Diploma work analyzes the collective systems which are solving the disposal of photovoltaic's panels, classified as electrical equipment subject to recollection since last year, and tries to get answer to question if the collective systems should ensure a smooth disposal. Biggest wave of disposal photovoltaic's panels is expected in the next 15 -- 20 years. Operators and manufacturers have a statutory obligation to pay a fee, for every kilogram of photovoltaic's panels.The question under consideration is the check of the collective systems setting and also, comparative analysis of collective systems which are dealing with disposal of photovoltaic's panels and other electrical equipment. Furthermore, the survey conducted and processed according to the conclusions of the various groups (collective systems operators, operators of PV plants, lawmakers, and public) and also, the analysis of systems is presented.

This research has developed a novel sustainability assessment framework for electricity technologies and scenarios, taking into account techno-economic, environmental and social aspects. The methodology uses a life cycle approach and considers relevant sustainability impacts along the supply chain. The framework is generic and applicable to a range of electricity technologies and scenarios. To test the methodology, sustainability assessments have been carried out first for different technologies and then for a range of possible future electricity scenarios for the UK. The electricity options considered either contribute significantly to the current UK electricity mix or will play a greater role in the future; these are nuclear power (PWR), natural gas (CCGT), wind (offshore), solar (residential PV) and coal power (subcritical pulverised). The results show that no one technology is superior and that certain tradeoffs must be made. For example, nuclear and offshore wind power have the lowest life cycle environmental impacts, except for freshwater eco-toxicity for which gas is the best option; coal and gas are the cheapest options, but both have high global warming potential; PV has relatively low global warming potential but high cost, ozone layer and resource depletion. Nuclear, wind and PV increase certain aspects of energy security but introduce potential grid management problems; nuclear also poses complex risk and intergenerational questions. Five potential future electricity mixes have also been examined within three overarching scenarios, spanning 2020 to 2070, and compared to the present-day UK grid. The scenarios have been guided by three different approaches to climate change: one future in which little action is taken to reduce CO2 emissions (‘65%’), one in which electricity decarbonises by 80% by 2050 in line with the UK’s CO2 reduction target (‘80%’), and one in which electricity is virtually decarbonised (at the point of generation) by 2050, in line with current policy (‘100%’).In order to examine the sustainability implications of these scenarios, the assessment results from the present-day comparison were projected forward to describe each technology in future time periods. Additional data were compiled so that coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) – a potentially key future technology – could be included. The results of the scenario analyses show that the cost of generating electricity is likely to increase and become more capital-intensive. However, the lower-carbon scenarios are also at least 87% less sensitive to fuel price volatility. Higher penetration of nuclear and renewables generally leads to better environmental performance and more employment, but creates unknown energy storage costs and, in the case of nuclear power and coal CCS, the production of long-lived waste places a burden of management and risk on future generations. Therefore, the choice of the ‘most sustainable’ electricity options now and in the future will depend crucially on the importance placed on different sustainability impacts; this should be acknowledged in future policy and decision making. A good compromise requires strategic government action; to provide guidance, specific recommendations are made for future government policy.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ahda Pionkoski Grilo Pavani / Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo da Silva Benedito / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, Santo André, 2017.

This master thesis describes the design of a DC/DC converter for one photovoltaic panel with a 250 W peak power. The master thesis is divided into parts dealing with detailed design of power electronics, analog circuit design, description of control MPPT algorithms and software for control circuit. The chapter with the mathematical modeling of the converter created in the Matlab Simulink was added beyond the assignment.

Tato diplomová práce staví na základech položených v rámci semestrální práce se stejným názvem. Na začátku jsou nejprve uvedeny základní vlastnosti slunečního záření nutné k pochopení výpočtu tzv. performance ratio. Dále jsou popsány solární senzory vyvinuty v ReRa Solutions, které byly zdrojem dat. V následné literární rešerši jsou zkoumány alternativy k nespolehlivému Wi-Fi připojení senzoru a za nejvýhodnější řešení je považována LoRa. V praktické části je detailně popsán proces návrhu a vývoje single page aplikace. Tato aplikace umožňuje jak ukládání dat ze senzorů do databáze, tak jejich opětovné čtení a zobrazení zpět uživateli ve srozumitelné podobě. Aplikace těží z využití moderních programovacích jazyků a frameworků (např. Kotlin, Spring, TypeScript, React, Material-UI). Databázový model, který byl navržen na základně skutečného využití, představuje koncept tzv. monitorované oblasti, což přináší široké konfigurační možnosti. Poté byl model přenesen do databáze ve formě programovatelných entit. Komunikace mezi klientem a serverem podporující autentifikaci na základě uživatelských rolí byla implementována přes REST API. Přes grafické rozhraní aplikace je možné konfigurovat prostředí podle uživatelských požadavků a zobrazit interaktivní grafy obsahující senzory naměřená data. Aplikace byla nasazena v Google Cloudu s oddělenou databází.

The main topic of the Diploma thesis is a complex design to rescue cathedral Notre-Dame in Paris. The work is firstly focused on the reconstruction of the structure including its collapsed parts and preserving a link to the destructive fire in 2019. The mainstay of the thesis is a design of new roof space and its use by broad public. Due to uncertainties about the structure stability disrupted by the fire a great emphasis has been put on the weight reduction of the newly built roof structure. The design makes a genuine attempt to be sensitive with respect to the spiritual function of the cathedral, thus the public roof access is separated from the cathedral itself thanks to a newly built underground spaces that are also included in the design.

This work deals with study of shadow effect on solar system characteristic. The general aim is to design and create solar module for study of shadow effect and measurement under solar simulator.

This thesis deals with the preparations of titanium and tungsten dioxide active electrochromic layers and simulation of link between electrochromic structures and photovoltaic cell. By means of electrodeposition, the active layers were made on the glass substrates ITO. These layers were subsequently analyzed, namely their intercalation properties. In this thesis, I tried to design the link between the electrochromic element and the photovoltaic cell. After this, functionality of this link was verified by software environment MATLAB Simulink.

This diploma thesis focuses on the preparation of large-scale organic solar cells using techniques compatible with large volume production. The theoretical part consists of research summarizing the basic theoretical background of the function of organic solar cells and the current state of investigation of the shift from laboratory to large-scale production. The experimental part deals with the optimization of methods of preparation of layers of structure of solar cells, which can be converted into industrial scale.

A l’heure où les impacts du changement climatique sont devenus indéniables, le développement des énergies décarbonées s’impose. Potentiellement bas coût comparées aux technologies établies, les technologies organiques émergentes offrent une alternative éco-efficiente pour l’exploitation de l’énergie solaire et de l’énergie thermique (< 473 K). Dans le premier chapitre, les avantages et inconvénients des différentes technologies actuellement développées sont discutés. Les dispositifs photovoltaïques, tout comme thermoélectriques, requièrent deux types de matériaux conduisant respectivement les trous (type p) et les électrons (type n). Malgré des avancées remarquables, le développement de semi-conducteurs de type n constitue un levier d’amélioration majeur pour les technologies organiques. Dans ce contexte, ce travail doctoral présente la conception, la synthèse, la caractérisation et la mise en œuvre au sein de dispositifs, de polymères et petites molécules pi-conjugués de type n.Basées sur trois unités électro acceptrices – l’isoindigo (ISI), le naphtalène diimide (NDI) et le benzodifurandione-oligo(p-phénylènevinylène) fluoré (FBDOPV) – la conception et la synthèse de copolymères alternés sont présentées dans le deuxième chapitre. Ces polymères démontrent de hautes affinités électroniques comprises entre 3,5 eV et 4,1 eV. Les études de modélisations DFT et de diffraction de rayons X en couches minces ont permis d’identifier les principaux facteurs structuraux à l’origine des hautes mobilités en électron obtenues en transistor organique à effet de champ allant jusqu’à 0,26 cm2.V-1.s-1.Pour une application thermoélectrique, le dopage moléculaire de ces semi conducteurs organiques est requis et fait l’objet du troisième chapitre. Les conditions nécessaires à la thermo- et photo activation du dopant N-DMBI ont été identifiées. En particulier, la dégradation du dopant activé en présence d’oxygène a été mise en évidence par diffraction de rayons X sur monocristaux. Les polymères et deux petites molécules à base d’ISI et NDI ont été dopés avec succès. Les mécanismes de dopage et les conductivités obtenues sont discutés au cas par cas à l’aide d’expériences spectroscopiques UV Visible-Proche-Infrarouge et Résonance Paramagnétique Electronique. Des conductivités de l’ordre de 10-4 S.cm-1 sont obtenues sans apport énergétique ni avant ni après dépôt. Des conductivités encourageantes de l’ordre de 10-3 S.cm-1 pour une petit molécule à base de NDI et de 10-2 S.cm-1 pour un polymère à base de FBDOPV ont été atteintes. La stabilité et la réversibilité des conductivités des couches minces exposées à l’air ont été examinées et corrélées au niveau LUMO des matériaux. Le contrôle minutieux des conditions de dépôts et de dopage ont permis l’obtention d’un facteur de puissance de l’ordre de 0,3 µW.m 1.K-2 associé à une conductivité thermique de 0,53 W.m-1.K-1. Des figures de mérite d’environ 2.10-4 à 303 K et 5.10-4 à 388 K ont été mesurées, lesquelles représentent les premières valeurs reportées à ce jour pour un semi-conducteur organique dopé n sur un même dispositif.Ces matériaux permettent également le remplacement des dérivés fullerènes en dispositif photovoltaïque comme présenté dans le dernier chapitre. Ils démontrent notamment de forte propriétés d’absorption, étendue jusqu’au domaine proche infrarouge pour l’un des polymères. Un rendement de conversion de 1,3% a été obtenu en cellule solaire à hétérojonction en volume « tout-polymère » avant optimisation. Suivant une conception moléculaire de type donneur-espaceur-accepteur, deux dérivés d’ITIC ont été conçus et caractérisées. La modification de substituants alkyles sur l’espaceur permet d’obtenir des propriétés d’absorptions et d’organisations améliorées comparé à ITIC. De hautes tensions de circuit-ouvert allant jusqu’à 1,10 V et des rendements de 4,2% ont été obtenus avec ces accepteurs non-fullerènes. / At a time when the impacts of climate change have become undeniable, the development of low-carbon energies is crucial. Potentially low cost compared to established technologies, emerging organic technologies offer an eco-efficient alternative for harvesting solar and thermal (< 473 K) energies. In the first chapter, the advantages and drawbacks of the different technologies currently being developed are discussed. Photovoltaic devices, like thermoelectric devices, require two types of materials conducting holes (p type) and electrons (n-type) respectively. Despite remarkable advances, the development of n-type semiconductors represents a major lever for improving organic technologies. In this context, this doctoral work presents the design, synthesis, characterization and device developments of innovative pi-conjugated n-type polymers and small molecules.Based on three electron-accepting units – isoindigo (ISI), naphthalene diimide (NDI) and fluorinated benzodifurandione-oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (FBDOPV) – the design and synthesis of alternated copolymers are presented in the second chapter. These polymers exhibit high electron affinities ranging from 3.5 eV to 4.1 eV. DFT modelling and thin-film X-ray diffraction studies allowed to identify the main structural aspects leading to electron mobility as high as 0.26 cm2.V 1.s 1 achieved in organic field effect transistors.For thermoelectricity, molecular doping of these organic semiconductors is required. It is the subject of the third chapter. The necessary conditions for thermo- and photo-activation of N DMBI dopant have been identified. In particular, the degradation of the activated dopant in the presence of oxygen has been demonstrated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Each polymer and two small molecules based on ISI and NDI cores have successfully being doped. The doping mechanisms and conductivities obtained are discussed on a case by case basis using UV-Visible-Near-Infrared and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopies. In particular, conductivities in the range of 10-4 S.cm-1 were obtained without external energy supply neither before nor after deposition. Encouraging conductivities in the range of 10-3 S.cm 1 for a small molecule based on NDI and 10-2 S.cm 1 for a polymer based on FBDOPV have been achieved. The stability and reversibility of thin film conductivities when exposed to air were investigated and correlated to the LUMO level of the materials. The thorough control of deposition and doping conditions have afforded to achieve a power factor of about 0.3 µW.m-1.K-2 associated to a thermal conductivity of 0.53 W.m 1.K 1. Figure of merits of approximately 2.10-4 at 303 K and 5.10-4 at 388 K have been obtained, which represent the first values reported to date for an n-doped organic semiconductor measured on a single device.These materials also allow the replacement of fullerene derivatives in photovoltaic devices as presented in the last chapter. In particular, they demonstrate strong absorption properties, extended to the near infrared domain for one of the polymers. A conversion efficiency of 1.3% was obtained in all polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cell before optimization. Following the donor-spacer-acceptor approach, two ITIC derivatives have been designed and characterized. The modification of alkyl substituents on the spacer provides improved absorption and molecular packing properties compared to ITIC. High open-circuit voltages up to 1.10 V and conversion efficiencies of 4.2% have been achieved with these non-fullerene acceptors.