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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Mise au point de l’évaluation structurelle et fonctionnelle de la vascularisation d’un os long chez la souris : validation dans des modèles de perte osseuse / Development of a structural and functional evaluation of long bone vascularization in mouse : validation in bone loss models

Roche, Bernard 25 September 2013 (has links)
La vascularisation joue un rôle important dans la biologie de l’os. Les souris génétiquement modifiées sont devenues le modèle de choix dans ce champ de recherche ; cependant les outils permettant son exploration structurelle (réseau capillaire) et fonctionnelle (perfusion) dans ce modèle animal, demeurent imparfaits. Notre travail a consisté en une adaptation chez la souris de la technique d’histomorphométrie quantitative vasculaire des os longs, fondée sur le remplissage du réseau par du sulfate de baryum, précédemment développée chez le rat. Nous avons, par ailleurs, mis au point une technique reproductible de mesure de la perfusion osseuse dans le tibia en utilisant le Laser Doppler. En termes d’exploration structurelle, et grâce à une imagerie par microtomographie 3D (Synchrotron ou Nano scanner) nous montrons la supériorité du sulfate de baryum sur le Microfil®, (produit associant silicone et plomb) et sa compatibilité avec les colorations histologiques usuelles et les marquages immuno histochimiques de la paroi vasculaire. Nous établissons la reproductibilité de la technique et nous proposons une nomenclature. En termes de perfusion, après avoir optimisé le protocole en limitant les facteurs de variabilité, nous montrons que le Laser Doppler permet de mesurer de façon reproductible une perfusion strictement osseuse dans le tibia de souris. Sous réserve de recourir { des groupes d’animaux de taille suffisante, (n=15), il devient possible de réaliser des comparaisons intergroupes. Ces deux approches combinées et intégrées, menées sur des souris C57BL/6 et 129sv/Cd1 nous ont permis de montrer (1) qu’il n’y a pas de corrélation entre paramètres de perfusion et de densité vasculaire, (2) que lors du vieillissement chez les mâles, la cinétique d’évolution de la vascularisation osseuse diffère selon le fond génétique, et que la perte osseuse n’est pas accompagnée d’une diminution de la perfusion dans ce modèle, (3) que l’ovariectomie (OVX) induit une diminution de la vascularisation et de la perfusion osseuses qui précède la perte osseuse. Enfin, notre étude des effets vasculaires osseux structurels et fonctionnels de la parathormone 1-84 a montré qu’ils dépendent, à l’instar de ses effets sur la masse osseuse, de son mode d’administration, intermittent ou continu et qu’ils ne sont pas impactés par l’OVX / Vascularisation plays a major role in bone biology. Genetically modified mice became the most favorite model in this research field; however, the tools allowing bone vessel analysis on both structural (capillary network) and functional aspects (perfusion) in this animal model remain unsatisfactory. Our work consisted in adapting in mice the quantitative histomorphometry technique allowing the analysis of long bone vascularization, based on the infusion of barium sulfate, which was previously developed in the rat. In addition, we set up a reproducible Laser Doppler-Based technique for measurement of mouse tibia perfusion. In terms of structural analyses, and thank to 3D micro-Tomography imaging (Synchrotron or Nano scanner), we show the superiority of barium sulfate on a lead/silicon-Based contrast product (Microfil®)and its compatibility with common staining used in histology and with immuno-Histochemsitry of the vessel wall. We establish the reproducibility of the technique and propose a nomenclature. In terms of perfusion, we show, after having optimized the protocol by limiting the factors of variability, that Laser Doppler allows to measure, in a reproducible way, perfusion signals specific to bone. As long as the animal group size is appropriate (n=15), it becomes possible to carry out intergroup comparisons. These combined and integrated approaches, carried out on C57BL/6 and 129sv/Cd1 mice allowed us to show that (1) there is no correlation between perfusion and vascular density parameters (2) during ageing in males, the kinetics of bone vascularisation evolution differ according to the genetic background and that bone loss was not associated with decrease in perfusion in this model (3) that ovariectomy (OVX) induces a decrease in both bone vessel density and perfusion which precedes bone loss. Finally, we studied the structural and functional vascular effects of 1-84 parathyroid hormone and show that, as for its effects on bone mass, they depend on its mode of administration, intermittent or continuous and that they are not affected by OVX
92

Quantification of tissue perfusion using contrast-enhanced ultrasound : toward robust exam comparison / Quantification de la perfusion tissulaire en échographie de contraste : vers la comparaison robuste d'examens

Doury, Maxime 03 October 2017 (has links)
La quantification de la perfusion tissulaire à partir de données dynamiques d’échographie de contraste repose sur une modélisation appropriée de la cinétique de la concentration en agent de contraste dans le tissu étudié. De nombreux facteurs, expérimentaux ou physiologiques, rendent la comparaison inter ou intra-individu de ces paramètres de perfusion difficile. Dans cette thèse, la reproductibilité et la comparaison de différentes méthodes de quantification ont été étudiées dans le cadre d’une étude préclinique de test-retest et sur des simulations numériques. Les méthodes étudiées ont été : le modèle log-normal, le modèle compartimental avec fonction d’entrée et le modèle compartimental avec tissu de référence. Les études précliniques ont montré la difficulté d’estimation d’une fonction d’entrée artérielle et la nécessité de corriger localement le temps d’arrivée de l’agent de contraste dans le tissu pour que l’approximation des cinétiques expérimentales par le modèle soit de qualité suffisante. Une estimation linéaire sous contrainte des paramètres du modèle compartimental avec tissu de référence tirant profit de différentes zones d’intérêt dans l’image a été ensuite proposée pour obtenir à l’échelle régionale et/ou locale des valeurs relatives cohérentes de débit sanguin tissulaire et de volume sanguin tissulaire, exprimées par rapport aux valeurs dans le tissu de référence. Il a été montré que cette approche est la plus robuste et la plus reproductible. L’influence des facteurs tels que la durée d’acquisition, la fréquence d’échantillonnage, le nombre de régions utilisées et l’amplitude du bruit a été étudiée sur des simulations et a permis de formuler des recommandations pour l’acquisition et le traitement des études en échographie de contraste. / Quantification of tissue perfusion from dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound data relies on appropriate modeling of the curve representing the evolution of the contrast-agent concentration inside the studied tissue. Many factors, experimental or physiological, make inter-subject or intra-subject comparison of these perfusion parameters difficult. In this thesis, the reproducibility and the comparison of various quantification methods was investigated through preclinical test-retest experiments and through simulations. The investigated methods were: the log-normal model, the one-compartment model using an arterial input function, and the one-compartment model using a reference tissue. The preclinical experiments revealed the difficulty to estimate an arterial input function directly from the image, as well as the necessity to locally correct for the time of arrival of the contrast agent in the tissue in order to ensure the model accurately fits the experimental enhancement curves. A regularized linear estimation of the parameters of the one-compartment model using a reference tissue taking advantage of multiple tissue regions was then proposed to obtain homogeneous relative values of the tissue blood flow and tissue blood volume, expressed relatively to the parameter value inside the reference tissue. The improved robustness and reproducibility of the method was demonstrated. The influence of factors such as the exam duration, the sampling frequency, the number of tissue regions in the analysis, and the noise amplitude were investigated through simulations, and allowed us to formulate recommendations regarding the acquisition and the analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound studies.
93

IVIM : modeling, experimental validation and application to animal models / IVIM : modélisation, validation expérimentale et application à des modèles animaux

Fournet, Gabrielle 10 November 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la séquence d’imagerie IRM IVIM (« Intravoxel incoherent motion »). Cette séquence permet l’étude des microvaisseaux sanguins tels que les capillaires, artérioles et veinules. Pour être sensible seulement aux groupes de spins non statiques dans les tissus, des gradients de diffusion sont ajoutés avant et après l’impulsion 180° d’une séquence d’écho de spin. La composante du signal correspondant aux spins qui diffusent dans le tissu peut être séparée de celle des spins en mouvement dans les vaisseaux sanguins qui est appelée signal IVIM. Ces deux composantes sont pondérées par f IVIM qui représente la fraction volumique du sang à l’intérieur du tissu. Le signal IVIM est en général modélisé par une fonction mono-exponentielle (ME) caractérisée par un coefficient de pseudo-diffusion D*. Nous proposons un modèle IVIM bi-exponentiel formé d’une composante lente caractérisée F slow et D* slow qui correspondrait aux capillaires comme dans le modèle ME, et d’une composante rapide caractérisée par F fast et D* fast qui correspondrait à des vaisseaux plus gros comme des artérioles et veinules. Ce modèle a été validé expérimentalement et des informations supplémentaires ont été obtenues en comparant les signaux expérimentaux avec un dictionnaire de signaux IVIM simulés numériquement. L’influence de la séquence d’impulsions, du temps de répétition et du temps d’encodage de diffusion a également été étudiée. Enfin, la séquence IVIM a été appliquée à l’étude d’un modèle animal de la maladie d’Alzheimer. / This PhD thesis is centered on the study of the IVIM (“Intravoxel Incoherent Motion”) MRI sequence. This sequence allows for the study of the blood microvasculature such as the capillaries, arterioles and venules. To be sensitive only to moving groups of spins, diffusion gradients are added before and after the 180° pulse of a spin echo (SE) sequence. The signal component corresponding to spins diffusing in the tissue can be separated from the one related to spins travelling in the blood vessels which is called the IVIM signal. These two components are weighted by f IVIM which represents the volume fraction of blood inside the tissue. The IVIM signal is usually modelled by a mono-exponential (ME) function and characterized by a pseudo-diffusion coefficient, D*. We propose instead a bi-exponential IVIM model consisting of a slow pool, characterized by F slow and D* slow corresponding to the capillaries as in the ME model, and a fast pool, characterized by F fast and D* fast, related to larger vessels such as medium-size arterioles and venules. This model was validated experimentally and more information was retrieved by comparing the experimental signals to a dictionary of simulated IVIM signals. The influence of the pulse sequence, the repetition time and the diffusion encoding time was also studied. Finally, the IVIM sequence was applied to the study of an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease.
94

Renal Perfusion Model: Outcome Predictions

Hernandez, Leslie, Hernandez, Leslie January 2017 (has links)
The Banner University Medical Center's (BUMC) renal transplant program relies on the LifePort Kidney Transporter to optimize marginal kidney organs via hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) prior to transplantation. Hemodynamic parameters produced by the device followed over the duration of support, combined with clinical experience, guide decisions in determining the acceptability of a donor kidney for implantation. Thus far, statistical evidence supporting ideal parameters remain undefined. The purpose of this study is to create a logistic model that will ascertain the post-implant sustainability of LifePort® supported kidneys and predict clinical outcomes. My hypothesis is that the statistical models constructed based on retrospective LifePort® parameters and clinical outcome data will successfully predict donor organ vascular health for transplantation and the optimal support duration. A successful model will contribute to increased efficiencies in the kidney transplant process as well as improved patient outcomes. An overview of the institution’s success was weighed using a survival analysis, with delayed graft function (DGF) as the endpoint. A logistic regression model and forecast model were built to predict the outcome for rejecting or accepting the organ for transplant, as well as to predict the hemodynamic parameters hours after the start of infusion. Results concluded a flow greater than 80 mL/min had a 90% probability of transplantation. The forecast model was capable of predicting flow for up to five hours. The calculated flow was in a 10 mL/min range of the actual flow, when up to one hour parameters were entered into the model. The study concluded practicality in the clinical setting, in kidney transplantation.
95

Effets de la nitroglycérine intraveineuse sur la saturation cérébrale hémisphérique pendant la chirurgie cardiaque à haut risque

Piquette, Dominique January 2006 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
96

Method for the classification of brain cancer treatment's responsiveness via physical parameters of DCE-MRI data

Kanli, Georgia January 2015 (has links)
Tumors have several important hallmarks; anomalous and heterogeneous behaviors of their vascular structures, and high angiogenesis and neovascularization. Tumor tissue presents high blood flow (F) and extraction ratio (E) of contrast molecules. Consequently there is growing interest in non invasive methods for characterizing changes in tumor vasculature. Toft's model has been extensively used in the past in order to calculate Ktrans maps which take into consideration both F and E. However, in this thesis we argue that for accurate tumor characterization we need a model able to compute both F and E in tissue plasma. This project has been developed as part of a larger project, working toward building a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS): an interactive expert computer software, that helps doctors and other health professionals make decisions regarding patient treatment progress. Using the Gamma Capillary Transit Time (GCTT) pharmacokinetic model we calculate F and E separately in a more realistic framework; unlike other models it takes into account the heterogeneity of the tumor, which depends on parameter a-1. a-1 is the width of the distribution of the capillary transit times within a tissue voxel. In more detail, a-1 expresses the heterogeneity of tissue microcirculation and microvasculature. We studied 9 patients pathologically diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a common malignant type of brain tumor. Several physiological parameters including the blood flow and extraction ratio distributions were calculated for each patient. Then we investigated if these parameters can characterize early the patients' responsiveness to current treatment; we assessed the classification potential based on the actual therapy outcome. To this end, we present a novel analysis framework which exploits the new parameter a-1 and organizes each voxel into four sub-region. Our results indicate that early characterization of response based on GCCT can be significantly improved by focusing on tumor voxels from a specific sub-region.
97

Absolutquantifizierung der myokardialen Perfusion in Ruhe und unter Adenosin-induziertem Stress mittels First-Pass MR-Bildgebung / Absolute quantification of myocardial perfusion at rest and under adenosine stress by means of first-pass MR-Imaging

Brackertz, Anita January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
In der Diagnostik und Therapie der KHK sind das frühzeitige Erkennen und die Beurteilung funktioneller Folgen atherosklerotischer Veränderungen von großer Bedeutung. Die First-Pass MR-Bildgebung ermöglicht Aussagen über die myokardiale Perfusion und damit die hämodynamische Relevanz einer Koronarstenose. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden quantitative Werte für die myokardiale Durchblutung gesunder Probanden unter Adenosin-induziertem Stress und in Ruhe unter Einsatz der Präbolustechnik bestimmt. Eine exakte Darstellung der arteriellen Inputfunktion wurde durch einen Kontrastmittelbolus in niedriger Dosierung erreicht, die Verwendung höherer Kontrastmitteldosen führte dagegen zu einem verbesserten Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis im Myokard. Die Absolutwerte der myokardialen Perfusion unter Stressbedingungen und in Ruhe wie auch die myokardiale Perfusionsreserve zeigten vergleichbare Mittelwerte, wiesen aber eine geringere Streubreite im Vergleich zu früheren MR Studien auf und waren vergleichbar mit in PET-Studien erzielten Ergebnissen. Weiterhin wurden unter Verwendung dieser Methode Werte für das myokardiale Verteilungsvolumen des Kontrastmittels als wichtiger Parameter in der Differenzierung von gesundem und infarziertem Herzmuskelgewebe ermittelt und die Laufzeit der Boluspassage nach Injektion in Ruhe und unter Stress bestimmt, die zur Unterscheidung von antegrad perfundiertem und von über Kollateralen versorgtem Myokard dienen kann. Mit Hilfe der MRT war es auch möglich, Unterschiede zwischen subendo- und subepimyokardialer Perfusion zu quantifizieren. Die erzielten Ergebnisse entsprechen bisher publizierten Werten, die mit anderen Modalitäten gewonnen wurden. Der Vergleich der absoluten Perfusion bei verminderter zeitlicher Auflösung mit den bei hoher zeitlicher Auflösung gemessenen Werten ergab nur geringfügige Abweichungen der Ergebnisse voneinander. Dadurch eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit, durch die Zeitersparnis mehrere Schichten abwechselnd bei verschiedenen Herzschlägen zu messen und damit eine erweiterte Abdeckung des linksventrikulären Myokards zu erreichen. Durch die quantitative Auswertung der First-Pass MR-Perfusionsmessung stellt die beschriebene Methode eine vielversprechende Option im Bereich der nichtinvasiven Diagnostik verschiedener myokardialer Erkrankungen dar. / The detection and the assessment of the functional significance of atherosclerosis are of great importance in diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease. First-Pass MR-Imaging provides information about myocardial perfusion and the hemodynamic relevance of coronary artery stenoses. The aim of this work was to establish quantitative values of myocardial perfusion in healthy volunteers under adenosine induced stress and at rest using the prebolus technique. An exact determination of the arterial input function was achieved by injection of a low-dose bolus of contrast agent. High-dose bolus administration lead to an improved signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium. Absolute values of myocardial perfusion under stress and at rest as well as the myocardial perfusion reserve showed comparable mean values as previous MR studies. However, the standard deviation was decreased compared to previous MR studies but similar to those of PET studies. Furthermore, values of the myocardial distribution volume of the contrast agent could be determined, which is an important parameter for differentiating between healthy and infarcted myocardium. Additionally, the duration of the bolus passage from the left ventricular lumen to the arrival in the myocardium was determined. By establishing the regional delay of contrast agent arrival, it is possible to differentiate between antegradely perfused and collateral-dependent myocardium. MRT also allowed the quantification of differences between subendocardial und subepicardial perfusion. The achieved results matches well previously published values obtained with other modalities. The comparison of perfusion values using only the images acquired at every 2nd, 3rd or 4th heartbeat and those measured at every heartbeat resulted in only minor changes. Consequently, it may become possible to scan several slices at alternating heartbeats, thereby achieving an increased coverage of the left ventricular myocardium. The absolute quantification of myocardial perfusion by means of MR-First-Pass-Imaging presents a promising non-invasive option in the diagnosis of myocardial diseases.
98

Vorstellung einer Prä-Bolustechnik zur Bestimmung der myokardialen Perfusion mit Hilfe der Magnetresonanztomographie sowie Vergleich von myokardialen Perfusionswerten in herzgesunden Probanden beim Einsatz unterschiedlicher MR-Kontrastmittel und Untersuchungsprotokolle / Introduction of a pre-bolus technique to determine human myocardial perfusion with magnetic resonance imaging and comparison of perfusion values of healthy volunteers by using different mri contrast agents and different research settings

Lipp, Michael January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Die Kombination einer geringen Kontrastmittelmenge (Prä-Bolus) zur Ermittlung und Konstruktion einer Arteriellen Input Funktion, kombiniert mit der Verabreichung eines höher dosierten Kontrastmittel-Bolus zur Darstellung der morphologischen Herzstrukturen bewirkt eine deutliche Verbesserung des Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnisses bei gleichzeitigem Vermeiden von Sättigungseffekten. Durch die Möglichkeit der Anwendung dieser Technik in Multi Slice MR Imaging Sequenzen empfiehlt sich die neue Prä-Bolustechnik für weitere, zukünftige klinische Studien auf diesem Gebiet. / The combination of a low dose mri contrast agent (pre-bolus) for the determination and construction of the arterial input function with a second high dose contrast agent bolus results in a significant better contrast to noise ratio und simultaneously avoids known saturation effects in magnetic resonance perfusion imaging of the human heart. The possibility to use this new pre-bolus technique in multi slice mr imaging sequences seems to be a promising tool for future cardiac diagnostics in mri.
99

Application des techniques adaptatives à l'imagerie par résonance magnétique de perfusion / Application of adaptive techniques to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of perfusion

Filipovic, Marina 06 June 2011 (has links)
L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) nécessite des outils pour gérer le mouvement physiologique et autre du sujet. La création des images par l'IRM comporte trois étapes: l'acquisition de données avec une séquence d'impulsions, la reconstruction d'images, et le post-traitement. Les techniques adaptatives de reconstruction d'images visent à intégrer des informations liées au mouvement dans le processus de génération d'images à partir de données acquises, ceci dans le but de compenser les artéfacts et problèmes provoqués par le mouvement. L'IRM dynamique avec rehaussement de contraste est une technique destinée à l'estimation de la fonction des organes, en suivant le passage d'un produit de contraste dans le corps. Les problèmes dus au mouvement, surtout dans l'application thoraco-abdominale de cette technique, se présentent sous forme d'artéfacts de mouvement et de décalages. Une nouvelle méthode de reconstruction d'images, DCE-GRICS (Reconstruction généralisée dynamique avec rehaussement de contraste par inversion d'un système couplé), a été développée pour résoudre ces problèmes. Le mouvement est estimé avec un modèle linéaire non rigide basé sur les signaux physiologiques issus de capteurs externes. Les changements d'intensité causés par le passage de l'agent de contraste sont rendus avec un modèle linéaire de changement de contraste basé sur le fonctions B-spline. Cette méthode a été appliquée et validée sur l'imagerie de la perfusion myocardique. Les inexactitudes causées par le mouvement dans les courbes intensité-temps sont compensées, afin de rendre plus fiable le post-tratement des courbes pour l'estimation de la perfusion myocardique. / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) requires tools for managing physiological and other motion of the patient. The generation of MR images consists of three steps: data acquisition with a pulse sequence, image reconstruction and image post-processing. Adaptive image reconstruction techniques aim at integrating motion information into the process of image generation from the acquired data, in order to compensate for motion-induced artefacts and problems. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI is a technique designed for assessing the function of organs, by following dynamically the passage of a contrast agent in the body after a bolus injection. Motion-induced problems, especially in abdominal and thoracic DCE-MRI, consist of motion artefacts and misregistration. A new image reconstruction method, DCE-GRICS (Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Generalized Reconstruction by Inversion of Coupled Systems), has been developed for solving these issues. Motion is estimated with a non rigid linear model based on physiological signals obtained from external sensors. Dynamic intensity changes caused by the passage of the contrast agent are described using a linear contrast change model based on B-splines. The method is applied and validated on myocardial perfusion imaging. Motion-induced inaccuracies in intensity-time curves are compensated, in order to allow for more reliable myocardial perfusion quantification by curve post-processing.
100

Improvements In computed tomography perfusion output using complex singular value decomposition and the maximum slope algorithm

Fisher, Jason 22 January 2016 (has links)
OBJECTIVE: Determine if complex singular value decomposition (cSVD) used as preprocessing in the maximum slope algorithm reduces image noise of resultant physiologic parametric images. Noise will be decreased in the parametric maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) as compared to the same algorithm and data set with no cSVD applied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A set of 10 patients (n=15) underwent a total combined 15 CT perfusion studies upon presenting with stroke symptoms. It was determined these patients suffered from occlusions resulting in a prolonged arrival time of blood to the brain. DICOM data files of these patients scans were selected based on this increased arrival delay. We compared the output of estimation calculations for cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral blood volume (CBV), using preprocessing cSVD against the same scan data with no preprocessing cSVD. Image noise was assessed through the calculation of the standard deviation within specific regions of interest copied to specific areas of grey and white matter as well as CSF space. A decrease in the standard deviation values will indicate improvement in the noise level of the resultant images.. Results for the mean value within the regions of interest are expected to be similar between the groups calculated using cSVD and those calculated under the standard method. This will indicate the presence of minimal bias. RESULTS: Between groups of the standard processing method and the cSVD method standard deviation (SD) reductions were seen in both CBF and CBV values across all three ROIs. In grey matter measures of CBV, SD was reduced an average of 0.0034 mL/100g while measures of CBF saw SD reduced by an average of 0.073 mL/100g/min. In samples of white matter, standard deviations of CBV values were reduced on average by 0.0041mL/100g while CBF SD's were reduced by 0.073 mL/100g/min. CSF ROIs in CBV calculations saw SD reductions averaging 0.0047 mL/100g and reductions of 0.074 mL/100g/min in measures of CBF. Bias within CBV calculations was at most minimal as determined by no significant changes in mean calculated values. Calculations of CBF saw large downward bias in the mean values. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the cSVD method to preprocessing of CT perfusion imaging studies produces an effective method of noise reduction. In calculations of CBV, cSVD noise reduction results in overall improvement. In calculations of CBF, cSVD, while effective in noise reduction, caused mean values to be statistically lower than the standard method. It should be noted that there is currently no evaluation of which values can be considered more accurate physiologically. Simulations of the effect of noise on CBF showed a positive correlation suggesting that the CBF algorithm itself is sensitive to the level of noise.

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