The initiation of pitting corrosion on AISI 316 stainless steel has been examined from a phenomenological viewpoint with emphasis on the role of the metal in this complex, interaction. A modified potentiodynamic technique was used to prepare specimens corresponding with a series of different points on the anodic polarisation curve for the material in 0.05 M sulphuric acid alone and with additions of 0.1 M sodium chloride solutions-. The specimens were subsequently examined using standard metallographic, techniques. It was found that suitable pit nuclei, called 'pit sites', are manifest as a result of the initial interaction of the metal with the solution at the rest potential, (ER), i.e., at potentials far below the potential range in which catastrophic pitting processes normally occur. It was further found that these pit sites were manifest even in the absence of chloride ions for which there is no subsequent catastrophic pitting process, Estimation of pit site density (NA) for the different stages of the E-i curve and the use of a simple stereological model permit a statistical interpretation of the localisation of the phenomenon to particular areas of the metal surface. The statistical argument is extended to show that the breakdown potential for chloride media is associated with the development of a catastrophic condition which does not apply if chloride ions are absent and it is deduced that the breakdown potential is essentially indeterminate.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: The ability of sealants to prevent caries is directly related to the sealant being retained in teeth. The longer the material remains bonded to the occlusal surface, the more protection it provides to the tooth. Objective: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the influence of pit and fissure morphologies and sealant viscosity on sealant penetration and micro-leakage. 82 Study Hypothesis: The low viscosity dental sealant will express better penetration ability and less microleakage in permanent molars with any pit and fissure morphology than the high viscosity sealant. Material and methods: Permanent extracted molars (n = 150) were distributed into two groups based on two types of sealant (high and low viscosity) Permanent extracted molars (n = 150) were selected using the International Caries Detection Assessment system (ICDAS) criteria 0-1. Teeth were stored in 0.1-percent thymol and distilled water. Teeth were assigned to three subgroups according to the fissure’s morphology. Enamel was etched with 35-percent phosphoric acid for 30 seconds; two different light cured sealants were placed, Group A: Delton and Group B: Ultra X Plus. Specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles between two water baths, having a 40°C temperature differential (4°C to 48°C). Teeth were coated with nail varnish and wax, except in the occlusal areas. All specimens were immersed in 1-percent methylene blue dye at 37°C for 24 hours. Specimens were sectioned longitudinally in a bucco-lingual direction, and the sections were photographed and analyzed by a previously trained examiner for fissure morphology, sealant penetration, and microleakage using a standardized grading system. Data were entered and statistically analyzed, at the 5-percent significance level. Results: Viscosity of sealant and morphology of fissures had significant effects on sealant penetration (p < 0.001). The interaction between viscosity of sealant and morphology of fissures was not significant (p = 0.4236). The sealant penetration for Delton was significantly higher than the UltraSeal XT Plus (p < 0.0001). The sealant penetration for fissure I-type was significantly lower than fissures U and V-types (p < 0.0001). Sealant penetration for Y-type was significantly lower than U and V-types (p < 83 0.0001). However, the viscosity of sealant and morphology of fissures did not have significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.5891 and p = 0.4857). The interaction between the viscosity of the sealant material and the morphology of pit and fissures was not significant (p = 0.6657). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated the viscosity of the sealant and the morphology did not affect the microleakage. On the other hand, the viscosity of sealant affected the penetration ability of dental sealant. The low viscosity dental sealant (Delton) exhibited a better penetration than the high viscosity sealant (UltraSeal XT Plus). As the morphology of pit and fissure directly affected the penetration ability, the fissures types U and V exhibited a better penetration than fissure types Y and I.

In order to quantify the uncertainty in the grade estimate for the Sadiola Deep Sulphide Prefeasibility Project a conditional simulation model was generated using Direct Block Simulation methodology. Compared to conventional Sequential Gaussian Simulation, the Direct Block Simulation algorithm produced a reliable model in significantly less time, lending its application to a production environment. Through application of a mining transfer function, risk pits were generated for comparison with the Deep Sulphide Prefeasibility pit. The results of this study revealed that the prefeasibility pit is optimal at the applied gold price and cost parameters, and that the risk of not achieving the project grade profile is low. Should the gold price increase, or the operating costs of the project decrease significantly, the Deep Sulphide reserve tonnage would realise significant upside potential. The potential for using the simulation model coefficient of variation to improve the classification of the resource has been highlighted. This exercise could allow significant saving of feasibility drilling capital.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The concepts of using a pit and fissure sealant material to prevent dental caries have been well established in dental research. Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant material is limited to its ability to remain bonded to the occlusal surfaces. Adding a dentin-bonding agent between the etched enamel and the sealant material has been demonstrated as a way of optimizing bond strength in the face of moisture and salivary contamination. The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between a conventional pit and fissure sealant or a flowable composite when used as a pit and fissure sealant, while using three different adhesive systems. Delton Direct Delivery System (Dentsply), an opaque, light cured pit and fissure sealant and the commercially available flowable composite, Revolution Formula 2 (Kerr) was selected for this study. Three clinically used adhesive systems selected for this study were: conventional phosphoric acid etching; Opti-bond Solo Plus(Kerr), a single bottle system; and Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE), an all-in-one primer adhesive. One hundred fifty extracted caries-free third molars, selected for well-defined occlusal pits, were randomly divided into six treatment groups. Fissure penetration and microleakage was examined after immersion of the treated teeth in 5.0-percent methylene blue solution for 18 hours; the teeth were removed and thoroughly cleaned. Mesial and distal flat-ground sections were obtained and examined at X20; microleakage was recorded as either present or absent, and penetration was recorded as either complete or incomplete. The interaction between the material and the adhesive system was non-significant based on the logistic regression model for the penetration and the microleakage, so that only the main effects of material and adhesive system were included in the final model. Enamel conditioning with the total-etch and single-bottle adhesive system provided consistently microleakage resistance when compared with the use of the all-in-one bonding system. The all-in-one adhesive system demonstrated the most microleakage regardless of the material used for the pit and fissure sealant. The hypothesis of this thesis was that there would be no significant difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between the conventional pit and fissure sealant or the flowable composite, regardless of the adhesive system used. The results of this study support the hypothesis that there was no significant difference in fissure penetration between the materials. The result did demonstrate that there was significant difference in microleakage between the three different adhesive systems used.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The concepts of using a pit and fissure sealant material to prevent dental caries have been well established in dental research. Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant material is limited to its ability to remain bonded to the occlusal surfaces . Adding a dentin-bonding agent between the etched enamel and the sealant material has been demonstrated as a way of optimizing bond strength in the face of moisture and salivary contamination. The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between a conventional pit and fissure sealant or a flowable composite when used as a pit and fissure sealant, while using three different adhesive systems. Delton Direct Delivery System (Dentsply), an opaque, light cured pit and fissure sealant and the commercially available flowable composite, Revolution Formula 2 (Kerr) was selected for this study. Three clinically used adhesive systems selected for this study were: conventional phosphoric acid etching; Opti-bond Solo Plus(Kerr), a single bottle system; and Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE), an all-in-one primer adhesive. One hundred fifty extracted caries-free third molars, selected for well-defined occlusal pits, were randomly divided into six treatment groups. Fissure penetration and microleakage was examined after immersion of the treated teeth in 5.0-percent methylene blue solution for 18 hours; the teeth were removed and thoroughly cleaned. Mesial and distal flat-ground sections were obtained and examined at X20; micro leakage was recorded as either present or absent, and penetration was recorded as either complete or incomplete. The interaction between the material and the adhesive system was non-significant based on the logistic regression model for the penetration and the microleakage, so that only the main effects of material and adhesive system were included in the final model. Enamel conditioning with the total-etch and single-bottle adhesive system provided consistently microleakage resistance when compared with the use of the all-in-one bonding system. The all-in-one adhesive system demonstrated the most microleakage regardless of the material used for the pit and fissure sealant. The hypothesis of this thesis was that there would be no significant difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between the conventional pit and fissure sealant or the flowable composite, regardless of the adhesive system used. The results of this study support the hypothesis that there was no significant difference in fissure penetration between the materials. The result did demonstrate that there was significant difference in microleakage between the three different adhesive systems used.

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bitter pit fruit in commercial consignments of apples still poses an economic threat to exporters from South Africa. Bitter pit develops pre-harvest, but gets progressively worse during storage and is only traceable once the lesions appear after storage. Accurate, early indications of bitter pit incidence will allow for remedial pre-harvest measures in the field, e.g. Ca foliar applications, to reduce the potential losses. Similarly, the automatic detection of a bitter pit fruit during packing will reduce financial losses by identifying unacceptable fruit before shipping. Fluorescence imaging is a fast, non-destructive technique, able to evaluate numerous fruits individually. Results of pre-harvest imaging on apples to identify fruit susceptible to bitter pit showed that pitted fruit were correctly classified, but misclassification of non-pitted fruit with fluorescence imaging was still too high. NIR-spectroscopy point meter readings could distinguish visible bitter pit lesions from healthy tissue. Important wavelengths associated with visible bitter pit were identified. This technique could also identify immature apples, more prone to bitter pit development. It could however not distinguish between bitter pit and non-pitted fruit when applied randomly on the calyx end of apples at harvest. Pre-harvest foliar applications to increase fruit Ca content and reduce bitter pit incidence, is a standard practice world wide. External Ca uptake by fruit was monitored to determine the efficacy of applications during different stages of fruit development. Two periods of efficient uptake of external Ca were identified, viz., cell division and the last few weeks before harvest. Foliar Ca applications from 40 days after full bloom were more effective in increasing fruit Ca content and reducing bitter pit incidence than at 80 days after full bloom, which was recommended previously. Mineral analysis of fruit has been used with variable success to predict bitter pit prior to harvest. The possibility of increasing the accuracy of existing predictive models by using analysis of individual fruit rather than pooled samples, was investigated. By improving the normality of different mineral distributions and decreasing the overlap between pitted and non-pitted fruit classes, it was attempted to improve the reliability of predictions based on variable threshold values. The Ca distribution showed a variation between pitted and nonpitted classes, but still a significant overlap between classes reduced the accuracy of the predictive capacity of this distribution. Even though our results produced a correct classification of 85% for non-pitted fruit, which can be useful, this was still below the required tolerance, of less that 2%, expected on the market. The effect of pruning and fruit bearing position on two-year-old wood on dry mass and Ca allocation of fruit was determined. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set was the lowest at the basal bearing position compared to the other positions evaluated and was contrary to expectations. Fruit in a terminal bearing position was superior to the basal position regarding total dry weight and fruit size. Distal wood possibly inhibited growth and set on the basal position via auxin distribution. Ca allocation differed between seasons and cultivars and could either be influenced by bearing position or presence or absence of re-growth.

Ingeniera Civil de Minas / La realización del presente trabajo responde al interés de evaluar el impacto de incluir incertidumbre geológica en yacimientos altamente estructurales, donde un yacimiento altamente estructural tiene cambios de dominios a lo largo de todo el yacimiento y al disponer de una malla de sondajes y una estimación local de las leyes del yacimiento no es posible cuantificar la variabilidad que existe en los sitios sin datos medidos. El caso de estudio corresponde a un yacimiento oro-plata con subproducto de cobre, donde los cambios de dominio son entre vetas y roca caja. La metodología planteada para evaluar incertidumbre geológica comienza con el análisis estadístico de una realización del modelo, así como un análisis visual de los sondajes para delimitar la zona a simular. Luego se debe simular los tipos de roca para capturar la incertidumbre geológica estructural y las leyes dentro de cada dominio geológico. Para evaluar la incertidumbre estructural se realiza el modelo de la litología más probable a fin de identificar visualmente las zonas con mayor incertidumbre y se construye el promedio de las realizaciones (e-type) para fines comparativos. Finalmente es posible realizar cálculos de envolvente económica, agendamientos y analizar. Como resultados principales se obtiene que la envolvente económica calculada para cada una de las realizaciones es variable en valor y tonelaje. La variabilidad del valor y el tonelaje del pit con respecto a la media es 7.56 y 0.37% respectivamente. Al calcular el pit final que maximiza la probabilidad de superar un valor umbral V0 se obtiene que el 75% de las realizaciones presenta un valor mayor a V0, superando la cantidad de escenarios obtenida por el pit calculado a partir del promedio de las realizaciones. Al realizar un agendamiento de 10 años en base al modelo e-type, las realizaciones son pobremente ajustadas a los tonelajes de producción mineral estando al déficit incluso 42% el periodo 2. Tampoco se ajustan los tonelajes de estéril y ley de mineral por lo que no se recomienda agendar largo plazo en base al promedio de las realizaciones. Esto ocurre por el efecto suavizamiento al promediar los escenarios de leyes identificando bloques como mineral que no lo son. Al aplicar el agendamiento e-type de 10 meses a una zona generada mediante el problema de PIT(V0) es posible obtener resultados aplicables en minería cielo abierto independiente del pobre ajuste de los tonelajes en cada periodo, ya que sin cumplir los tonelajes objetivos es posible obtener una razón estéril mineral razonable en el tiempo.

Bull trout are a fish species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.Historically, they ranged from Northern California at the southernmost extent, into Canada at the northern most extent, and east into Nevada and Montana. Bull trout are highly migratory and require large, unfragmented habitats to persist and are thus highly susceptible to human induced land-use practices. The goal of my thesis was to obtain a better understanding of bull trout movement patterns in the Walla Walla River, Washington using complimentary techniques; Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)technology and otolith microchemistry. PIT tags can be injected into a fish body cavity, similar to how pets are “chipped”, and as the fish swim through antennas placed in the river, their location and movements are be documented.Otolith microchemistry is a technique that is similar to analysis of tree rings. The otolith, a hard bony structure of a fish’s ear, develops over a lifetime and as the rings of the otolith are created the chemical signature in the water in which they live is recorded and can be compared to chemical makeup of water samples collected through the river system. Using these two techniques, I found that the age or size of a fish and the season are important factors to explain both a fish’s movements and where in the river a fish might be located at a given time. Knowing at what size, age and season a fish is attempting to migrate allows managers to provide the best possible river conditions (e.g., temperatures, flow) to allow for unimpeded migrations to occur and to foster conservation and recovery of bull trout populations.

Ingeniera Civil de Minas / Actualmente, bajo las condiciones de costos en que se encuentra la industria minera, ésta requiere más que nunca que sus recursos sean utilizados eficientemente. Dentro de los factores que están en juego para aprovechar estos recursos, el costo de extraer mineral de un yacimiento es clave, ya que influye en la determinación del tonelaje total a remover. La necesidad de este análisis radica en que algunos proyectos mineros que han sido planificados con un valor fijo, muestran al término de la evaluación una notoria diferencia con los resultados de los costos obtenidos en los últimos años de la vida mina, lo que podría generar que se extraiga más tonelaje que aquel que maximiza el beneficio de los interesados. La metodología desarrollada propone distintos escenarios para definir pit final, secuencia y programa de producción para dos yacimientos. Estos escenarios se obtienen de combinar algunos factores en la evaluación: dos costos mina distintos como input, utilizar o no una tasa de descuento y considerar o no un ajuste del costo mina a medida que la extracción se profundiza. Luego de determinar los escenarios, se continúa con etapas de planificación minera, donde en forma simplificada se diseñan las fases y se construye un plan de extracción del material. Finalmente, se realiza una evaluación económica de los distintos casos, teniendo como resultado por un lado, un perfil de costos por año mejor estimados que los valores fijos usados como input y por otro lado, un valor de beneficio descontado, el cual sólo considera las inversiones asociadas a la mina. Los principales resultados muestran que el costo mina, en todos los casos, presenta un patrón similar en su evolución, teniendo una tendencia creciente a lo largo de los años. Este efecto del aumento del costo mina se ve afectado, principalmente, por la disminución del tonelaje de los últimos años y no por un aumento en el costo total. Además, se observa que las principales diferencias entre los distintos casos se dan en los últimos años. Por otro lado, al analizar la recuperación de metal y el beneficio descontado a lo largo del tiempo, se tiene que en periodos intermedios de la vida mina, los casos con menor volumen presentan un beneficio mayor, al extraer antes las reservas. Sin embargo, esta diferencia se pierde al tener que costear la extracción de estéril de las fases posteriores, disminuyendo la brecha de beneficio en los últimos años, ya que si bien agregan valor, no son de gran impacto dado el efecto de la tasa de descuento y el largo plazo que se está considerando. Para los proyectos en los distintos escenarios se tiene que las diferencias entre los VAN fluctúan, para un caso, entre 5% y 8% y para el otro entre un 3% y 13%, donde esta diferencia se puede atribuir al efecto sobre los ingresos y no debido al aumento del costo mina, ya que los costos totales descontados son similares en todos los casos a lo largo de la vida mina. Según los objetivos planteados y en base a la metodología realizada, no es posible afirmar que el aumento del costo mina en los últimos años, respecto del valor fijo utilizado como referencia, genere un impacto en la determinación del tamaño de una mina. Sin embargo, dado a que los ingresos sí presentan cambios bajo los escenarios evaluados, se recomienda para trabajos posteriores determinar qué factores son los más influyentes en este efecto. Además, se sugiere aumentar el número de yacimientos a estudiar con el fin de concluir sobre una mayor cantidad de casos.

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