Considerado a alternativa mais pesquisada para substituir o diesel, o biodiesel, oriundo da transesterificação, é cotado como a mais promissora opção de combustível obtido de fontes renováveis para o lugar dos ameaçados combustíveis de origem fóssil. A reação de transesterificação para produção do biodiesel pode ocorrer de forma catalítica, a mais utilizada atualmente, e não-catalítica, por meio de fluidos supercríticos. A grande diversidade de matérias-primas que pode ser usada na obtenção do biodiesel supercrítico é apenas um dos atrativos para sua produção, porém uma produção em larga escala esbarraria nos altos custos operacionais do processo. Devido ao potencial revelado nos processos supercríticos, o estudo do comportamento de fases dentro de um reator se mostra relevante ao domínio do processo, visto que pesquisas indicam que é possível balancear os custos de uma produção de biodiesel em condições supercríticas com os custos de uma produção de biodiesel com uso de catalisadores. Na termodinâmica, a modelagem é um método prático e rápido de se estimar o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) do sistema e reduzir gastos com excessivos experimentos, através de um modelo termodinâmico apropriado. Para isso, os modelos testados foram obtidos pela equação de estado (EdE) de Peng-Robinson com as regras de misturas de van der Waals com um (vdW1) e dois (vdW2) parâmetros de interação binária em sistemas formados por componentes presentes na produção do biodiesel. Utilizando a abordagem phi-phi e o método de BOLHA P, sistemas binários em condições próximas ao ponto crítico e em condições supercríticas, encontrados na literatura, foram modelados. A modelagem termodinâmica foi realizada após a aplicação de um teste de consistência termodinâmica, uma vez que foram encontradas diferenças nas propriedades críticas de um mesmo composto em diferentes referências. A adequação dos modelos termodinâmicos variou de acordo com as condições do processo, o que fará necessária uma análise específica da situação de acordo com o caso em que estiver sendo empregada. Na simulação termodinâmica, as redes neurais artificiais foram utilizadas para o ajuste computacional dos dados experimentais, produzindo os melhores resultados com a introdução dos descritores moleculares, junto às variáveis independentes do processo (temperatura e composição na fase líquida), na primeira camada de neurônios nas diversas configurações analisadas dentre as arquiteturas utilizadas, demonstrando ser uma ferramenta interessante para o estudo do equilíbrio de fases. / Considered the most researched alternative to replace the diesel fuel, the biodiesel, from transesterification, is rated as the most promising fuel option from renewable sources for the place of threatened fossil fuels. The transesterification reaction for biodiesel production can occur catalytically, commonly used, and non-catalytic, through supercritical fluids. The diversity of raw materials that can be used to obtain supercritical biodiesel is only one of the attractions for its production, but a large-scale production would encounter obstacles in the high operating costs of the process. Due to the potential revealed in the supercritical processes, the study of phase behavior in a reactor is relevant for domaining the process, since researches indicates that it is possible to balance the costs of producing biodiesel in supercritical conditions with the costs of a production of biodiesel using catalysts. In thermodynamics, modeling is a quick and practical method of estimating the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) behavior of the system and reducing expenses with excessive experiments, using an appropriated thermodynamic model. For this, the models tested were obtained by the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) with the mixture rules of van der Waals with one (vdW1) and two (vdW2) binary interaction parameters in systems formed by components present in the production of biodiesel. Using the phi-phi approach and the BOL P method, binary systems in conditions near to the critical point and under supercritical conditions, found in the literature, were modeled. The thermodynamic modeling was performed after the application of a thermodynamic consistency test, since differences were found in the critical properties of the same compound in different references. The suitability of the thermodynamic models varied according to the process conditions, which will require a specific analysis of the situation according to the case in which it is being used. In the thermodynamic simulation, the artificial neural networks were used for the computational adjustment of the experimental data, producing the best results when the molecular descriptors were used with the independent variables of the process (temperature and composition of the liquid phase) in the first layer of nodes in the different configurations analyzed among the architectures used, proving to be a tool of interest for the study of phase equilibria.

Considerado a alternativa mais pesquisada para substituir o diesel, o biodiesel, oriundo da transesterificação, é cotado como a mais promissora opção de combustível obtido de fontes renováveis para o lugar dos ameaçados combustíveis de origem fóssil. A reação de transesterificação para produção do biodiesel pode ocorrer de forma catalítica, a mais utilizada atualmente, e não-catalítica, por meio de fluidos supercríticos. A grande diversidade de matérias-primas que pode ser usada na obtenção do biodiesel supercrítico é apenas um dos atrativos para sua produção, porém uma produção em larga escala esbarraria nos altos custos operacionais do processo. Devido ao potencial revelado nos processos supercríticos, o estudo do comportamento de fases dentro de um reator se mostra relevante ao domínio do processo, visto que pesquisas indicam que é possível balancear os custos de uma produção de biodiesel em condições supercríticas com os custos de uma produção de biodiesel com uso de catalisadores. Na termodinâmica, a modelagem é um método prático e rápido de se estimar o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) do sistema e reduzir gastos com excessivos experimentos, através de um modelo termodinâmico apropriado. Para isso, os modelos testados foram obtidos pela equação de estado (EdE) de Peng-Robinson com as regras de misturas de van der Waals com um (vdW1) e dois (vdW2) parâmetros de interação binária em sistemas formados por componentes presentes na produção do biodiesel. Utilizando a abordagem phi-phi e o método de BOLHA P, sistemas binários em condições próximas ao ponto crítico e em condições supercríticas, encontrados na literatura, foram modelados. A modelagem termodinâmica foi realizada após a aplicação de um teste de consistência termodinâmica, uma vez que foram encontradas diferenças nas propriedades críticas de um mesmo composto em diferentes referências. A adequação dos modelos termodinâmicos variou de acordo com as condições do processo, o que fará necessária uma análise específica da situação de acordo com o caso em que estiver sendo empregada. Na simulação termodinâmica, as redes neurais artificiais foram utilizadas para o ajuste computacional dos dados experimentais, produzindo os melhores resultados com a introdução dos descritores moleculares, junto às variáveis independentes do processo (temperatura e composição na fase líquida), na primeira camada de neurônios nas diversas configurações analisadas dentre as arquiteturas utilizadas, demonstrando ser uma ferramenta interessante para o estudo do equilíbrio de fases. / Considered the most researched alternative to replace the diesel fuel, the biodiesel, from transesterification, is rated as the most promising fuel option from renewable sources for the place of threatened fossil fuels. The transesterification reaction for biodiesel production can occur catalytically, commonly used, and non-catalytic, through supercritical fluids. The diversity of raw materials that can be used to obtain supercritical biodiesel is only one of the attractions for its production, but a large-scale production would encounter obstacles in the high operating costs of the process. Due to the potential revealed in the supercritical processes, the study of phase behavior in a reactor is relevant for domaining the process, since researches indicates that it is possible to balance the costs of producing biodiesel in supercritical conditions with the costs of a production of biodiesel using catalysts. In thermodynamics, modeling is a quick and practical method of estimating the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) behavior of the system and reducing expenses with excessive experiments, using an appropriated thermodynamic model. For this, the models tested were obtained by the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) with the mixture rules of van der Waals with one (vdW1) and two (vdW2) binary interaction parameters in systems formed by components present in the production of biodiesel. Using the phi-phi approach and the BOL P method, binary systems in conditions near to the critical point and under supercritical conditions, found in the literature, were modeled. The thermodynamic modeling was performed after the application of a thermodynamic consistency test, since differences were found in the critical properties of the same compound in different references. The suitability of the thermodynamic models varied according to the process conditions, which will require a specific analysis of the situation according to the case in which it is being used. In the thermodynamic simulation, the artificial neural networks were used for the computational adjustment of the experimental data, producing the best results when the molecular descriptors were used with the independent variables of the process (temperature and composition of the liquid phase) in the first layer of nodes in the different configurations analyzed among the architectures used, proving to be a tool of interest for the study of phase equilibria.

Three senior consultants, that primary work with organisational development and project management has created a model, named PENG, specially adjusted for evaluation of IT-investments. The purpose of this model is to evaluate both the financial and the “softer” values of IT. According to IT’s major role of supporting the business concept, “soft” val-ues like; improved customer service, fewer complaints, more reliable deliveries and et cetera becomes very important. An interesting feature of the PENG-model is that it promises to, as the name indicates (PENG means coin in Swedish), transform all aspects of IT into monetary terms. This makes it possible to quantifiably measure all the aspects of IT, not just the ones that can be counted for as reduced costs. This attribute makes PENG different compared to other models that we have found. In this thesis we have chosen to study how the use of PENG affects evaluations of IT-investments, by focusing on both restricting and enabling aspects. The studies that have been performed are mainly based on qualitative methods. We have used a literature study to see which aspects that are of most importance when evaluating IT. Further on we have studied descriptions, by the originators of PENG, to see how an actual evaluation process is supposed to be done. Based on this we have performed an in-terview at Kalmar county council, who have used and are using the model in several of their IT-projects, in order to see how PENG serves in real life situations. We have found out that the PENG-model certainly has good intentions in capturing the complexity inherent in IT, by valuing “soft” and “hard” aspects and for illustrating an in-vestment from different perspectives. The model involves a working procedure consisting of ten steps that serves as a guideline for the evaluator. However, the model lacks a clear framework describing how the actual work in each step shall be performed. The model generates in a clear and easily understandable result that can be understood through out the organisation, this mostly due to the use of money as the unit of measure-ment. The quality of the result is however largely dependent on the judgements of the persons involved. Depending on how you value the benefits and costs of IT, you will end up with diverse results. From this, we can see that the model has problems in terms of trustworthiness. We believe that PENG, despite its credibility issues, can be useful when discussing IT in order to illustrate the implications of an investment. We can also see the worth of the model when comparing different kinds of IT-investments; to see where the money can be of best use. The study further shows that PENG can be used in any type of organisation, even though it may be better suited for the public sector, where “soft” bene-fits are an essential part of the business concept. / Tre senior konsulter som primärt arbetar med organisationsutveckling och projektstyrning har tagit fram en modell speciellt utvecklad för utvärderingar av IT-investeringar. Modellen heter PENG och har som syfte att utvärdera både finansiella och kvalitativa aspekter av IT. Då IT har som primärt syfte att stödja kärnverksamheten, så blir ”mjuka” aspekter såsom, ökad kundservice, färre klagomål, säkrare och mer spårbara leveranser et cetera mycket viktiga. En intressant egenskap som PENG-modellen besitter är att den utlovar att, som namnet antyder, värdera alla aspekter av IT i monetära termer. Detta skapar möjligheter att kvantitativt mäta IT:s totala påverkan i en organisation, vilket gör denna modell annorlunda från övriga modeller som vi har funnit. Denna uppsats har som syfte att studera hur användandet av PENG-modellen påverkar utvärderingen av IT-investeringar. Studien är baserad på kvalitativ metodik. Till att börja med har vi genomfört en litteratur-studie för att undersöka vilka aspekter som skiljer en IT-investering från andra typer inve-steringar, samt för att ta reda på vad som krävs för att en IT-utvärdering skall bli så rättvisande som möjligt. Efter detta har vi studerat beskrivningar, gjorda av upphovsmännen bakom PENG, för att undersöka hur modellen är tänkt att användas. Baserat på detta har vi sedan genomfört en intervju vid Kalmar läns landsting, vilka har använt och fortfarande använder sig av denna modell i flera av sina IT-projekt, för att undersöka hur väl modellen fungerar i realiteten. Baserat på detta drar vi slutsatsen att PENG-modellen har goda intentioner i att återspegla komplexiteten i IT, genom att värdera ”mjuka” och ”hårda” nyttor och att beskriva investeringar från olika perspektiv. Modellen består av tio steg som syftar till att guida utvärderaren genom hela processen. Modellen saknar dock tydliga riktlinjer som beskriver hur varje steg av utvärderingen skall gå till och många beslut blir därför godtyckliga. Modellen generar i ett klart och lättförståeligt resultat, vilket beror på att alla aspekter av IT omvandlas till kronor. Kvaliteten på resultatet är dock till stor del beroende av de bedömningar som de involverade personerna gör under utvärderingsprocessen. Beroende på hur nyttor och kostnader av IT värderas så kommer detta att resultera i olika resultat. Av detta drar vi slutsatsen att modellen har trovärdighetsproblem. Vi menar dock att mo-dellen, trots detta, kan vara användbar för att illustrera innebörden av IT-investeringar. Vi kan också se att modellen har potential att jämföra olika IT-investeringar, i syfte att utvärdera var pengarna kan komma till störst nytta. Vidare visar vår studie att PENG kan användas i alla typer av organisationer, även om den troligen är bäst lämpad för den offentliga sektorn, där ”mjuka” nyttor är en viktig del av kärnverksamheten.

<p>Three senior consultants, that primary work with organisational development and project management has created a model, named PENG, specially adjusted for evaluation of IT-investments. The purpose of this model is to evaluate both the financial and the “softer” values of IT. According to IT’s major role of supporting the business concept, “soft” val-ues like; improved customer service, fewer complaints, more reliable deliveries and et cetera becomes very important. An interesting feature of the PENG-model is that it promises to, as the name indicates (PENG means coin in Swedish), transform all aspects of IT into monetary terms. This makes it possible to quantifiably measure all the aspects of IT, not just the ones that can be counted for as reduced costs. This attribute makes PENG different compared to other models that we have found. In this thesis we have chosen to study how the use of PENG affects evaluations of IT-investments, by focusing on both restricting and enabling aspects.</p><p>The studies that have been performed are mainly based on qualitative methods. We have used a literature study to see which aspects that are of most importance when evaluating IT. Further on we have studied descriptions, by the originators of PENG, to see how an actual evaluation process is supposed to be done. Based on this we have performed an in-terview at Kalmar county council, who have used and are using the model in several of their IT-projects, in order to see how PENG serves in real life situations.</p><p>We have found out that the PENG-model certainly has good intentions in capturing the complexity inherent in IT, by valuing “soft” and “hard” aspects and for illustrating an in-vestment from different perspectives. The model involves a working procedure consisting of ten steps that serves as a guideline for the evaluator. However, the model lacks a clear framework describing how the actual work in each step shall be performed.</p><p>The model generates in a clear and easily understandable result that can be understood through out the organisation, this mostly due to the use of money as the unit of measure-ment. The quality of the result is however largely dependent on the judgements of the persons involved. Depending on how you value the benefits and costs of IT, you will end up with diverse results. From this, we can see that the model has problems in terms of trustworthiness. We believe that PENG, despite its credibility issues, can be useful when discussing IT in order to illustrate the implications of an investment. We can also see the worth of the model when comparing different kinds of IT-investments; to see where the money can be of best use. The study further shows that PENG can be used in any type of organisation, even though it may be better suited for the public sector, where “soft” bene-fits are an essential part of the business concept.</p> / <p>Tre senior konsulter som primärt arbetar med organisationsutveckling och projektstyrning har tagit fram en modell speciellt utvecklad för utvärderingar av IT-investeringar. Modellen heter PENG och har som syfte att utvärdera både finansiella och kvalitativa aspekter av IT.</p><p>Då IT har som primärt syfte att stödja kärnverksamheten, så blir ”mjuka” aspekter såsom, ökad kundservice, färre klagomål, säkrare och mer spårbara leveranser et cetera mycket viktiga. En intressant egenskap som PENG-modellen besitter är att den utlovar att, som namnet antyder, värdera alla aspekter av IT i monetära termer. Detta skapar möjligheter att kvantitativt mäta IT:s totala påverkan i en organisation, vilket gör denna modell annorlunda från övriga modeller som vi har funnit. Denna uppsats har som syfte att studera hur användandet av PENG-modellen påverkar utvärderingen av IT-investeringar.</p><p>Studien är baserad på kvalitativ metodik. Till att börja med har vi genomfört en litteratur-studie för att undersöka vilka aspekter som skiljer en IT-investering från andra typer inve-steringar, samt för att ta reda på vad som krävs för att en IT-utvärdering skall bli så rättvisande som möjligt. Efter detta har vi studerat beskrivningar, gjorda av upphovsmännen bakom PENG, för att undersöka hur modellen är tänkt att användas. Baserat på detta har vi sedan genomfört en intervju vid Kalmar läns landsting, vilka har använt och fortfarande använder sig av denna modell i flera av sina IT-projekt, för att undersöka hur väl modellen fungerar i realiteten.</p><p>Baserat på detta drar vi slutsatsen att PENG-modellen har goda intentioner i att återspegla komplexiteten i IT, genom att värdera ”mjuka” och ”hårda” nyttor och att beskriva investeringar från olika perspektiv. Modellen består av tio steg som syftar till att guida utvärderaren genom hela processen. Modellen saknar dock tydliga riktlinjer som beskriver hur varje steg av utvärderingen skall gå till och många beslut blir därför godtyckliga.</p><p>Modellen generar i ett klart och lättförståeligt resultat, vilket beror på att alla aspekter av IT omvandlas till kronor. Kvaliteten på resultatet är dock till stor del beroende av de bedömningar som de involverade personerna gör under utvärderingsprocessen. Beroende på hur nyttor och kostnader av IT värderas så kommer detta att resultera i olika resultat. Av detta drar vi slutsatsen att modellen har trovärdighetsproblem. Vi menar dock att mo-dellen, trots detta, kan vara användbar för att illustrera innebörden av IT-investeringar. Vi kan också se att modellen har potential att jämföra olika IT-investeringar, i syfte att utvärdera var pengarna kan komma till störst nytta. Vidare visar vår studie att PENG kan användas i alla typer av organisationer, även om den troligen är bäst lämpad för den offentliga sektorn, där ”mjuka” nyttor är en viktig del av kärnverksamheten.</p>

<p>Investeringar i IT-system är ett vanligt föremål för utvärderingar och nyttoanalyser. Olika utgångspunkt i utvärderingen genererar olika resultat och framförallt diskuteras det flitigt hur man skall synliggöra värdet av en IT-investering. Den här studien tar sin utgångspunkt i processperspektivet av en utvärdering och syftar till att undersöka vilka effekter en sådan får för utvärderingens resultat. Dessutom innefattar syftet även en jämförelse huruvida PENG-modellen uppnått dessa effekter inom projektet MedNet. Uppsatsen bygger på en intervjustudie vid Sala Närsjukhus där sjukhuset medicinavdelning studerats. I fokus har avdelningens processer legat och hur införandet av ett IT-stöd påverkat dem och vilka nyttoeffekter som har uppstått. Resultatet från den studien har sedan jämförts med projektets egen nyttovärdering som gjordes med hjälp av PENG-modellen Slutsatserna av studien är att processperspektivets effekter vid utvärderingar av IT-investeringar ger förklaringar till var i verksamheten nytta uppstår samt hur den uppstår och att det blir en naturlig del av resultatet. PENG-modellens möjligheter att uppnå detta bedömer vi som små eftersom den utförs utan identifiering av verksamhetens värdeadderande processer.</p>

Investeringar i IT-system är ett vanligt föremål för utvärderingar och nyttoanalyser. Olika utgångspunkt i utvärderingen genererar olika resultat och framförallt diskuteras det flitigt hur man skall synliggöra värdet av en IT-investering. Den här studien tar sin utgångspunkt i processperspektivet av en utvärdering och syftar till att undersöka vilka effekter en sådan får för utvärderingens resultat. Dessutom innefattar syftet även en jämförelse huruvida PENG-modellen uppnått dessa effekter inom projektet MedNet. Uppsatsen bygger på en intervjustudie vid Sala Närsjukhus där sjukhuset medicinavdelning studerats. I fokus har avdelningens processer legat och hur införandet av ett IT-stöd påverkat dem och vilka nyttoeffekter som har uppstått. Resultatet från den studien har sedan jämförts med projektets egen nyttovärdering som gjordes med hjälp av PENG-modellen Slutsatserna av studien är att processperspektivets effekter vid utvärderingar av IT-investeringar ger förklaringar till var i verksamheten nytta uppstår samt hur den uppstår och att det blir en naturlig del av resultatet. PENG-modellens möjligheter att uppnå detta bedömer vi som små eftersom den utförs utan identifiering av verksamhetens värdeadderande processer.

This study investigates the turbulent mixing characteristics of Peng-hu Channel, South China Sea along 21¢XN and the Kuroshio region by using CTD/LADCP and MicroRider. Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy or thermal variances is estimated primarily by the Thorpe overturn method, and is compared with the microstructure turbulence from direct measurement as well as those estimated from the parameterization method based on shear and strain spectra. Our results indicate that there are different turbulent characteristics and dynamic mechanisms at these three regions. Because of its funnel-shaped topography and strong semi-diurnal tides in the Peng-hu Channel, the turbulent mixing and eddy diffusivity reach a maximum value at the narrowest part of Peng-hu Channel near its sea bottom and show a clear tidal variation. In the main stream of Kuroshio where the current speed is faster than 0.8 m/s, turbulent mixing is not particularly stronger than non-main stream zone. In the Kuroshio frontal zone between the Kuroshio and the coastal waters off east Taiwan coast, strong turbulent mixing in the surface layer can be detected. Island wake which is formed when Kuroshio runs into the Lan-yu Island is a transient feature. Strong mixing in the upper 100 m accompanied with upwelling and vortices were observed during one event. The topography along the latitude of 21¢XN is rugged and rough in the Luzon Strait which consists of several ridges and seamounts. Due to its complicated topography and generation of strong semi-diurnal internal tides, eddy diffusivity as high as 10^(-2)m^2/s was measured in the bottom layer of the Luzon Strait.

In history, domestic violence has never been a new social phenomenon, it has existed since the family system formed. Among all the domestic violence, marriage violence has been the most serious and unseen problem, even though we enacted the Family Violence Preventive Law in 1998. Six years later, we are still confused with a typical notion - it is a domestic affair, not a public concern. What is the real situation about marriage violence in Peng-hu? What¡¦s their experiences and types? And what¡¦s their generality, age, profession, education , economic situations, and the difference between the urban and the suburb area. In addition, what¡¦s their reacting strategies, needed assistance, and so on, which is the main subject of this research. By studying the theory, essence, process, influence and some cases which happened after the Preventive Law had enacted, we form the theory frame and sort out those 450 cases handled by Domestic Violence Prevention Center of Peng-hu County Government expecting to develop some preventive methods and suggestions for the future cases, which we firmly believe can help the abused women step out of the shadow of violence. In this study not only do we use literature analysis to manage some related literature and form research theory frame but use recalling analysis to study 450 individual cases by sifting, pre-testing, discussing and revoking process. Then, after testing the validity with the first receiver that handled the case, we again use the software, SPSS¡@window 10.0, to make further statistics analysis. Besides, by interviewing the staff who work in some related offices, hoping to gain some precious opinions from their practices. The result of this study and its suggestions are summarized as follows: We have found: 1.During the five years from 2000 to 2004, the number of the domestic violence cases increase gradually, which apparently shows that the implement of the Family Violence Preventive in Law 1999 didn¡¦t cause repressive effect. As to those cases that inform the authority for help, 65.6%, the highest percentage, inform the police, which shows most of the abused women will inform the police if they are assailed. The second highest percentage, 32.9% will go to hospital. Among those five townships and one city , Ma-gong city has the highest percentage, 73.8%, and Hu-hsi Township has 14.9%, which means that the area where Ma-gong Police Precinct is responsible for is the key point. 2.The ages of the women suffered domestic violence: the age 30-39 lists the highest percentage, and age 40-49 lists the second, 39% of all the cases, which shows that most marriage violence cases happen to the middle age and decrease as spouses get older. 3.The educations of the women suffered domestic violence: about 32.2% of the cases have senior high school background, and 30.9% with junior high school diploma, which shows most cases focus on those who have low-level education, which means those low-level educated are apt to become victims. Or the low-level educated are lack of information on Family Violence Preventive Law. 4.The nuptial status of the women suffered domestic violence: about 80.9% of the cases are married, which apparently shows that most assailant are their spouses, and most of the women choose to stay home after being attacked. 5.The professions of the women suffered domestic violence: the highest percentage, 48.7% of the cases, are housekeepers, and the second, 19.1%, work in the service industry, which quite match the society here in Peng-hu: the chance to be hired is rare, and that makes the women here to work out in other places. And those jobs offered by tourist industry are the main chances for women here. That is why most women here have to depend on their husbands economically, which shows the less capable of being independent economically the women are, the easier victims they will become. 6.The peculiarity of the assailants: this study shows that there are many similarities among the assailants. The most apparent difference between them is that about 44.9% are laborers and 67.1% with regular income, 20-30 thousand monthly, which shows that the daily economic pressure is not the cause of marriage violence. But those who have irregular income lists about 20%, which should not be ignored. 7.The history of the assailed women: about 56.2% of the women have three times of being assailed, but we count it lucky that 93.1% of the cases don¡¦t incur to their children to be assailed as well, and 74.2% happens unseen by their minor. 8.The types of the assailment: the highest percentage, 95.3%, is related to body-harm. On the other hand, if suffered mental maltreat, 50% of the cases are by way of economic-controlling and 45.3% threatened by words. 9.The cause of being assailed: most of the cases are due to ill-assorted characters and bad communication, as a result, which cause quarrels and assailments ensued. About 32% of the cases are caused by bad communication, and 23%, ill-assorted characters, both of which have reached over the half of the cases. In addition, the study shows 99% don¡¦t have any experience of being assailed when they were young. 10.The differences between this study and the sampling research on marriage violence in Taiwan made by the Taiwan University focus on: body injury, searching for help formally and assistance by law, and so on.

<p>För ett företag eller en organisation kan det vara av stor vikt att kunna utvärdera en IT-investering då denna kan leda till nytta för organisationen. Ur kundens perspektiv är det viktigt att välja den investering som passar just deras organisation och därför är det viktigt med rätt information så att valet blir rätt. Därför är det viktigt att kunna identifiera de kriterier som företaget anser att en IT-investering ska uppfylla. Detta arbete inriktas därför till att undersöka vilka kriterier en IT-investering ska uppfylla för att skapa nytta för organisationen.</p><p>Resultatet visar något olika kriterier uppkommit från de olika företagen som har undersökts. Genom att utföra litteraturstudier och enkätundersökning har det kunnat göras en jämförelse mellan de rådande åsikterna på företagen och det som litteraturen säger. Resultatet visar också att det finns ett antal anledningar till att byta/införa ett nytt affärssystem som är ganska lika mellan respondenterna. Vidare är de förväntningar som som finns på ett nytt affärssystem också relativt lika mellan de olika företagen som ingick i enkätundersökningen.</p><p>Vidare i detta arbete ges en detaljerad beskrivning av en existerande modell som kan användas för att värdera nyttan av en IT-investering – PENG. Som resultat av detta arbete har de kriterier/mått som framkommit även kopplats till PENG-modellen, efter en jämförelse med litteratur.</p>

Experimental data on the solubility of CO2 in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) are reported at temperatures from 308 to 333 K and pressures in the range of 1 to 10 MPa. The corresponding measurements of the volumetric expansion of the liquid phase are also presented. The solubility data are correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state using two interaction parameters. Solubilities of CO2 as high as 80 mol% can be attained in both monomers in the range of pressure considered. A near-linear relationship is observed between pressure and liquid-phase composition. The Peng-Robinson equation of state provides a satisfactory correlation of the solubility data. The average absolute relative deviations with respect to the calculated values of pressure are less than 2%. For a given monomer, the expansion isotherms coincide when plotted as a function of the liquid - phase composition. Catalytic chain transfer (CCT) polymerisation of CO2-expanded MMA, BMA and styrene is then described. Experimental values of the chain transfer constant are determined at 323 K and 333 K and in the range of pressure from 0.1 to 6 MPa. A cobaloxime complex is used as the chain transfer catalyst. The effect of small quantities of polymer on the volumetric expansion of the corresponding monomer is considered. The chain transfer constants for the expanded monomers are significantly higher than those obtained in the bulk monomers. It is demonstrated that a linear relationship exists between the chain transfer rate coefficient and the inverse of liquid-phase viscosity. These results provide significant evidence that the rate-determining step in the CCT process is diffusion-controlled. Finally, molecular weight evolution in CCT polymerization of CO2-expanded MMA is reported. Experimental molecular weight and polydispersity index data are presented at 323 K in the range of conversion from 1 to 25%, and at pressures of 5 and 6 MPa. Both molecular weight and polydispersity increase with conversion at conditions below the homogeneous expansion limit. Predici simulations suggest that either irreversible catalyst deactivation or cobalt-carbon bond formation is the most likely mechanism for the increase in molecular weight with conversion.