The last few decades have seen growing concern about climate change caused by global warming, and it now seems that the very future of humanity depends on saving the environment. With recognition of CO2 emissions as the primary cause of global warming, their reduction has become critically important. An effective method of achieving this goal is to focus on the sectors that represent the greatest contribution to these emissions: electricity generation and transportation. For these reasons, the goal of the work presented in this thesis was to address the challenges associated with the accommodation of a high penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in combination with renewable energy sources. Every utility must consider how to manage the challenges created by PEVs. The current structure of distribution systems is capable of accommodating low PEV penetration; however, high penetration (20 % to 60 %) is expected over the next decades due to the accelerated growth in both the PEV market and emission reduction plans. The energy consumed by such a high penetration of PEVs is expected to add considerable loading on distribution networks, with consequences such as thermal overloading, higher losses, and equipment degradation. A further consideration is that renewable energy resources, which are neither exhaustible nor polluting, currently offer the only clean-energy option and should thus be utilized in place of conventional sources in order to supply the additional transportation-related demand. Otherwise, PEV technology would merely transfer emissions from the transportation sector to the electricity generation sector. As a means of facilitating the accommodation of high PEV penetration, this thesis proposes methodologies focused on two main themes: uncontrolled and coordinated charging. For uncontrolled charging, which represents current grid conditions, the proposal is to utilize dispatchable and renewable distributed generation (DG) units to address the high PEV penetration in a way that would not be counterproductive. This objective is achieved through three main steps. First, the benefits of allocating renewable DG in distribution systems are investigated, with different methodologies developed for their evaluation. The benefits are defined as the deferral of system upgrade investments, the reduction in the energy losses, and the reliability improvement. The research also includes a proposal for applying the developed methodologies for an assessment of the benefits of renewable DG in a planning approach for the optimal allocation of the DG units. The second step involves the development of a novel probabilistic energy consumption model for uncontrolled PEV charging, which includes consideration of the drivers’ behaviors and ambient temperature effect associated with vehicle usage. The final step integrates the approaches and models developed in the previous two steps, where a long-term dynamic planning approach is developed for the optimal allocation of renewable and dispatchable DG units in order to accommodate the rising penetration of PEV uncontrolled charging. The proposed planning approach is multi-objective and includes consideration of system emissions and costs. The second theme addressed in this thesis is coordinated PEV charging, which is dependent on the ongoing development of a smart grid communication infrastructure, in which vehicle-grid communication is feasible via appropriate communication pathways. This part of the work led to the development of a proposed coordinated charging architecture that can efficiently improve the performance of the real-time coordinating PEV charging in the smart grid. The architecture is comprised of two novel units: a prediction unit and an optimization unit. The prediction unit provides an accurate forecast of future PEV power demand, and the optimization unit generates optimal coordinated charging/discharging decisions that maximize service reliability, minimize operating costs, and satisfy system constraints.

Orientador: Celio Pasquini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T14:28:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_AerentonFerreira_M.pdf: 1724151 bytes, checksum: bf49a3496f1952d08541ce7184b5dcfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Today, the transport sector is responsible for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related direct carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions and is a significant contributor to air pollution [1]. In the United States, the transportation sector has the highest share (28%) in the mix of green-house gas (GHG) sources [2]. Some of the more developed nations across the globe are now committed to improve the climate and air quality. Countries like China, Europe and the United States are front runners in introducing ambitions policies to incentivize the production and adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV’s). Along with the expected benefits of PEV uptake, large scale deployment poses a challenge for the electric grid, especially at the distribution level, since the charging load of an PEV is substantial. This load is dependent not only on the characteristics of the PEV, but also on its use and charging habits of its user(s). Since a PEV can be directly plugged into the grid at any available point, which may be spatially anywhere in the utility’s service area, it is important to model its accurate use and charging behavior of the users. Having precise knowledge of the load profile, the utilities can have a better economic solution to balancing the supply and demand. In this dissertation, an agent-based model is developed that estimates the impact of charging load of PEVs on the grid. It is based on reasonably realistic diverse human behavior pertaining to day-to-day driving patterns and charging practices and their effect on each other. The model portrays the heterogenous, spatial and temporal nature of this load, which depends on the habits and the interaction among different agents. The model mimics the heterogeneity of choices made by human drivers and its effect on the charging choices of other drivers, which is an important element to consider when depicting human behavior. The model uses travel statistics of conventional personally owned vehicles (POVs) from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) across different states of the United States from 2016 – 2017. The travel needs are modified to incorporate the effect of EV’s limited range and charging time requirements. A modified GIS map of Collinsville, IL, is used to implement the spatial requirements of travel, with, which highlight exact load points. The agent’s travel and charging choices are modelled with heterogenous rules of engagement with the environment and other agents. Common psychological effects of limited range, long charging times, and range anticipation are applied heterogeneously to all agents to create a macro environment. The resulting charging load is superimposed on existing substation transformer load and voltage profile is analyzed to study the impact of different charging strategies and charging infrastructure availability. Different case studies are analyzed to investigate the effect of the aggregated load of multiple charging points in the respective service areas of the distribution transformers.

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abstract: With the growing penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), the impact of the PEV charging brought to the utility grid draws more and more attention. This thesis focused on the optimization of a home energy management system (HEMS) with the presence of PEVs. For a household microgrid with photovoltaic (PV) panels and PEVs, a HEMS using model predictive control (MPC) is designed to achieve the optimal PEV charging. Soft electric loads and an energy storage system (ESS) are also considered in the optimization of PEV charging in the MPC framework. The MPC is solved through mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) by considering the relationship of energy flows in the optimization problem. Through the simulation results, the performance of optimization results under various electricity price plans is evaluated. The influences of PV capacities on the optimization results of electricity cost are also discussed. Furthermore, the hardware development of a microgrid prototype is also described in this thesis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2018

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:35:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4753_.pdf: 3376498 bytes, checksum: 01174dd147c06233a613fa3dae510ccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-20 / Um importante processo que vem se destacando nos últimos anos no cenário da avaliação e do processamento do petróleo é a destilação a vácuo, na qual são gerados como produtos principais os gasóleos leve e pesado e o resíduo de vácuo. Esta destilação é em parte responsável pela adequação da produção de derivados de petróleo às demandas do mercado, visto que seus produtos são utilizados como carga para outros importantes processos da cadeia do refino, a exemplo dos craqueamentos térmicos e catalíticos. A porcentagem de destilados a vácuo é de grande importância do ponto de vista do planejamento e controle da produção, pois se o mercado necessita, por exemplo, de gasolina, cerca de 40 a 50% dos gasóleos gerados nesse processo podem ser convertidos neste produto por craqueamento. Qualquer melhoria na eficiência de um determinado processo em uma refinaria de petróleo, por menor que seja, pode representar uma significativa economia ou um aumento da produtividade. No caso em particular das torres de destilação a vácuo, se for possível um aumento na temperatura de alimentação, por exemplo, é possível aumentar a quantidade vaporizada do resíduo atmosférico, minimizando o resíduo da torre e aumentando a quantidade de gasóleo produzida. Com isso destaca-se a importância de pesquisas nesta área. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a montagem e implementação de um sistema manual de destilação a vácuo de petróleo no LabPetro/UFES, que opere em conformidade com a norma ASTM D 5236. Para tal foram destiladas 6 amostras de óleos com uma ampla variação de °API, sendo que para 3 delas a curva PEV havia sido previamente fornecida pelo CENPES/PETROBRAS e foram utilizadas como referência para comparação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma concordância entre as curvas PEV obtidas no LabPetro e no CENPES/PETROBRAS, a qual foi confirmada pelautilização de testes estatísticos. Dessa forma, garantiu-se o correto funcionamento da unidade montada. O método do picnômetro manual, estabelecido pela norma ASTM D 70, mostrou-se um método simples e preciso para determinação das densidades de resíduos de destilações a vácuo de petróleos.

Very little information is known about the impact electrification has on driving behavior, or how drivers charge their electrified vehicles. The recent influx of electrified vehicles presents a new market of vehicles which allow drivers the option between electrical or conventional gasoline energy sources. The current battery capacity in full battery electric vehicles requires planning of routes not required of conventional vehicles, due to the limited range, extended charging times, and limited charging infrastructure. There is currently little information on how drivers react to these limitations. A number of current models of fully electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, transmit data wirelessly on key-on, key-off, and charging events. The data includes battery state of charge, distance of miles driven on gasoline and electric, energy consumed, and many other parameters associated to driving and charging behavior. In this thesis, this data was then processed and analyzed to benchmark the performance and characteristics of driving and charging patterns. Vehicles were analyzed and contrasted based on model type, geographic location, length of ownership and other variables. This data was able to show benchmarks and parameters in aggregate for 56 weeks of electrified vehicle tracking. These parameters were compared to the EV Project, a large scale electrified vehicle study performed by Idaho National Labs, to confirm patterns of expected behavior. New parameters which were not present in the EV Project were analyzed and provided insight to charging and driving behavior not examined in any previous study on a large scale. This study provides benchmarks and conclusions on this new driving behavior, such as large scale analysis of brake regeneration performance and degradation of range anxiety. Analysis of the differences on charging and driving behavior between geographic regions and experience were examined, providing insight to how these variables affect performance and driving and charging patterns. Comparison of parameters established by the EV Project and new parameters analyzed in this report will help build a benchmark for future studies of electrified vehicles.

Position Effect Variegation (PEV) is the mosaic expression of a gene that has been moved out of its optimal environment and into a different area on the chromosome. Changing a gene’s environment may have profound effects on its eligibility for proper expression, which is a complicated process regulated by many factors. The PEV phenomenon is used as an assay to study gene expression as regulated by chromatin structure. In this study, the Drosophila melanogaster white gene was used as a reporter to study the various effects of CHD1, a chromatin regulating factor, on PEV gene expression. Inspired by preliminary data generated by the Armstrong Lab where overexpression of CHD1 resulted in suppression of gene silencing of the brown gene and loss of CHD1 resulted in enhancement of gene silencing, this study uses PEV as an assay to examine whether loss of function chd1 mutant alleles function dominantly to enhance silencing of the white gene when it is placed in a repressive chromatin environment. Surprisingly, I found that a chd1 loss of function mutant allele dominantly suppressed gene silencing (meaning I saw an increase in gene expression), suggesting that the CHD1 protein is normally required for effective silencing. The results demonstrated that CHD1 is a dominant modifier of PEV gene expression. CHD1 significantly modifies gene expression by suppressing silencing of the white gene inserted into pericentric heterochromatin on the second and fourth chromosomes and an insertion into the medial region of the fourth chromosome, while it shows no significant modification of the white gene inserted into telomeric heterochromatin of the fourth chromosome. Together, these intriguing results regarding varying gene expression at different chromosomal sites show that PEV is a dynamic phenomenon meriting further research and studying the effects of CHD1 as a modifier of PEV may be influential to understanding the mechanism and characteristics of gene expression.

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O aquecimento do mercado brasileiro da construção civil levou à necessidade de criar uma resolução específica sobre o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos dessa atividade. Em 2002, o Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente CONAMA publicou a resolução n 307/2002, estabelecendo diretrizes, critérios e procedimentos deste tipo de gestão. A partir daí as cidades brasileiras foram obrigadas a adequar a legislação municipal à essa lei maior. O uso de um sistema de informação na gestão de resíduos sólidos da construção civil pode auxiliar no alinhamento de diferentes processos com as leis estabelecidas n 307/2002 e as leis municipais focadas ao mesmo assunto. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de caso do modelo utilizado na cidade de São José dos Campos, interior do estado de São Paulo, que estabelece em sua lei municipal que os geradores dos resíduos devem ser os responsáveis pelo controle e tratamento do material residual de construção civil, definindo a obrigatoriedade do sistema eletrônico dessa gestão, instituída através da lei municipal n 8.696/2012. Embasado na pesquisa bibliográfica, e documental, o resultado do estudo de caso, pode verificar quais as regiões com maior e menor número de autorizações para construção entre 2010 a julho de 2013, e onde há necessidades de aprimoramento e ajustes para a destinação correta dos resíduos da construção civil utilizando uma gestão de controle por sistema de informação alinhado ao atendimento das legislações impostas. / The heating of the Brazilian construction market led to the need to create a specific resolution on the treatment of solid waste In 2002, the National Environment Council - CONAMA issued Resolution No. 307/2002, establishing guidelines, criterias and procedures for this type of management. Thereafter Brazilian cities have been forced to adapt municipal legislation to this higher law the use of an information system in managing solid waste from construction can assist in aligning different processes with established laws; No 307/2002, and the byelaws focused in the same subject. In this paper, we discuss the case study model performed in the city of São José dos Campos, in the state of São Paulo, which establishes in its bylaw that the generators of the waste must be responsible for the control and treatment of the waste material of construction, defining the mandatory electronic management system; established by the bylaw No. 8.696/2012. Grounded in the literature, and documentary, the result of the case study, you can check which regions with the highest and lowest number of building permits from 2010 to July 2013, and where there is room for improvement and adjustments for proper disposal of waste construction using a management information system for control aligned to meet the laws imposed.