The development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with modified phosphorus (P) composition has nutritional and environmental benefits, but poor seed germination and emergence presents challenges for commercial production. Different genetic mutations in two sources of germplasm, CX1834 and V99-5089, decrease the phytate and increase the inorganic phosphorus (Pi) content of seed. In V99-5089, a mutation in the D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase 1 gene (MIPS1) also results in elevated sucrose content with a concomitant decrease in raffinose and stachyose content, further improving the nutritional value of soybean meal. Prior to the release of V99-5089-derived germplasm, germplasm with the MIPS1 mutation was characterized and compared to CX1834-derived germplasm to determine the effects of this mutation on agronomic and seed composition traits in multiple environments. The correlations between P and sugar seed composition traits were favorable for improving the nutritional composition of soybean. Lack of genotype à environment interaction for sugar traits allows for selection in one growing environment. Despite the significant genotype à environment interaction for phytate and Pi, lines with the MIPS1 gene could readily be distinguished from normal phytate lines, even in unfavorable environments. Phenotypic selection for seed Pi content was more effective than marker assisted selection with the Satt453 marker. The CX1834-derived lines were lower for phytate and higher for Pi content compared to the V99-5089-derived lines. The use of subtropical winter nursery environments for population development resulted in significant reductions in emergence of low phytate genotypes, skewing segregation ratios and prohibiting the analysis of agronomic traits. Emergence was significantly affected by genotype, environment, and the genotype à environment interaction in three emergence tests of advanced low phytate lines. Emergence of modified lines was reduced but some were in a range that would not prohibit commercialization of P modified cultivars. Yields of the best emerging lines were not significantly different from the control cultivars. The results of this study indicate that the development of commercial cultivars with the V99-5089-derived MIPS1 mutation is possible but breeders and producers must focus attention on emergence during population development and seed production to emphasize selection of lines with high emergence potential. / Ph. D.

The use of animal manures to replace commercial fertilizer has increased the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture. However, this practice has resulted in excess P being applied to the soil in some areas. Excess P may run-off into surface water and leach in the ground, causing eutrophication. Decreasing the amount of P fed and improving the utilization of P are two possible nutritional solutions to this problem. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of levels of dietary P, chemical form of P, and phytase supplementation in ruminants. For Exp. 1, 24 steers (average BW = 229 kg) were allotted to two diets containing 0.12 and 0.19% dietary P for a 112-d growth trial. The steers were individually full-fed, weighed every 14 d, and blood samples were collected every 28 d. The steers fed the 0.12% P diet had increased (P<0.02) ADG during the first 28 d, after which there were no differences. They also had higher (P<0.05) feed intake. By d 56 serum P for the 0.12% P group was lower (P<0.01), and this difference continued for the remainder of the trial. For Exp. 2, 18 wether lambs (average BW = 23 kg) were allotted to the following six diets for each of two metabolism trials: 1) a negative control diet deficient in P, 2) control diet supplemented with inorganic P, 3) control diet supplemented with phytic acid, 4) control diet supplemented with phytic acid and phytase, 5) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal, and 6) control diet supplemented with cottonseed meal and phytase. Each metabolism trial was preceded by a 5 wk depletion phase in which the lambs were fed a low-P diet. The metabolism trials consisted of a 10 d preliminary period followed by a 10-d collection of feces and urine. On the final day ruminal fluid, blood, and saliva were collected. At the end of the second metabolism trial 10th rib bones were collected from each lamb. Absorption of P was lowest (P<0.0001) for the low-P treatment, compared to the other treatments. There was no treatment effect on saliva P. Ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs receiving P supplementation. Within supplementation treatments, ruminal fluid P was higher (P<0.05) for lambs fed organic P than for those fed inorganic P. Feeding CSM resulted in higher (P<0.001) ruminal fluid P than phytic acid. The addition of phytase to the diets with organic P resulted in more (P<0.04) P in the ruminal fluid. There was a decrease (P<0.003) in serum P associated with the low-P treatment. There was no difference in bone ash or breaking strength. / Master of Science

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars with genetic reduction in seed phytate concentration will be a valuable resource to livestock producers both nutritionally and economically, as well as in the preservation of the environment. However, due to association with reduced seed germination and field emergence potential, low phytate (LP) soybean cultivars are not being advanced to commercialization. Soybean breeders of LP lines must adjust their techniques and resources in order to efficiently select LP germplasm. Reduced seed germination and field emergence potential associated with LP germplasm eliminates many individuals with the desired LP trait during early generation population development, making improvement of agronomic performance among LP lines difficult. Thus, development of resources for improved phenotyping, genotyping, and early generation population development will facilitate the commercialization of LP cultivars. Discovery of variation for field emergence potential among F2-derived LP families suggests the potential for using a pedigree method for early generation population development in LP germplasm, as it preserves diversity and allows selection for improved field emergence. Integration of markers into a pedigree method will be useful to breeder. An example is BARCSOYSSR_11_1495 with 90-93% selection efficiency in various V99-5089-derived populations. Another resource for improved LP selection is a time-efficient, high-throughput modified iron (Fe) colorimetric phytate assay that does not suffer from inorganic phosphorus (P) concentration interference. Together these tools will provide breeders more accurate selection of LP lines. / Master of Science

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-02T14:18:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV17MA228.pdf: 193779 bytes, checksum: 0aa3c21a8549f1bb6152248698386f8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T14:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV17MA228.pdf: 193779 bytes, checksum: 0aa3c21a8549f1bb6152248698386f8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Capes / At physiological maturity the seeds acquire their greatest physiological potential. From this point quantitative and qualitative losses occur as a function of seed deterioration. The deterioration is dependenton the cultivar, the climatic conditions and the time in which the seeds remain in the field until the harvest. The study of cultivars that present greater tolerance to adverse climatic conditions that maintain the productivity and the physiological quality of the seeds is of fundamental importance to understandthe mechanisms of tolerance to the delay of the harvest. The objective of this work was to verify if genotypes of beans respond differently on the yield, germination and vigor of the seeds harvested at different times of harvest; Determine the biochemical composition of the ean seeds at different times of harvest and the pattern of hydrolysis and mobilization pf the reserves during the germination process can explain the differences in vigor. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Lages, SC, using experimental design in randomized blocks, subdivided plots and four replocates. The cultivars used were the BAFs (Active bank and germplasm): 13, 47, 55 and 57, (C18), 13% moisture (C13), and 10 days after the third harvest (C13 + 10) were collected at physiological maturity (MF). The yield, yield components, plant morphological characteristics, germination, vigor (accelerated aging) in the four genotypes and in the four harvest seasons were determined. For the evaluation of the biochemical composition (total protein, soluble protein, starch, soluble sugar, total phosphorus, phytate, inorganic phosphorus), BAFs 55 and 57 were used in the C13 and C13 + 10 harvests. The aid of the statistical programs Assistatand R. Productivity was not influenced by the harvest season; The insertionheight of the first legume and number of legumes per plant decreased with the havest delay. The physiological quality of the seeds was dependent on the harvest period. Genotype 55 maintained its physiological quality at different harvesting times, while the other genotypes showed a decrease with harvest delay in relation to physiological maturity, BAF 57 showing a greater reduction in the physiological quality of their seeds. At zero point (dry seeds) there was positive correlation of soluble sugar with accelerated aging, and negative correlation on phytate and total protein with germination. The higher efficiency in the user of phytate and inorganic phosphorus during the germination process is associated with higher vigor seeds. BAF55 showed the best performance in maintaining the quality of its seeds after physiological maturity / Na maturidade fisiológica as sementes adquirem o seu maior potencial fisiológico. A partir deste ponto ocorrem perdas quantitativas e qualitativas em função da deterioração das sementes. A deterioração é dependente da cultivar, das condições climáticas e do tempo em que as sementes permanecem no campo até a colheita. O estudo de cultivares que apresentam maior tolerância a condições climáticas adversas, que mantenham a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes é de fundamental importância para entender os mecanismos de tolerância ao atraso da colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se genótipos de feijão respondem diferentemente no rendimento, germinação e o vigor das sementes colhidas em diferentes tempos de colheita; determinar a composição bioquímica das sementes de feijão nos diferentes tempos de colheita e o padrão de hidrólise e mobilização das reservas durante o processo de germinação podem explicar as diferenças quanto ao vigor. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Lages, SC, usando delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As cultivares crioulas utilizadas foram os BAFs (Banco ativo de germoplasma do CAV-UDESC): 13, 47, 55 e 57; as colheitas foram realizadas na maturidade fisiológica (MF), sementes com 18% de umidade (C18), 13% de umidade (C13) e 10 dias após a terceira colheita (C13 + 10). Determinou-se à produtividade, componentes do rendimento, características morfológicas da planta, germinação, vigor (envelhecimento acelerado) nos quatro genótipos e nas quatro épocas de colheita. Para a avaliação da composição bioquímica (proteína total, proteína solúvel, amido, açúcar solúvel, fósforo total, fitato, fósforo inorgânico) foram utilizados os BAFs 55 e 57 nas colheitas realizadas em C13 e C13 + 10. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio dos programas estatísticos Assistat e R. A produtividade não sofreu influência da época de colheita; a altura de inserção do primeiro legume e número de legumes por planta diminuíram com o atraso da colheita. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi dependente da época de colheita. O BAF 55 manteve sua qualidade fisiológica nas diferentes épocas de colheita, enquanto os demais genótipos apresentaram decréscimo com o atraso da colheita em relação à maturidade fisiológica, o BAF 57 apresentando maior redução da qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes. No ponto zero (sementes secas) houve correlação positiva de açúcar solúvel com envelhecimento acelerado, e correlação negativa de fitato e proteína total com germinação. A maior eficiência na utilização do fitato e do fósforo inorgânico durante o processo de germinação esta associada às sementes de maior vigor. O BAF 55 apresentou o melhor desempenho na manutenção da qualidade das suas sementes após a maturidade fisiológica

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2017-08-30T13:42:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Alessandra Mignacca.pdf: 999746 bytes, checksum: 7ec4188ea275eeb95c62dabaec0e0f25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T13:42:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia Alessandra Mignacca.pdf: 999746 bytes, checksum: 7ec4188ea275eeb95c62dabaec0e0f25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / Phosphorus (P) is an element difficult to handle due to its high adsorption and fixation in tropical soils. Because of this, it is extremely important knowledge of its forms in the soil for successful implementation of phosphates. The objective is to study the dynamics and availability of P in sandy soils by separating its fractions and its direct relationship with the organic and inorganic components in the soil. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of UNOESTE in the city of Bernardes SP-President, on a soil classified as Acrisol dystrophic, starting in November 2013, the agricultural however evaluated the years 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, which it was grown in System Integration-Crop-Livestock, Soybeans and Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã with experimental area formed by five paddocks of 32.0 m (L) x 167.0 m (C) with a randomized block design, distributed in bands in a factorial 5 (physical managements of soil) x 5 (depth soil), with four replications, who received physical management of scarification and five specific chemical handlings, 1 - Test .: only fertilization Soy 2 - C: Liming, 3 - C + G: Liming + Plastering, 4 - C + G + NPK: Liming + Plastering + NPK fertilization, 5 - C + G + NPK + Micro: Liming + Plastering + fertilization NPK + Micronutrients. Samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm for the determination of P fractionation to identify the conduct of its fractions in sandy soils and the remaining P ground. It was also performed the chemical analysis of plants and grain yield. / O fósforo (P) é um elemento de difícil manejo devido ao seu alto poder de adsorção e fixação nos solos tropicais. Em razão disso, é extremamente importante o conhecimento de suas formas no solo para obter sucesso na aplicação dos fosfatos. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica e a disponibilidade do P em solos arenosos através da separação de suas frações e sua relação direta com os componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos no solo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da UNOESTE, na cidade de Presidente Bernardes-SP, em um solo classificado como Argissolo Vermelho distroférrico, com início em novembro de 2013, no entanto foram avaliados os anos agrícolas de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, que foi cultivado, em Sistema de Integração-Lavoura-Pecuária, utilizando as espécies Soja e Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã, na área experimental formada por cinco piquetes de 32,0 m (L) x 167,0 m (C), com delineamento em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em faixas, em esquema fatorial 5 (manejos adubação de solo) x 5 (profundidade de solo), com quatro repetições, que recebeu manejo físico de escarificação e cinco manejos químicos específicos, sendo 1 – Test.: apenas com adubação da Soja, 2 – C: Calagem, 3 – C+G: Calagem + Gessagem, 4 – C+G+NPK: Calagem + Gessagem + Adubação NPK, 5 – C+G+NPK+Micro: Calagem + Gessagem + Adubação NPK + Micronutrientes. Foram coletadas as amostras nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-80 cm, para a determinação do fracionamento de P para conhecimento do comportamento de suas frações em solos arenosos e do P remanescente do solo. Também foi realizada a análise química das plantas e produtividade de grãos.

This thesis deals with assessment of two small water courses Leskava and Troubsky brook. Streams are evaluated from two aspects: content of three forms of phosphorus TP, Panorg and Porg and hydromorphological assessment. Total phosphorus was determined by sample mineralization by H2SO4+H2O2. Pinorg and Porg were determined by a method published by Pardo. Hydromorphological assessment was done by methodology Králová at al.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Agricultural activities generate impacts on the environment and require constant study and monitoring to enhance our understanding about the ways and degree of contamination resulting therefrom. The main objective of this work was to study the dynamics of transference and transformation of P in the soil, sediment and water in two small watersheds (SW), one with 142.6 ha (SW140) and another with 78.2 ha (SW80), as well as to generate information that could relate the nature of P with the mineralogy of the soil of the basin and its position in the landscape. The specific objectives were as follows: i) to characterize qualitative and quantitatively the forms of phosphorus in the sediment and relate them to soil characterization, ii) to determine the proportion and nature of mineral components in the sediment in order to identify its function in the process of pollution of water and soil, and iii) to check for differences in the transfer of phosphorus from soil to water courses between rainfall events and between sampling periods. The work was divided into three parts: i) physical-hydric and chemical characterization of two small watersheds with emphasis on quantification and qualification forms of phosphates that can be transferred to surface waters; ii) forms of phosphorus present in the water course during rainfall events, and iii) forms of phosphorus present in sediments sampled employing continuous collectors in the water course. It was noted that there are problems between agricultural use and environmental preservation areas, which have worsened since the start of monitoring (2009). Soybean is the main crop in the SWs. However, there is little application of agronomic knowledge in the SWs to improve the productivity of crops or pasture. This is evidenced by data: low soil pH, presence of exchangeable aluminum, low phosphorus, soil compaction in the 5-20 cm layer, erosion caused by planting on the slope direction, lack of soil cover and mismanaged no-till system. The soils of SWs present predominance of 1:1 clay minerals (kaolinite), however, the 2:1 clay minerals are also present, mainly in the lowlands. Due to low phosphorus in crops as a result of poor application of phosphate fertilizers, all areas studied (crops, pastures and forests) may be responsible for diffuse pollution of water courses. The phosphorus index (PI) of Alabama was the best predictor of potential vulnerability to P loss in the small watershed, however the IP of Nebraska could predict what would happen if it applied large amounts of phosphorus in agricultural areas of small watersheds. The amount of total P lost in SWs is low. However , much of the lost P is labile and moderately labile, which may produce eutrophication of water if the phosphate adsorbed to sediments reach lentic environments that allow desorption of P. In SW80 there is less loss of P in its different forms than in SW140. Similarly to soil, sediment mineralogy of SWs shows predominance of 1:1 clay mineral (kaolinite), but there are also present 2:1 clay minerals. The sediment of SW80 contains more 2:1 clay minerals than that derived from the SW140. Although there is a low level of phosphorus in soils under crops, it occurs P concentration in the sediment, mainly in the forms of P present in the labile and organic fractions. / As atividades agrícolas causam impactos sobre o ambiente e necessitam de constante estudo e monitoramento para aprimorar o nosso entendimento quanto às formas e ao grau de contaminação delas resultante. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar a dinâmica da transferência e transformação do fósforo (P) nos solos, no sedimento e nas águas de duas pequenas bacias hidrográficas (PBHs), uma com 142,6 ha (PBH140) e outra com 78,2 ha (PBH80), bem como relacionar a forma de P com a mineralogia do solo da bacia e com sua posição na paisagem. Os objetivos específicos foram os seguintes: i) caracterizar qualitivamente e quantitativamente as formas de fósforo presentes no sedimento e relacioná-las com características de solos, ii) determinar a proporção e a natureza dos constituintes minerais no sedimento, a fim de identificar a sua função no processo de poluição da água e do solo, e iii) checar a existência de diferenças na transferência de fósforo do solo para os cursos hídricos entre os eventos pluviométricos e entre os períodos de coleta. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes: i) caracterização físico-hídrica e química do solo da duas pequenas bacias hidrográficas com ênfase na quantificação e qualificação das formas de fosfatos passíveis de serem transferidas para as águas superficiais; ii) avaliação das formas de fósforo presentes nos cursos hídricos em diferentes eventos pluviométricos; e iii) avaliação das formas de fósforo presentes em sedimentos amostrados empregando-se coletores contínuos nos cursos hídricos. Foi constatado que existem problemas entre o uso agropecuário e as áreas de preservação ambiental, os quais vêm se agravando desde o início do monitoramento (2009). A soja é a principal cultura nas PBHs. Porém, há pouca aplicação de conhecimentos agronômicos nas PBHs que visem melhorar a produtividade das culturas ou da pastagem. Isso é evidenciado por alguns dados: baixo pH do solo, presença de alumínio trocável, baixo teor de fósforo, compactação do solo na camada entre 5 a 20 cm, erosão causada pela semeadura no sentido do declive, falta de cobertura do solo e sistema de plantio direto (SPD) mal manejado. Os solos das PBHs apresentam predominância de argilominerais do tipo 1:1 (caulinita) e em menor quantidade os argilominerais 2:1 também estão presentes, principalmente nas áreas de baixadas. Devido ao baixo teor de fósforo nas lavouras pela pouca aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados, todas as áreas estudadas (lavouras, pastagens e mata) podem ser responsáveis pela poluição difusa dos cursos hídricos. A versão do índice de fósforo (IP) do Alabama foi a que melhor estimou a vulnerabilidade da perda potencial de P nas PBHs. No entanto, a versão do IP de Nebraska poderia prever o que aconteceria, caso se aplicasse grandes quantidades de fósforo nas áreas agrícolas das PBHs. A quantidade de P total transferida nas PBHs é baixa. No entanto, grande parte do P perdido é lábil ou moderadamente lábil, o que pode constituir-se em risco de eutrofização das águas, caso o fosfato adsorvido aos sedimentos chegue a ambientes lênticos que permitam a dessorção de P. Na PBH80 há menor perda de P nas suas diferentes formas do que na PBH140. Analogamente aos solos, a mineralogia dos sedimentos das PBHs apresenta predominância de argilomineral 1:1 (caulinita), mas também estão presentes argilominerais 2:1. O sedimento da PBH80 contém mais argilominerais do tipo 2:1 do que aquele oriundo da PBH140. Embora exista um baixo teor de fósforo nos solos das lavouras, ocorre concentração de P no sedimento, principalmente sob as formas de P presentes na fração lábil e na fração orgânica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1206903 bytes, checksum: d10dac3b809e1bb5f5f0ff1f56cd8418 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of animal dejects in Brazilian agriculture is increasing in recent years due to the expansion of animal farms impelled by exportation of meat to international markets. Bird housing is amongst those activities that have experienced the largest growth. The litter generated in this activity used to be largely employed to feed cows. However, the enactment of a law that prohibited the use of poultry litter as animal feeds intensified its use as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Despite its importance, there are gaps in our knowledge regarding its adequate use in order to obtain high plant yields without threatening the environment. The present work aimed at evaluating the leaching of P, Ca, Mg, K and Na on columns of soils fertilized with poultry litter. There were two experiments. In the first experiment each column was constituted by five PVC rings with 5 cm diameter and 10 cm height bound to each other with adhesive, and with an impermeable interior. The columns were filled with two soil types: a clayey Red-Yellow Latosol and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol. The soils had previously received four doses of P as KH2PO4 in order to achieve 0, 12.5, 25.0 and 50% of the maximum P adsorption capacity (CMAP). The P source was homogenized with the whole soil volume and incubated for 60 days. After this period the soils were accommodated in the columns and five poultry litter rates equivalent to 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis) were mixed with the soil of the top ring. Five poultry litter rates were applied on the top of the column. Treatments consisted of a 4 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to four levels of CMAP saturation, five poultry litter doses and two soils, with three replications, and arranged in a complete randomized block design. The columns were submitted to 10 percolations of deionized water in a 35 day period in order to simulate a 1.200 mm rainfall. In the percolated water it was determined inorganic P (reactive P, Pi) and organic P forms (unreactive P, Po). In the eighth percolation water, total P was fractionated in dissolved P (fraction that passed a 0.45 µm filter) and particulate P (retained in the 0.45 µm filter). At the end of the experiment, the columns were disassembled and P in the soil of each ring was extracted with Mehlich-1 (HCl 0.05 mol L-1 and H2SO4 0.0125 mol L-1) and Olsen (NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1, pH 8.5) extractors. For the Olsen soil extracts it was measured the Pi and Po fractions. It was found that increasing the poultry litter dose led to losses of unreactive P (Po) 6.4 times greater than that of reactive P (Pi). Both the previous P fertilization and increasing poultry litter doses caused the vertical movement of P in the soil columns, which reflected in P concentrations in Mehlich 1 and Olsen extracts. The environmental critical level (NCA), the concentration of P in the soil above which the leaching of P increases exponentially, was around 100 and 150 mg dm-3 by Mehlich 1 and 40 and 60 mg dm-3 by Olsen, for the sandy loam and clayey soils, respectively. In highly weathered soils the accumulation of residual P along the cultivations there can be significant P leaching through the profile, especially when they are fertilized with poultry litter. In the second experiment it was evaluated the effect of poultry litter on Ca, Mg and K leaching and its relationship with inorganic and low molecular mass organic anions. Samples of two Oxisols (a clayey and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol) were accommodated in PVC columns similar to those used in experiment 1. Five types of poultry litters (coffee peels, ground corn cob, rice husk, napier grass and wood shavings) were homogenously applied to the soil of the top ring in a dose equivalent to 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis). There also was a control treatment with no poultry litter application. The treatments consisted of a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five poultry litter types and two soil with distinct textures, with five replications, arranged in a complete randomized block design. Twice a week the columns received 10 applications of deionized water twice a week in a total volume corresponding to a rainfall equivalent to 1.200 mm. The leachates were analyzed for cations such as Ca, Mg, K and Na, and for anions such as Cl-, NO3 -and SO4 2- and low molecular mass organic acids by ion chromatography. The results indicate that there was great leaching of bases through the soil columns, particularly up to the third percolation. This fact was probably a result of the high dose of poultry litter and the presence of accompanying anions: Cl-, NO3 - and SO4 2- in the sandy loam soil and Cl- and NO3- in the soil clayey soil. Much less expressive was the complexing effect of organic acid ligands. The effect of acetic acid favoring the leaching of bases probably was a result of its action as an accompanying anion. / A utilização de dejetos de animais na agricultura cresce de maneira significativa a cada ano, devido, principalmente, à expansão da criação intensiva de animais, impulsionada pelo aumento das exportações. Com o decreto lei que proíbe a utilização dos dejetos de aves na alimentação animal, intensificou-se ainda mais o seu uso na agricultura. Porém, há ainda uma lacuna quanto à informação científica sobre o uso desses dejetos, em razão de se não saber o quanto deste material pode ser utilizado de modo a ter uma agricultura menos agressiva ao ambiente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviação de formas de P e de Ca, Mg, K e Na, em colunas de solos fertilizados com camas de aviário. Em um experimento verificaram-se as perdas por lixiviação de formas de P em solos, constituídos por cinco anéis sobrepostos, com 5 cm de diâmetro e 10 cm de altura cada um, submetidas a fluxos de percolação de água. Foram utilizadas amostras de dois Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos texturas argilosa e média. Os solos receberam, previamente, quatro doses de P na forma de KH2PO4, correspondentes a 0; 12,5; 25 e 50 % da capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP), homogeneizadas com todo o volume de solo das colunas e deixados em incubação por 60 dias. No anel superior, aplicou-se, homogeneamente, cama de aviário nas doses equivalentes a 0, 20, 40, 80, e 160 t ha-1 com base no peso do material seco. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos segundo o esquema fatorial: quatro níveis da CMAP x cinco doses de cama de aviário x dois solos, com três repetições, dispostas em blocos casualizados. As colunas foram submetidas a 10 percolações com água deionizada, em duas aplicações semanais, durante 35 dias, de modo a atingir um volume correspondente a 1.200 mm de chuvas. Nos percolados foram determinados: a forma inorgânica de P (P reativo, Pi) a forma orgânica de P (P não-reativo, Po). Na oitava percolação, foram também determinados: P dissolvido total (percolado que passou em filtro com diâmetro de poros de 0,45 µm) e P particulado total (retido no filtro de 0,45 µm). No final do experimento, o P no solo de cada anel foi extraído pelos extratores Mehlich-1 (HCl 0,05 mol L-1 e H2SO4 0,0125 mol L-1) e Olsen (NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1, pH 8,5), sendo determinadas, para este ultimo extrator, as formas Pi e Po. Com o aumento da dose de cama de aviário, as perdas de P por percolação foram, em média, 6,4 vezes maiores na forma de P não-reativo (Po) que na P-reativo (Pi). Tanto a fertilização mineral prévia com P como a aplicação de doses crescentes de cama de aviário causaram a descida de P nas colunas de solo, extraído tanto pelo Mehlich-1 e pelo NaHCO3 (Olsen). O nível crítico ambiental (NCA), teor de P disponível no solo acima do qual a percolação de Preativo aumenta exponencialmente, foi em torno de 100 e 150 mg dm-3 para o Mehlich-1 e 40 e 60 mg dm-3 para o Olsen, para os solos, textura média e argilosa, respectivamente. Em condições de solos intemperizados, com acúmulo de P residual ao longo dos cultivos, as perdas de P por lixiviação no perfil podem ser significativas, de modo particular quando recebem cama de aviário. Em um segundo experimento verificou-se o efeito da aplicação de cama de aviário na lixiviação de Ca, Mg, K e Na em solos e sua associação com ânions inorgânicos e ácidos orgânicos com baixa massa molecular. Amostras de dois Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos, um textura média e outro argilosa, foram colocados em colunas de PVC semelhantes àquelas utilizadas no experimento anterior. O solo no anel superior recebeu, homogeneamente, uma dose de cinco camas de aviário, correspondente a 160 t ha-1, base material seco, comparativamente à testemunha (sem cama de aviário). Os tratamentos foram definidos segundo o fatorial 5 x 2, com cinco camas e dois solos, em três repetições dispostas em blocos casualizados. As colunas foram submetidas a 10 percolações com água deionizada, duas vezes por semana, até atingir o volume de água correspondente a 1.200 mm de chuvas. Nos lixiviados foram analisadas as concentrações de Ca, Mg, K e Na, dos ânions Cl-, NO3- e SO4 2- e de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular. Houve grande lixiviação de bases metálicas nas colunas, de modo geral até a terceira percolação. Este fato foi causado pela adição dessas bases, em doses elevadas, pelas camas de aviário e, também, aparentemente, pelo efeito de ânions acompanhantes: Cl-, NO3- e SO4 2- no solo textura média e Cl-, NO3- no solo textura argilosa e, de maneira muito menos expressiva, pelo efeito complexante das bases por ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular. O efeito de lixiviação do ácido acético ocorreu, provavelmente, como ânion acompanhante das bases.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS14DA022.pdf: 1661890 bytes, checksum: 3147ca0fadcd842b04a10dab73754a64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The total content of phosphorus (P) is distributed in the soil forms with different degrees of lability, being the distribution of the forms affected by type soils and soil manegement. The work consisted of three studies, being that the first study quantified the stock of the forms of inorganic and organic P in the surface horizon and in 42 profiles soil of six orders in the Santa Catarina State. After collection, the samples were subjected to chemical fractionation of P Hedley. The soils most weathered had higher stock of P total, while the soils less weathered showed higher levels of labile organic P. In the second study was conducted fractionation analysis of P and P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in soil agroecosystems with high organic matter content. The areas were evaluated in apple orchard, native grass and pine plantation. The results of chemical fractionation and NMR of P, showed that the conversion of natural ecosystems to areas cultivated altered the distribution of P forms in soil, where the fractions organic were reduced in culture without the addition of phosphate fertilizer systems. The third study involved the assessment of forms of P in soils with different clay contents that subjected the applications of liquid swine manure. Soil samples were collected in three regions of Santa Catarina State and subjected to chemical fractionation of P. The results showed that the addition of liquid swine manure for long term increased the content of all forms of P evaluated by fractionation, mainly in inorganic forms, with more accumulated in the topsoil. In soils with sandy texture there accumulation of labile P, and in soils clay there accumulation the of forms lower lability / O conteúdo total de fósforo (P) do solo é distribuido em formas com diferentes graus de labilidade. A distribuição das formas de P podem ser afetadas pelo tipo de solo e o manejo adotado durante seu uso. O trabalho foi composto de três estudos. O primeiro estudo quantificou o estoque das formas de P inorgânicas e orgânicas no horizonte superficial e nos perfis de 42 solos de seis ordens no Estado de Santa Catarina (SC). Após a coleta, as amostras foram submetidas ao fracionamento químico de P de Hedley. No segundo estudo foi realizado o fracionamento químico de P e análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de P (RMN) em amostras de solo de áreas de pomar de maçieira, campo nativo e florestamento de pinus com alto teor de matéria orgânica. O terceiro estudo consistiu na avaliação das formas de P em solos com diferentes teores de argila que foram submetidos a aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em três regiões do Estado de SC e submetidas ao fracionamento químico de P. No estudo 1 os solos mais intemperizados apresentaram maiores estoque de P total enquanto os solos menos intemperizados apresentaram maiores teores de P lábil e P orgânico. No segundo estudo os resultados do fracionamento químico e RMN de P mostraram que a conversão de ecossistemas naturais em áreas cultivadas alterou a distribuição das formas de P no solo, onde as frações orgânicas foram reduzidas em sistemas de cultivo sem a adição de fertilizantes fosfatados. Os resultados do terceiro estudo mostraram que a adição de dejetos líquidos de suínos por longo prazo aumentou o teor em todas as formas de P avaliadas pelo fracionamento, principalmente em formas inorgânicas, sendo mais acumulado na camada superficial do solo. Nos solos com textura arenosa houve acúmulo de P principalmente nas frações lábeis e em solos de textura argilosa houve acúmulo de P principalmente em formas de menor labilidade

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de esgotos domésticos e petroquímicos, dispostos por via de emissário submarino, nas composições físico-químicas e microbiológicas da coluna dágua e na geoquímica dos sedimentos, bem como investigar uma possível relação entre o meio e a composição química das carapaças do foraminífero Ammonia tepida. Para atingir tal objetivo foram coletadas 10 amostras de água e de sedimento superficial, no entorno dos emissários do Araçá e do Terminal Petrolífero Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), além de um ponto controle, no canal de São Sebastião, SP, em março e abril de 2007. Em cada amostra de água foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Nos sedimentos, foram realizadas análises granulométricas e geoquímicas (macronutrientes, elementos maiores e traços). Do sedimento, carapaças coradas (indivíduos vivos) e não coradas (mortos) de A. tepida foram triadas e analisadas em espectrômetros de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e de emissão atômica (ICP-OES) para análise química dos elementostraços. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água, indicaram que a coluna dágua não estava contaminada, no momento da amostragem, pois todos os valores obtidos estavam dentro dos limites exigidos pela resolução do CONAMA, nº 357/2005. Os resultados granulométricos mostraram que o sedimento é litoclástico e mais psamítico no Araçá, e mais pelítico, no TEBAR. Já os dados geoquímicos de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, enxofre e fósforo revelaram que ambas as regiões são propícias ao enriquecimento desses elementos. A concentração de elementos-traço, na maioria dos pontos estudados, nas duas áreas, quando comparada aos valores guia de causaefeito, não foi considerada tóxica para a biota marinha. Contudo, foi observado enriquecimento significativo de cádmio, em certas áreas no Araçá, e de bário, no TEBAR. A concentração deste último elemento, provavelmente, está relacionada à água de produção do terminal. Os elementos-traço das carapaças de A. tepida coradas, em ambos os emissários, apresentaram maior número de correlações significativas com o sedimento, sugerindo que carapaças de foraminíferos mortos estão mais susceptíveis ao viés dos processos diagenéticos. No TEBAR, foram observadas correlações significativas positivas entre os teores de Co, Cr, Mn e Pb nos sedimentos e os elementos-traço das carapaças coradas. Já no Araçá, somente os teores de Cr correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente aos teores encontrados nas carapaças coradas. Isto corrobora com a influência da composição do sedimento nas reações intracelulares dos foraminíferos, refletidas na construção do exoesqueleto. Diante do exposto, os resultados deste estudo trouxeram luz a novas questões que permitiram inferir que a auto-depuração da água do mar, em ambas as regiões, e a estação de tratamento de efluentes, no TEBAR, não se revelaram eficientes na diluição e/ou remoção do conteúdo de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e elementos maiores e traço. / The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of domestic and petrochemical sewage, discharged through a submarine sewage outfall, on the physicochemical and microbiological composition of the water column and the geochemistry of sediments. As well as to investigate a possible relationship between the environment and the chemical composition of Ammonia tepida foraminifer\'s tests. The area where this study was focused on two sewage emissaries: Araçá and Almirante Barroso Petroliferous Terminal (TEBAR), both located in São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil. To achieve this goal, 10 water and bottom sediments samples in in March and April of 2007 were collected form each outfall. A background sample also collected as a control. For each water sample physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out and, in the sediments, grainsize and geochemical (macronutrients, major and trace elements) were analyzed. Trace elements found in the tests of stained (live) and unstained (dead) Ammonia tepida were identified by scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analysis of the water samples showed that the water column was not contaminated. All the concentrations obtained were in accordance with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) limits. Grain size analysis, demonstrated that the sediments are of terriginous origin, being mainly psamitic in Araçá and mainly pelitic in TEBAR. The geochemical data of organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus revealed that both regions are susceptible to enrichment in these elements. In both areas, the concentration of trace elements, when compared to quality guideline values, was not considered toxic for marine life. However, significative enrichment in Cadmium in certain areas of Araçá and Barium in TEBAR. The latter is probably related to the terminal\'s water production. In both outfalls, it was observed a significant correlation between the trace elements in the live A. tepida\'s tests and the sediment, which suggests that the dead foraminifera are more susceptible to diagenical bias. In TEBAR the correlations observed were significative and positive among the elements Co, Cr, Mn and Pb present in the sediments and the trace elements of the stained tests. In the Araçá outfall, only the Cr levels correlate significative and positively with the levels found in the tinged tests. This shows that sediment composition influences the intracelular reactions in the forminifera, which reflected in the exoskeleton\'s building. Given the above, the results of this study brought up new questions that allowed to infer that sea water depuration at both outfalls, as well as at sewage treatment plant, in TEBAR was not sufficient to dilute and/or remove the nutrient content, the organic matter and major and trace elements of the sewage.