No description available.

The use of animal manures to replace commercial fertilizer has increased the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, this practice has resulted in excess P being applied to the soil in some areas. Excess P may run-off into surface water and leach in the ground, causing eutrophication. Decreasing the amount of P fed and improving the utilization of P are two possible nutritional solutions to this problem. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of levels of dietary P, chemical form of P, and phytase supplementation in ruminants. For Exp. 1, 24 steers (average BW = 229 kg) were allotted to two diets containing 0.12 and 0.19% dietary P for a 112-d growth trial. The steers were individually full-fed, weighed every 14 d, and blood samples were collected every 28 d. The steers fed the 0.12% P diet had increased (P<0.02) ADG during the first 28 d, after which there were no differences. They also had higher (P<0.05) feed intake. By d 56 serum P for the 0.12% P group was lower (P<0.01), and this difference continued for the remainder of the trial. For Exp. 2, 18 wether lambs (average BW = 23 kg) were allotted to the following six diets for each of two metabolism trials: 1) a negative control diet deficient in P, 2) control diet supplemented with inorganic P, 3) control diet supplemented with phytic acid, 4) control diet supplemented with phytic acid and phytase, 5) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal, and 6) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal and phytase. Each metabolism trial was preceded by a 5 wk depletion phase in which the lambs were fed a low-P diet. The metabolism trials consisted of a 10 d preliminary period followed by a 10-d collection of feces and urine. On the final day ruminal fluid, blood, and saliva were collected. At the end of the second metabolism trial 10th rib bones were collected from each lamb. Absorption of P was lowest (P<0.0001) for the low-P treatment, compared to the other treatments. There was no treatment effect on saliva P. Ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs receiving P supplementation. Within supplementation treatments, ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs fed organic P than for those fed inorganic P. Feeding CSM resulted in higher (P<0.001) ruminal fluid P than phytic acid. The addition of phytase to the diets with organic P resulted in more (P<0.04) P in the ruminal fluid. There was a decrease (P<0.003) in serum P associated with the low-P treatment. There was no difference in bone ash or breaking strength. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Master / Master of Science

No description available.

Ho Cheuk-nang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledge --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iii / Lists of Tables --- p.vi / Lists of Figures --- p.vii / Abstract (English Version) --- p.x / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.xii / Chapter 1. --- Literature Survey of Phosphorus Chemical Shift Studies of DNA --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- General Review of DNA Structures --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- "Nomenclature, Symbols and Numbering Scheme" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Conformations of DNA --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Random Coil State --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Phosphorus Chemical Shift Studies of DNA --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of This Work --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology for Studying the Sequence Effect on Random Coil Phosphorus Chemical Shift --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Determination of Sequence Effect --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Design of Sequence --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sample Preparation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Measurement of Phosphorus Chemical Shift --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Proton Resonance Assignments --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Phosphorus Resonance Assignments --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Determination of Sugar Conformation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7 --- Determination of Backbone Conformation --- p.25 / Chapter 3. --- Results and Discussion of Random Coil Phosphorus Chemical Shift of DNA --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Resonance Assignments --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Proton Resonance Assignments --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Phosphorus Resonance Assignments --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Verification of Random Coil State --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Variable Temperature Proton Chemical Shift --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sugar Conformation --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Backbone Conformation --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Random Coil Phosphorus Chemical Shift of DNA --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Temperature Effect --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Neighbor Effect --- p.36 / Chapter 3.5 --- Random Coil Phosphorus Chemical Shift Prediction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Dimer Model Prediction Protocol --- p.42 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Trimer Model Prediction Protocol --- p.45 / Chapter 4. --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.48 / Appendix I H6/H8-H1' regions of 2D NOESY spectra of SS1-SS16 --- p.49 / "Appendix II 'H and 31P resonance assignments and 3Jhi1,h2,3Jh1，h2´ح and 3Jh3，p coupling constants of SS1-SS16" --- p.57 / Appendix III H3' regions 1H-31P HSQC spectra of SS1-SS16 --- p.65 / Appendix IV H1，-H2，/H2´حregions of DQF-COSY spectra of SS1- SS16 --- p.73 / Appendix V H3' regions of 1H-31P selective heteronuclear COSY spectra of SS1-SS16 --- p.81 / References --- p.89

Removal of manure from dairies to sites less prone to point-source nutrient pollution is an option for dealing with dairy confined animal feeding operation wastes. Applications of dairy manure waste to turfgrass sod can be an environmentally sound approach because both plant matter and soil are removed during harvest (Vietor et al., 2002). Field scale research was conducted on a pair of adjacent, 1.42 ha Tifway bermudagrass fields on a fine-textured clay soil to investigate the fate of manure phosphorus (P) from composted dairy manure applications. Both fields received equal rates of supplemental nitrogen fertilizer but one was treated with composted dairy manure. The treated field received 75 kg ha-1 P during the first crop. After harvest, 127 kg ha-1 P was applied to the second crop. Once reestablished, this crop was harvested. Surface layer sod and subsurface soil were frequently sampled on a grid pattern from each field and analyzed to monitor soil P. Both plant extractable and total P analyses were used. It was determined that a sod harvest couldeffectively remove all of the applied manure P. Below the sod layer, there were no increases in soil P as a result of the composted dairy manure treatments, indicating that P leaching did not occur. Phosphorus runoff during rain events or irrigation was monitored by members of the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. It was reported that more P was lost in runoff from the compost treated field than the untreated field. Cumulative water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, and plant available water holding capacity of the soil were tested to determine if the composted dairy manure treatments affected these soil physical properties. The only significant change was an increase in plant available water holding capacity on the surface layer of the treated field. An economic analysis was performed using actual financial data from the project. A scenario was created to investigate the feasibility of a dairy farm profitably adding a small turfgrass sod enterprise to its operation. It was determined that a sod field enterprise could be moderately to highly profitable for a dairy.

Nutrient over-loading in many dairy manure-amended soils in the dairy producing areas of Texas has led to environmental problems as such eutrophication of local surface water bodies. One of the nutrients contributing to eutrophication problems is phosphorus (P). This project focused on fractionation and solubility of selected P forms in an effort to determine a relationship with P found in runoff from dairy manureamend soils. Ten soils (5 calcareous, 5 noncalcareous) were collected from the dairy producing areas of Texas. Triplicate soil samples were analyzed for 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm depths. An acid-base extraction method was used to determine total P (TP), inorganic P, and organic P. Sequential extractions were used to determine the loosely-bound P, iron (Fe) phosphates, aluminum (Al) phosphates, reductant soluble P, occluded apatite P, and calcium (Ca) phosphates for calcareous and noncalcareous samples. The ammonium oxalate method was used to determine extractable Fe, Al, and silicon (Si). Potassium chloride extraction was used to determine soluble Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, and P. A weak NaOH extract was used to determined the amount of bioavalible P. Dissolved P in runoff events and soil pH were collected in a previous study. Calcareous and noncalcareous soils displayed varying concentrations of P indifferent fractions and with separate comparisons, stronger relationships could be achieved. It was also determined that KCl soluble Mg could be used as a predictor for dissolved and total P in runoff for calcareous soils (r2’s ranging from 0.865 to 0.928 and 0.801 to 0.886, respectively). Ammonium oxalate extractable Al also yielded high correlations in calcareous soils for dissolved and total P in runoff (r2 ranging from 0.798 to 0.991 and 0.766 to 0.973, respectively). In noncalareous soils, pH resulted in a less correlated relationship with dissolved P (r2 = 0.600). This study shows that there are simple and effective ways of predicting dissolved and total P in runoff to improve best management practice recommendations for manure-amended soils.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong. / Typewritten.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent (ATTD), standardized (STTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of phosphorus (P) and ATTD of calcium (Ca) in Brassica napus black (BNB) and Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) canola meal (CM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, eight semi-purified diets containing graded levels of P i.e., 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.3 g/kg of DM, from either BNB or BJY, were fed to growing pigs with an initial BW of 19.9 ± 0.22 kg (mean ± SEM) in a randomized complete block design. The total and basal EPL estimated with the regression analysis and P-free diet methods were 665 ± 0.03 and 209 ± 96 mg/kg of DMI, respectively. The TTTD and STTD of P were determined to be 33.3 and 31.0% for BNB and 32.0 and 28.3% for BJY, respectively. In Experiment 2, the effect of high level of phytase supplementation on the ATTD of P and Ca and STTD of P in growing pigs was studied. Forty-two growing pigs with an initial BW of 19.8 ± 1.22 kg (mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments with 6 pigs per treatment according to a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with the factors being: 1) 2 types of CM (BNB and BJY) and 2) 3 levels of phytase (i. e., 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg). The ATTD of P increased from 39.1 to 69.3, and 78.0% in BNB and from 46.0 to 71.4, and 78.0% in BJY as phytase levels were added at 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg, respectively. The STTD of P increased from 40.0 to 70.0, and 78.3% in BNB, and from 46.3 to 72.1, and 78.5% in BJY as phytase levels were added at 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg. The basal EPL estimate was 117 ± 23.4 mg/kg DMI. Fecal P excretion in BNB and BJY were reduced by average value of 50.3 and 61.0% with the addition of both 500 and 2,500 FTU phytase II respectively. Results from these two experiments show that the values obtained for STTD and TTTD of P in BNB and BJY were similar.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent (ATTD), standardized (STTD) and true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of phosphorus (P) and ATTD of calcium (Ca) in Brassica napus black (BNB) and Brassica juncea yellow (BJY) canola meal (CM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, eight semi-purified diets containing graded levels of P i.e., 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.3 g/kg of DM, from either BNB or BJY, were fed to growing pigs with an initial BW of 19.9 ± 0.22 kg (mean ± SEM) in a randomized complete block design. The total and basal EPL estimated with the regression analysis and P-free diet methods were 665 ± 0.03 and 209 ± 96 mg/kg of DMI, respectively. The TTTD and STTD of P were determined to be 33.3 and 31.0% for BNB and 32.0 and 28.3% for BJY, respectively. In Experiment 2, the effect of high level of phytase supplementation on the ATTD of P and Ca and STTD of P in growing pigs was studied. Forty-two growing pigs with an initial BW of 19.8 ± 1.22 kg (mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments with 6 pigs per treatment according to a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with the factors being: 1) 2 types of CM (BNB and BJY) and 2) 3 levels of phytase (i. e., 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg). The ATTD of P increased from 39.1 to 69.3, and 78.0% in BNB and from 46.0 to 71.4, and 78.0% in BJY as phytase levels were added at 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg, respectively. The STTD of P increased from 40.0 to 70.0, and 78.3% in BNB, and from 46.3 to 72.1, and 78.5% in BJY as phytase levels were added at 0, 500 and 2,500 U/kg. The basal EPL estimate was 117 ± 23.4 mg/kg DMI. Fecal P excretion in BNB and BJY were reduced by average value of 50.3 and 61.0% with the addition of both 500 and 2,500 FTU phytase II respectively. Results from these two experiments show that the values obtained for STTD and TTTD of P in BNB and BJY were similar.