Extraction solutions were assessed to find the most appropriate method for characterisation of particles in the context of release or uptake phosphorus in non-calcareous regions. Advantages and limitations of methods for determination of different phosphorus (P) forms and its important binding components iron and aluminium (hydr)oxides, were pointed out. Characterisations of these forms, that show highly different behaviour under changing environmental conditions, were used for the assessment of particles saturation with respect to P. Sorption/desorption behaviour of soil particles susceptible to erosion and their content of plant available P was tested. Strong correlation, which is dependent on P saturation ratio, was used to propose a method for the determination of soil erosion impact to supply dissolved P in stream waters of variable dissolved P concentration.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to clarify the differences among three different ponds (Bolevecký, Třemošenský, Šídlovský) situated in Pilsen. All of the above mentioned ponds are recreational areas where Bolevecký pond is best known for his water quality improvements since 2006 (after application of Fe and Al - colagulants and also fish - stock changes). The main difference was based on the growth of submersed water plants. The macrophytes were growing slowly or not at all in Bolevecký pond. There was a huge expansion of macrophytes (mainly Myriophyllum spicatum species) in Třemošenský and Šídlovský ponds therefore the water plants must be regulated during summer seasons by mechanical harvesting. The water in all three ponds proves the same qualities but the differences may be found in the nutrient composition of sediments. The fractionation analysis (the founders Psenner and Puczsko) confirmed the fact that all localities are poor in phosphorus however the differences were found in content of iron. The increased content of iron was observed in sediments of Šídlovksý and Třemošenský ponds (mainly in BD fraction - the iron was unstable under redox potential changes). The result of this analysis proves that phosphorus is potentially more available for macrophytes in sediments of Třemošenský and Šídlovský...

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Agricultural activities generate impacts on the environment and require constant study and monitoring to enhance our understanding about the ways and degree of contamination resulting therefrom. The main objective of this work was to study the dynamics of transference and transformation of P in the soil, sediment and water in two small watersheds (SW), one with 142.6 ha (SW140) and another with 78.2 ha (SW80), as well as to generate information that could relate the nature of P with the mineralogy of the soil of the basin and its position in the landscape. The specific objectives were as follows: i) to characterize qualitative and quantitatively the forms of phosphorus in the sediment and relate them to soil characterization, ii) to determine the proportion and nature of mineral components in the sediment in order to identify its function in the process of pollution of water and soil, and iii) to check for differences in the transfer of phosphorus from soil to water courses between rainfall events and between sampling periods. The work was divided into three parts: i) physical-hydric and chemical characterization of two small watersheds with emphasis on quantification and qualification forms of phosphates that can be transferred to surface waters; ii) forms of phosphorus present in the water course during rainfall events, and iii) forms of phosphorus present in sediments sampled employing continuous collectors in the water course. It was noted that there are problems between agricultural use and environmental preservation areas, which have worsened since the start of monitoring (2009). Soybean is the main crop in the SWs. However, there is little application of agronomic knowledge in the SWs to improve the productivity of crops or pasture. This is evidenced by data: low soil pH, presence of exchangeable aluminum, low phosphorus, soil compaction in the 5-20 cm layer, erosion caused by planting on the slope direction, lack of soil cover and mismanaged no-till system. The soils of SWs present predominance of 1:1 clay minerals (kaolinite), however, the 2:1 clay minerals are also present, mainly in the lowlands. Due to low phosphorus in crops as a result of poor application of phosphate fertilizers, all areas studied (crops, pastures and forests) may be responsible for diffuse pollution of water courses. The phosphorus index (PI) of Alabama was the best predictor of potential vulnerability to P loss in the small watershed, however the IP of Nebraska could predict what would happen if it applied large amounts of phosphorus in agricultural areas of small watersheds. The amount of total P lost in SWs is low. However , much of the lost P is labile and moderately labile, which may produce eutrophication of water if the phosphate adsorbed to sediments reach lentic environments that allow desorption of P. In SW80 there is less loss of P in its different forms than in SW140. Similarly to soil, sediment mineralogy of SWs shows predominance of 1:1 clay mineral (kaolinite), but there are also present 2:1 clay minerals. The sediment of SW80 contains more 2:1 clay minerals than that derived from the SW140. Although there is a low level of phosphorus in soils under crops, it occurs P concentration in the sediment, mainly in the forms of P present in the labile and organic fractions. / As atividades agrícolas causam impactos sobre o ambiente e necessitam de constante estudo e monitoramento para aprimorar o nosso entendimento quanto às formas e ao grau de contaminação delas resultante. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral estudar a dinâmica da transferência e transformação do fósforo (P) nos solos, no sedimento e nas águas de duas pequenas bacias hidrográficas (PBHs), uma com 142,6 ha (PBH140) e outra com 78,2 ha (PBH80), bem como relacionar a forma de P com a mineralogia do solo da bacia e com sua posição na paisagem. Os objetivos específicos foram os seguintes: i) caracterizar qualitivamente e quantitativamente as formas de fósforo presentes no sedimento e relacioná-las com características de solos, ii) determinar a proporção e a natureza dos constituintes minerais no sedimento, a fim de identificar a sua função no processo de poluição da água e do solo, e iii) checar a existência de diferenças na transferência de fósforo do solo para os cursos hídricos entre os eventos pluviométricos e entre os períodos de coleta. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes: i) caracterização físico-hídrica e química do solo da duas pequenas bacias hidrográficas com ênfase na quantificação e qualificação das formas de fosfatos passíveis de serem transferidas para as águas superficiais; ii) avaliação das formas de fósforo presentes nos cursos hídricos em diferentes eventos pluviométricos; e iii) avaliação das formas de fósforo presentes em sedimentos amostrados empregando-se coletores contínuos nos cursos hídricos. Foi constatado que existem problemas entre o uso agropecuário e as áreas de preservação ambiental, os quais vêm se agravando desde o início do monitoramento (2009). A soja é a principal cultura nas PBHs. Porém, há pouca aplicação de conhecimentos agronômicos nas PBHs que visem melhorar a produtividade das culturas ou da pastagem. Isso é evidenciado por alguns dados: baixo pH do solo, presença de alumínio trocável, baixo teor de fósforo, compactação do solo na camada entre 5 a 20 cm, erosão causada pela semeadura no sentido do declive, falta de cobertura do solo e sistema de plantio direto (SPD) mal manejado. Os solos das PBHs apresentam predominância de argilominerais do tipo 1:1 (caulinita) e em menor quantidade os argilominerais 2:1 também estão presentes, principalmente nas áreas de baixadas. Devido ao baixo teor de fósforo nas lavouras pela pouca aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados, todas as áreas estudadas (lavouras, pastagens e mata) podem ser responsáveis pela poluição difusa dos cursos hídricos. A versão do índice de fósforo (IP) do Alabama foi a que melhor estimou a vulnerabilidade da perda potencial de P nas PBHs. No entanto, a versão do IP de Nebraska poderia prever o que aconteceria, caso se aplicasse grandes quantidades de fósforo nas áreas agrícolas das PBHs. A quantidade de P total transferida nas PBHs é baixa. No entanto, grande parte do P perdido é lábil ou moderadamente lábil, o que pode constituir-se em risco de eutrofização das águas, caso o fosfato adsorvido aos sedimentos chegue a ambientes lênticos que permitam a dessorção de P. Na PBH80 há menor perda de P nas suas diferentes formas do que na PBH140. Analogamente aos solos, a mineralogia dos sedimentos das PBHs apresenta predominância de argilomineral 1:1 (caulinita), mas também estão presentes argilominerais 2:1. O sedimento da PBH80 contém mais argilominerais do tipo 2:1 do que aquele oriundo da PBH140. Embora exista um baixo teor de fósforo nos solos das lavouras, ocorre concentração de P no sedimento, principalmente sob as formas de P presentes na fração lábil e na fração orgânica.