittrice italiana Laura Orvieto pubblicò allora “Storie della storia del mondo”, in cui riunì antichi racconti greci per giovani lettori. Queste storie erano ispirate al libro mitologico per bambini “Il libro delle meraviglie” di Hawthorne (titolo originale “A Wonder Book for Girls and Boys”). In seguito molti scrittori italiani scrissero libri mitologici per giovani lettori: serie importanti di libri di mitologia per bambini furono pubblicate durante il regime mussoliniano – talvolta per diffondere l’ideologia fascista della superiorità romana. Durante questo periodo, i libri mitologici spesso mostravano uno stile letterario solenne. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, la letteratura mitologica per bambini cambiò lentamente prospettiva: gli scrittori italiani cominciarono ad usare il mito per parlare di problemi sociali (p.e. Gianni Rodari descriveva re Mida come un capitalista) e per spiegare le diverse condizioni umane (p.e. Beatrice Masini fa riferimento alle dee e alle eroine greche per descrivere la condizione femminile). La ricerca analizza anche la relazione tra mito e scuola in Italia: i racconti mitologici hanno sempre fatto parte dei programmi scolastici italiani per bambini dagli 8 agli 11 anni. Le riforme scolastiche – deliberate negli anni ’20 e ’40 – fissarono pratiche didattiche sui miti ancora oggi in uso. I racconti mitologici erano soprattutto un supporto per gli studi storici e letterari. Tuttavia, negli ultimi decenni, i miti sono divenuti un importante aiuto per gli insegnamenti scientifici e artistici. / This research shows the evolution of children’s mythological literature in Italy. The first Italian mythological book for children was published in 1911 (the same year of an important and violent colonial war between Italy and Libya): the Italian writer Laura Orvieto published "Storie della storia del mondo" (translation in English: "Stories of Greece and the Barbarians"), where she had got together ancient Greek tales for young readers. These tales were inspired by the children’s mythological book "A Wonder Book for Girls and Boys" by Hawthorne. Later on a lot of Italian writers wrote mythological books for young readers: important series of mythological books for children were published during the fascist regime - sometimes in order to spread fascist ideology of the Roman superiority. During that period, mythological books often had solemn writing style. After the Second World War, children’s mythological literature changed slowly perspective: Italian writers started using the myth to tell about social problems (e.g. the writer Gianni Rodari described King Midas as a tycoon) and to explain human conditions (e.g. Beatrice Masini turns to Greek goddesses and heroines in order to describe the women situation). Research analyses also the relation between myth and school in Italy: mythological tales have always been part of Italian scholastic syllabus for children from 8 to 11 years. Scholastic reforms – decided in the Twenties and in the Forties – fixed didactic procedures about the myth still in use. Mythological tales were especially a support for the historical and literary studies. But, in the last decades, myth has become an important aid in scientific and artistic teachings.

The thesis focuses on the link between education and poverty. The first part of the work investigates these concepts through a multidisciplinary study (History, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Pedagogy) to show the complexity of the phenomena, and analyzes poverty considering it as an educational challenge. The second part presents the outcomes of a qualitative research about the role and the power that education has in the fight against poverty. The interviews and the focus groups with teachers and educators who work with the poor in several Italian cities and abroad (Denver and Los Angeles, Israel and Palestine), and the observations of the educational work done in some schools and services considered the "best practices" highlight the importance to re-educate our society, that is impoverished by the crisis of welfare state and the weakness of social networks. The final chapter is dedicated to a reflection on social justice, solidarity and sobriety, as pillars for Social Pedagogy in a society that cannot close its eyes to the inequalities that it generates.

La tesis es una invitación al viaje, un híbrido entre un ensayo y una narración que busca llegar directamente al lector con un estilo de escritura que se columpia entre lo lírico y lo científico. Relato de viaje narra y reflexiona sobre el viaje de indagación de una educadora que se está formando como investigadora, un viaje emprendido entre dos escuelas en Argentina y en México con el deseo de construir experiencias de educación más democrática en un ambiente tan autoritario como la escuela, intentado así seguir las huellas de la Pedagogía del Oprimido de Paulo Freire, desarrollando la acción educativa con el instrumento de la animación sociocultural. La investigación narrativa y la reflexión durante la práctica profesional se funden en la indagación sobre dos estudios de caso en la búsqueda de una metodología de investigación adecuada a la realidad del trabajo de campo y a la inquietud personal y profesional. Por esta razón, la tesis no presenta solamente el estudio de los dos casos a través de dos diarios de campo - uno de los cuales redactado en colaboración con los educandos - y de las entrevistas, sino también presenta la descripción del proceso de investigación con las dificultades que conllevó y la descripción del contexto argentino y mexicano a través de un diario personal.

La ricerca muove dall’ipotesi che le incalzanti riforme introdotte nella scuola italiana a partire dalla fine degli anni novanta non abbiano cambiato il dispositivo pedagogico della scuola tradizionale. Si è quindi andati alla ricerca nella “cassetta degli attrezzi” di Michel Foucault e di Célestin Freinet degli strumenti concettuali e pratici utili al cambiamento del dispositivo pedagogico L’esperienza politico- pedagogica del Lycée expérimental de Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique) è presentata come esempio di cambiamento possibile. / The research starts from the hypothesis that the reforms enacted in Italian schools from the end of the nineties have not changed the “pedagogic device” of the traditional school. In the analyses of Michel Foucault and in the pedagogic principles of Célestin Freinet we have researched the conceptual and pedagogic instruments useful to change the “pedagogic device”. The political-pedagogic experience of Lycée expérimental de Saint-Nazaire (Loire-Atlantique) is presented as an example of possible change.

The research undertaken for this doctoral thesis explores the issue of teachers professionalism within pre-school institutions. The issue of early childhood professionalism has become increasingly important in the academic debate over the last decade as it is documented by a growing body of research published on the topic both nationally (Contini & Manini, 2007; Bondioli & Ferrari, 2004) and internationally (Peeters, 2008; Urban & Dalli, 2008; Urban, 2010). The study presented in this thesis aims at investigating teachers’ conceptualisations of professionalism by focusing on their understandings of educational work. The idea standing at the core of this research is that exploring the concept of professionalism from a ground-up perspective could lead to important reflections for a re-conceptualisation of professional development as a space for change directed from within institutions. The study is framed within a broadly sociological concern that inform the data analysis by contextualising the issue of early childhood professionalism in the contemporary socio-political arena. The research involves sixty teachers operating in state, municipal and private pre-school institutions located in Bologna province that took part to focus groups and interviews. The empirical materials, consisting of oral and written statements, are interpreted through phenomenographical analysis that gives account of how features of professionalism vary across the different institutional settings in which they are played out. This thesis, written in English and informed by an European research background, offers a contribution to the furthering of systemic approaches to the investigation of early childhood education professionalism in the context of the national and international academic debate.

This thesis deals with the professional characteristics of secondary school teachers, with particular regard to their competence and their education. The topic will be approached starting from the characteristics and trasnformations social research has identified concerning Italian teachers, focusing on secondary teacher training. After a brief look at Europe, the attention will be directed to Italy, with particular regard to the Postgraduate Schools of Specialisation for Secondary School Teachers (SSIS); hence the need for an analysis that focuses on teaching per se and its concrete pratice. For its nature to be fully grasped, teaching must be reconsidered as an independent object of study, a performance in which competence manifests itself and a form of action involving a set of tacit and personal knowledge. A further perspective opens up for analysis, according to which the professional characteristics of teachers are the result of an education in which the whole history of the subject is involved, in its educative, formative, professional and personal aspects. The teaching profession is imbued with implicit meanings which are inaccessible to conscience but orient action and affect the interpretation of experience. Through the analysis of three different empirical data sets, collected among teachers-in-training and teachers qualified at SSIS, I will try to investigate the actual existence, the nature and the features of such implicit knowledge. It appears necessary to put the claims of process-product approaches back in their right perspective, to the benefit of a holistic conception of teaching competence. The teacher is, at the same time, “he who is teaching” and offers a concrete receiver the fruit of an endless work of study, reflection, practice and self-update. To understand this process will mean to penetrate more and more deeply into the core of teaching and teaching competence , a competence that in some respects “is” always “that” teacher, with his or her own story, implicit knowledge and representations.

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