Submitted by GILMAR JOSÉ PICOLI JUNIOR null (gilmarpicoli@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-01T21:07:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão definitiva.pdf: 3101518 bytes, checksum: 929d40efab9e6e768e639133eb923580 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-04T12:31:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 picolijunior_gj_dr_bot.pdf: 3101518 bytes, checksum: 929d40efab9e6e768e639133eb923580 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 picolijunior_gj_dr_bot.pdf: 3101518 bytes, checksum: 929d40efab9e6e768e639133eb923580 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, o azevém (Lolium multiflorum) foi identificado como resistente ao glyphosate se tornando um grande problema em determinadas lavouras. Dessa forma, entender o comportamento a nível bioquímico e fisiológico desta planta daninha são ferramentas que auxiliam num manejo eficiente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o perfil bioquímico e fisiológico de populações de azevém suscetíveis e resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate aplicação do mesmo. Foram realizados quatro estudos em casa-de-vegetação com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições sendo semeadas três populações de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) consideradas como suscetível (S), com suspeita de resistência (R1) e resistente (R2) ao herbicida glyphosate. No primeiro estudo foi obtido o controle aos 21 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e quantificada a massa seca aos 28 DAA das três populações. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação do herbicida glyphosate composto pelas doses: 0, 135, 270, 540, 1080, 2160, 4320, 8640 g e.a. ha-1. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo determinar a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) nas diferentes populações as 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Os tratamentos foram compostos de duas doses (720 g e.a. ha-1 e 1080 g e.a. ha-1) mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. No terceiro estudo foram realizadas avaliações da fotossíntese nas três populações ao 1, 3, 7 e 28 DAA. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, transpiração, eficiência do uso da água e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação. Os tratamentos foram compostos de duas doses (720 g e.a. ha-1 e 1080 g e.a. ha-1) mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. O quarto estudo teve o objetivo de quantificar compostos alterados da rota do ácido chiquímico. Para isso, foram utilizados os mesmos tratamentos do primeiro estudo e realizadas coletas das folhas aos 5, 11 e 28 DAA. Os compostos analisados foram: glyphosate, AMPA (ácido aminometilfosfônico), ácido chiquímico, ácido quínico, shiquimato-3-fosfato, os aminoácidos aromáticos fenilalanina, tirosina e triptofano, ácido ferúlico, ácido coumárico e ácido cafeico. Na população considerada resistente, a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia liase manteve-se alta após a aplicação do glyphosate. Todas as variáveis fisiológicas foram afetadas após a aplicação do glyphosate nas três populações, porém, R2 foi capaz de se recuperar apresentando valores semelhantes à testemunha. Os níveis de ácido chiquímico e quínico apresentaram padrões semelhantes onde houve aumento para as populações suscetíveis com o aumento da dose do herbicida enquanto que para a resistente os valores se mantiveram semelhantes. Ocorreu aumento dos níveis de shiquimato-3-fosfato para a população R2 se mantendo constante para as suscetíveis. Houve redução dos aminoácidos aromáticos com a aplicação do glyphosate para as populações suscetíveis. / In Brazil, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was identified as resistant to glyphosate becoming a major problem in certain crops. Thus, understanding the behavior of the biochemical and physiological level of this weed are tools that help in efficient management. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the biochemical and physiological profile of ryegrass populations susceptible and resistant to glyphosate after spray it. Four studies were carried out in greenhouse with experimental design completely randomized with four replications being seeded three populations of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) considered as susceptible (S), suspected of having resistance (R1) and resistant (R2) to the herbicide glyphosate. In the first study was measured the control at 21 days after application (DAA) and at 28 DAA, the dry mass the three populations. The treatments consisted of application of the glyphosate composed of doses: 0, 135, 270, 540, 1080, 2160, 4320, 8640 g a.i. ha-1. The second study aimed to determine the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in different populations at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application (HAA). The treatments consisted of two doses (720 g a.i. ha-1 and 1080 g a.i. ha-1) plus a control without application. In the third study were carried out photosynthesis assessments at three populations at 1, 3, 7 and 28 DAA. The variables analyzed were: CO2 net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 internal concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The treatments consisted of two doses (720 g a.i. ha-1 and 1080 g a.i. ha-1) plus a control without application. The fourth study aimed to quantify altered compounds of the shikimic acid pathway. For this, the same treatments of the first experiment were used and made collections of leaves at 5, 11, 28 DAA. The compounds analyzed were: glyphosate, AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), shikimic acid, quinic acid, shikimate 3-phosphate, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, ferulic acid, coumaric acid and caffeic acid. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme was not influenced by glyphosate in resitant population. All physiological variables were affected after the application of glyphosate at the three populations, but R2 was able to recover with values similar to the control. The shikimic and quinic acid levels showed similar patterns where, there was an increase for susceptible populations with increasing doses of the herbicide while in resistant, the values remained similar. There was increase in levels of shikimate-3-phosphate to the R2 population, remaining constant for susceptible. There was a reduction of the aromatic amino acids with the application of glyphosate for the susceptible populations.

No description available.

Die exakte Bestimmung des energetischen Futterwertes von Grünland ist für die Praxis von großer Bedeutung. Das am häufigsten angewendete Schätzverfahren auf Basis der chemischen Analyse ist für Grünlandbestände mit geringer Nutzungsintensität nicht anwendbar. Ziel der Arbeit war es zu prüfen, ob andere ausgewählte Zellwandparameter (Xylose, Arabinose, pCA, FA, säurelösliches Lignin, ADL:Gesamtlignin) über ein breites Nutzungsspektrum eine engere Korrelation zur Verdaulichkeit der OS haben als die Rohfasergehalte, auf deren Korrelation zur in vivo Verdaulichkeit die Schätzgleichungen auf Basis der chemischen Analyse beruhen. Weitere Ziele waren ein Methodenvergleich verschiedener Schätzverfahren und die Bestimmung des Einflusses der Zusammensetzung der bestandsbestimmenden Einzelpflanzen auf den Energiegehalt der Bestände. Als Probenbasis dienten Pflanzenbestände, die in den Jahren 1996-1998 auf drei unterschiedlichen Versuchsflächen (5, 6 und 7) mit verschiedenen Gräserzusammensetzungen und drei unterschiedlichen Nutzungsformen (intensiv, 3-4 Schnitte, mit (A) bzw. ohne (B) N-Düngung und extensiv (C), 2 Schnitte, später erster Schnitt) im ersten und zweiten Aufwuchs gewonnen worden waren. Alle Bestandsproben (insgesamt 50) und Einzelpflanzen (109) wurden nach der Weender-Analytik analysiert, die Faserbestandteile NDF, ADF und ADL bestimmt, ausgewählte Zellwandparameter analysiert und der HFT-Gastest durchgeführt. Zum Methodenvergleich wurden die von der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE, 1998) empfohlenen Gleichungen auf der Basis des Rohnährstoffgehaltes und der Gasbildung (Gb) sowie die Gleichungen von WEISSBACH et al. (1996, 1999) auf der Basis der enzymunlösbaren organischen Substanz (EuLOS) verwendet. Als Ergebnis dieser umfangreichen Untersuchungen zeigte sich, dass durch den starken Einfluss von Weißklee auf die Gehalte an Hemicellulosemonomeren (der Xylosegehalt von Klee beträgt 22% des Gehaltes in Gräsern) und phenolischen Säuren (pCA-Gehalt im Klee 10% des Gehaltes in Gräsern) in den Proben die Arbeitshypothese einer engen Korrelation dieser Parameter zur Verdaulichkeit nicht bestätigt werden konnte. Das ADL:Gesamtlignin Verhältnis erbrachte die engste Korrelation zur in vivo Verdaulichkeit. Aus diesem Grund wird dieser Parameter als Prüffaktor am geeignetsten betrachtet. Die Einzelpflanzen zeigten in Abhängigkeit zur Nutzung größere Abweichungen als zwischen den Gräserspezies. Der Methodenvergleich erbrachte, dass mit dem untersuchten Probenmaterial die HFT- und EuLOS96-Gleichungen eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen Energiewerten aufwiesen. Die erfassten unlöslichen Reste sowohl aus HFT als auch aus der Cellulasemethode (EuLOS) zeigen eine wesentlich engere Korrelation zur Verdaulichkeit als die Gasbildung und ELOS-Werte. / In practice, the accurate estimation of the feed value of grassland is important. The most common method, the calculation of feed value using the chemical analysis of nutrients, is not suitable for grasslands with a low levels of utilisation. Therefor the objective of this study was to test some selected parameters of cell wall for their better suitability of calculating the feed value than the conventional crude fibre content. These parameters were: Xylose, Arabinose, para coumaric acid (pCA), ferula acid (FA), acid soluble Lignin, and the ratio ADL to whole lignin. Further objectives were to compare different in vitro feed value estimation methods and to estimate the influence of the single grass species on the energy content of the grassland. The study samples were different grassland populations harvested during 1996 and 1998, from three different floor spaces (5,6,7) with different grass populations and with three intensities of management 3 to 4 cuts per year, with (A) and without (B) N-fertilizer and 2 cuts (C) with the first cut after the 1st July. The nutrient content, detergent fibre, cell wall parameter analysis, and HFT gas test were analysed for all grass samples (50) and single plant species (109). The recommended formulas based on the nutrienet content and HFT values (GfE, 1998) and based on the enzymatically insoluble organic matter (WEISSBACH et al., 1996, 1999) were used for the comparison of the feed value calculation methods. Based on the results of this extensive analytical work the chosen cell wall parameters xylose, arabinose, xylose: arabinose, pCA and ferula acid were not better suitable for the estimation of energy content. The possible reason for this is that the big differences in xylose and pCA contents between the white clover and grasses on the grassland. The concentration of xylose and pCA in clover is only 22% and 10% of the grasses, respectively. The ratio ADL: whole lignin gave a close correlation to the in vivo digestibility and seems to be the best suitable for estimating the energy content. The management intensity affected the nutrient contents more than the single grass species. The HFT and EuLOS96 - methods provided the lowest deviation to the in vivo values and are best suitable also for the extensively produced samples. The measured insoluble residues of the HFT and cellulase-methods gave closer correlation coefficients than the ml Gb and the cellulase soluble matter.