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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An investigation into sex-differences in leukocyte mobilisation and recruitment in response to acute inflammation

Madalli, Shimona January 2012 (has links)
Females are relatively protected from inflammatory diseases, particularly conditions that are characterised by excessive tissue infiltration of neutrophils (PMNs), such as ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, understanding sex-differences is very important particularly for appropriate treatment of inflammatory disorders in men and women. Unfortunately, efforts to exploit sex-differences therapeutically have been unsuccessful since the precise mechanisms that confer the protective advantage in females over males are unclear. Many fundamental aspects of the nature of sex-differences have not been investigated, particularly in the regulation of PMN mobilisation from the bone marrow during acute inflammation. The aim of this thesis is to determine the nature and mechanism of leukocyte activation and recruitment in males and females, particularly in I/R. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that regulation of PMN mobilisation during acute inflammation is distinct in females. In comparison to males, females demonstrate reduced expression of mediators that cause the release of PMNs, including GCSF, CXCR2 and CXCL5, and increased expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12, which mediate PMN retention in the bone marrow. Reduced granulopoiesis, PMN mobilisation and recruitment into tissues in response to inflammogens protect females from collateral damage incurred by PMN-derived mediators that contribute to tissue injury and loss of function. This thesis has also revealed a novel, and possibly predominant, role for the ELR+ CXC chemokine CXCL5 in mobilisation of tissue-damaging PMNs from the bone marrow, whereby CXCL5 production, PMN mobilisation and tissue infiltration was profoundly greater in males during acute inflammation. CXCL5 appears to stimulate PMN mobilisation by 1) upregulating CXCR2 v expression on bone marrow cells and simultaneously downregulating CXCR4 expression; 2) inducing its own expression; 3) stimulating GCSF expression; and 4) increasing PMN expression of β2 integrin. Thus, the thesis proposes that reduced CXCL5 expression, and increased CXCR4/CXCL12 expression, in females during acute inflammation may be a novel mechanism underlying the protection against tissue injury. The fact that these sex-differences were apparent in different species (rat, mouse), tissues (mesenteric, lung, kidney, heart), in response to different stimuli (mesenteric, renal, myocardial I/R and carrageenan-induced pleurisy) and shown both in vivo and in vitro, suggests that this is a fundamental, and more generalised, phenomenon in males and females following acute inflammation. The inherent differences between the sexes have important clinical implications in that they demonstrate the need of considering sex-differences in research. This thesis demonstrates that sex-differences must be taken into account when developing such therapies for specific inflammatory diseases such as I/R injury as there are major differences in the temporal profile of chemokines and the extent of PMN infiltration.
2

<i>Yersinia pestis</i> VIRULENCE FACTOR YopM UNDERMINES THE FUNCTION OF DISTINCT CCR2<sup>+</sup>Gr1<sup>+</sup> CELLS IN SPLEEN AND LIVER DURING SYSTEMIC PLAGUE

Ye, Zhan 01 January 2010 (has links)
Yersinia pestis, the infective agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague, is classified as a category A agent of bioterrorism. YopM, a protein toxin of Y. pestis, is necessary for full virulence in a systemic plague mouse model with ambient-temperature grown bacteria. We used this model to identify the cells undermined by YopM. Natural killer (NK) cells were previously reported to be lost in spleen and blood in a YopM-associated way; however, NK cell depletion was found not to occur in liver, and ablation of NK cells had no effect on bacterial growth, indicating that NK cells are redundant for the YopM-mediated virulence mechanism. In mice either ablated for Gr1+ cells or lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2, wildtype growth was at least partially restored to the ΔyopM Y. pestis in both spleen and liver. In a mouse model of bubonic plague, CCR2 also was shown to be required for the ΔyopM Y. pestis to show wildtype growth in skin. These data pointed towards Gr1+CCR2+ cells, which include polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), inflammatory monocytes and inflammatory dendritic cells (iDCs), as key cellular components in controlling the in vivo growth of the ΔyopM Y. pestis. Recruitment of Gr1+CCR2+ cells into both organs was not YopM-dependent, except iDCs, whose influx from blood into spleen was blocked by the YopM-producing Y. pestis parent strain, but not the ΔyopM mutant. Ablation of PMNs, another main subset of Gr1+CCR2+ cells, relieved the growth limitation of the ΔyopM Y. pestis in liver, but not in spleen. Taken together, the data imply that YopM disables the recruitment of CCR2+Gr1+ iDCs into spleen but compromises the function of CCR2+Gr1+ PMNs in liver. These results were recapitulated when the infecting ambient-temperature-grown bacteria received 3 hours of incubation at 37°C. However, the appearance of the ΔyopM mutant phenotype was postponed at least 24 hours, indicating that some virulence property of Y. pestis that was induced by the temperature transition compensated for the loss of YopM in the ΔyopM strain at an early stage of the infection. In general, these findings provide a framework for focusing future research to identify YopM’s direct molecular targets.
3

Leukotriene B⁴ and platelet-activating factor : assessment of biological significance in neutrophil trafficking

El Imam, Hanan Attia January 2003 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
4

Investigation of the role of the toxins perfringolysin O (PFO) and sialidase in Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene infections

Therit, Blair H. 21 November 2006 (has links)
Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of gas gangrene. A lethal infection in mice requires a large inoculum suggesting that the immune system is involved in inhibiting disease. Human monocytic cells and neutrophils killed C. perfringens in vitro when complement was present. Macrophages and neutrophils co-localized with C. perfringens in vivo when bacterial numbers were low. Depletion of neutrophils and monocytes in mice revealed that monocytic cells play a role in inhibiting C. perfringens gas gangrene in mice infected with an intermediate dose. C. perfringens can persist in the tissues and this could be mediated by persistence within macrophages. To examine if the toxin perfringolysin O (PFO) could mediate this, less active variants of PFO were used to examine what occurs between phagosomal escape and cell lysis. The mutant forms of PFO did mediate phagosomal escape in macrophages and were found within macrophages at higher numbers than wild-type C. perfringens. Our data were preliminary but may indicate that less active PFO mediates intracellular persistence. To investigate the role of sialidase in C. perfringens gas gangrene we made nanI-, nanJ-, and nanI-/nanJ- mutants. We observed that NanI is responsible for the majority of sialidase activity of C. perfringens strain 13, that NanJ is an extracellular sialidase, and that these genes are transcriptionally regulated by sialic acid. Murine infection trials revealed that these sialidases may be protective for mice during infection. In conclusion, murine monocytes inhibit disease onset and C. perfringens sialidase enhances mouse survival. However, the toxin PFO if less active promotes the survival of C. perfringens with macrophages. / Master of Science
5

Nouvelle Physique, Matière noire et cosmologie à l'aurore du Large Hadron Collider / New physics, Dark matter and cosmology in the light of Large Hadron Collider

Tarhini, Ahmad 05 July 2013 (has links)
Dans la première partie de cette thèse, je présenterai le 5D MSSM qui est un modèle super symétrique avec une dimension supplémentaire. (Five Dimensional Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model). Apres compactification sur l'orbifold S1/Z2, le calcul des équations du groupe de renormalisation (RGE) à une boucle montre un changement dans l'évolution des paramètres phénoménologiques. Dès que l'énergie E = 1/R est atteinte, les états de Kaluza- Klein interviennent et donnent des contributions importantes. Plusieurs possibilités pour les champs de matière sont discutés : ils peuvent se propager dans le "bulk" ou ils sont localisés sur la "brane". Je présenterai d'une part l'évolution des équations de Yukawa dans le secteur des quarks ainsi que les paramètres de la matrice CKM, d'autre part, les effets de ce modèle sur le secteur des neutrinos notamment les masses, les angles de mélange, les phases de Majorana et de Dirac. Dans la deuxième partie, je parlerai du modèle AMSB et ses extensions (MM-AMSB et HCAMSB). Ces modèles sont des scenarios de brisure assez bien motivés en super symétrie. En calculant des observables issues de la physique des particules puis en imposant des contraintes de cosmologie standard et alternative sur ces scénarios, j'ai déterminé les régions qui respectent les contraintes de la matière noire et les limites de la physique des saveurs. Je reprendrai ensuite l'analyse de ces modèles en utilisant de nouvelles limites pour les observables. La nouvelle analyse est faite en ajoutant les mesures récentes sur la masse du Higgs et les rapports de branchement pour plusieurs canaux de désintégrations / In the first part of this thesis, we review the Universal Extra-Dimensional Model compactified on a S1/Z2 orbifold, and the renormalisation group evolution of quark and lepton masses, mixing angles and phases both in the UED extension of the Standard Model and of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (the five-dimensional MSSM). We consider two typical scenarios: all matter fields propagating in the bulk, and matter fields constrained on the brane. The two possibilities give rise to quite different behaviours. For the quark sector we study the Yukawa couplings and various flavor observables and for the neutrino sector, we study the evolution of neutrino masses, mixing angles and phases. The analysis is performed in the two cases for different values of tan β and different radii of compactification. The resulting renormalization group evolution equations in these scenarios are compared with the existing results in the literature, together with their implications. In the second part, we present a simulation study about anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking and its extensions. Anomaly mediation is a popular and well motivated supersymmetry breaking scenario. Different possible detailed realisations of this set-up are studied and actively searched for at colliders. Apart from limits coming from flavour, low energy physics and direct collider searches, these models are usually constrained by the requirement of reproducing the observations on dark matter density in the universe. We reanalyse these bounds and in particular we focus on the dark matter bounds both considering the standard cosmological model and alternative cosmological scenarios. We briefly discuss the implications for phenomenology and in particular at the Large Hadron Collider. After that we update our analysis by using new limits from observables and adding recent Higgs boson measurements for the mass and signal strengths in different decay channels
6

Contribution des protéines issues du liquide synovial dans la protection et la survie des PMN humains : chimioprotection : étude comparative des mécanismes d’action impliqués par rapport au GM-CSF

Ethier, Sheila 04 1900 (has links)
Les polymorphonucléaires neutrophiles (PMNs) représentent une arme primordiale dans la défense contre divers agents pathogènes; notamment les bactéries, les champignons, les cellules tumorales de même que les cellules infectées par des virus. Cependant, certaines pathologies reliées à l’inflammation chronique soulèvent l’implication des neutrophiles notamment dans l’arthrite rhumatoïde. La réponse inflammatoire persistante générée par l’activation et la survie des neutrophiles engendre une destruction des tissus environnants suite à la sécrétion non contrôlée de leurs produits cytotoxiques. Même si l’activation chronique des neutrophiles est néfaste dans plusieurs pathologies, elle pourrait s’avérer un bon outil en cas de neutropénie, comme c’est souvent le cas les patients ayant reçu des traitements de chimiothérapie. Ce projet fait suite aux travaux doctoraux de Lagraoui (1999). Il vise à identifier le(s) facteur(s) du liquide synovial qui augmente la survie des neutrophiles ainsi que le mécanisme d’action impliqué dans ce processus. Similairement au facteur semi-pur isolés par Lagraoui (1999), le milieu conditionné concentré (MCC) augmente la survie des PMNs de 75% (39% ± 9.5 vs 68% ± 2.5, p<0.01). Suivant le séquençage du MCC parallèlement au facteur semi-pur actif, deux protéines ont été identifiées à la fois dans le MCC et dans le facteur semi-pur soient : l’albumine et la fétuine. Notre projet vise donc à comparer les effets de l’albumine et de la fétuine à ceux du GM-CSF dans l’optique d’une thérapie alternative au GM-CSF en tant qu’adjuvant de chimiothérapie. La présence d’albumine, de fétuine ou de GM-CSF chez les PMNs incubés 24 heures avec la Mutamycin® induit une diminution du nombre de cellules en apoptose par rapport à la Mutamycin® (Ctrl : 43% ± 10; A : 74% ± 3; F : (82% ± 6 et GM : 74% ± 7; p<0.01). L’effet de l’albumine dépend de la voie de la kinase PI3 mais également celle la kinase ERK, alors que celle de la fétuine dépend de la kinase PI3. Similairement l’EPO, l’albumine et la fétuine supporte la différentiation des HSCs en précurseurs érythrocytaires de type BFU-E. Dans un modèle murin de chiomioprotection, l’albumine augmente la concentration cellulaire rapport au groupe contrôle des leukocytes de la rate (66 ±8 x106c/ml vs 81 ±16 x106c/ml) et du sang (3.6 ±0.4 x106c/ml vs 5.7 ±2.3 x106c/ml). Donc, in vitro, l’albumine et la fétuine sont comparables au GM-CSF au niveau fonctionalité et mécansimes d’action. Cependant, vu leur manque de spécificité, l’application thérapeutique en tant qu’adjuvant de chiomiothérapie de l’albumine et la fétuine est peu prometteuse. Par contre, les maladies dégénératives et les évènements ischémiques pourraient s’avérer de bonnes cibles thérapeutiques, principalement pour l’albumine. / Circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) possess a short half-life and are constantly renewed by the bone marrow to ensure the first-line of defense. Therefore, homeostasis must be maintained through a well-regulated process of apoptosis. Survival of PMN can be regulated by several cytokines as well as conditioned media (CM). Although PMN are crucial for protection against microorganisms, activated neutrophils can lead to severe tissue damage in diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Indeed, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), activated PMN contribute to tissue damage by releasing a number of destructive agents. On the other hand, chronic activation of PMN could prevent opportunistic infections present in immunosuppressed patients. This project addresses the isolation and mechanism of action of synovial liquid components on the survival of neutrophils based on previous work (Lagraoui, 1999). Following tangential flow filtration (MW cut off: 30 and 50 kDa), concentrated CM enhanced the viability (75%) of 24-hour cultured human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (39% ± 9.5 vs 68% ± 2.5, p<0.01) as seen in Lagraoui (1999) previous work. N-terminal protein sequence analysis of the concentrated CM and fractionated conditioned media from previous work revealed 2 known proteins contained in both analysis: albumin, and fetuin. In view of the importance of neutrophiles in immune defense, we compared the benefits of albumin and fetuin to those of granulocytes macrophages-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a growth factor used as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy. Albumin and fetuin were tested by the AnnexinV-FITC/7-AAD method and displayed an inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis of two to three folds relative to control value. Moreover, albumin (A : 200μM) and fetuin (F : 200μM) rescue human PMN from mutamycin-induced apoptosis, comparable to GM-CSF (GM : 10ng/ml); (Ctrl : 43% ± 10; A : 74% ± 3; F : (82% ± 6 et GM : 74% ± 7; p<0.01). Albumin also induces cellular signaling pathways activation via PI3-K and ERK, whereas fetuin acts through PI3-K pathway only. They induce the differentiation of HSCs into erythrocytes progenitors BFU-E. In immunosuppressed mice, albumin protects white blood cells depletion induced by cytotoxic agent from spleen and blood. Considering all the benefits of albumin and fetuin, their targeting as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy could be disappointing in view of their lack of specificity. On the other hand, their multiple benefits could have a major impact on neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic events.
7

Nouvelle physique, Matière noire et cosmologie à l'aurore du Large Hadron Collider

Tarhini, Ahmad 05 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Dans la premi ère partie de cette th èse, je pr ésenterai le 5D MSSM qui est un mod èle supersym étrique avec une dimension suppl émentaire. (Five Dimensional Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model). Apr ès compactication sur l'orbifold S1=Z2, le calcul des equations du groupe de renormalisation (RGE) a une boucle montre un changement dans l' évolution des param ètres ph énom énologiques. D es que l' énergie E = 1=R est atteinte, les états de Kaluza-Klein interviennent et donnent des contributions importantes. Plusieurs possibilit és pour les champs de mati ère sont discut és : ils peuvent se propager dans le "bulk" ou ils sont localis és sur la "brane". Je pr ésenterai d'une part l' évolution des équations de Yukawa dans le secteur des quarks ainsi que les param ètres de la matrice CKM, d'autre part, les e ffets de ce mod èle sur le secteur des neutrinos notamment les masses, les angles de m élange, les phases de Majorana et de Dirac. Dans la deuxi ème partie, je parlerai du mod èle AMSB et ses extensions (MM-AMSB et HC-AMSB). Ces mod èles sont des sc enarios de brisure assez bien motiv es en supersym étrie. En calculant des observables issues de la physique des particules puis en imposant des contraintes de cosmologie standard et alternative sur ces sc enarios, j'ai d étermin e les r égions qui respectent les contraintes de la mati ère noire et les limites de la physique des saveurs. Je reprendrai ensuite l'analyse de ces mod èles en utilisant de nouvelles limites pour les observables. La nouvelle analyse est faite en ajoutant les mesures r écentes sur la masse du Higgs et les rapports de branchement pour plusieurs canaux de d ésint égrations.
8

Contribution des protéines issues du liquide synovial dans la protection et la survie des PMN humains : chimioprotection : étude comparative des mécanismes d’action impliqués par rapport au GM-CSF

Ethier, Sheila 04 1900 (has links)
Les polymorphonucléaires neutrophiles (PMNs) représentent une arme primordiale dans la défense contre divers agents pathogènes; notamment les bactéries, les champignons, les cellules tumorales de même que les cellules infectées par des virus. Cependant, certaines pathologies reliées à l’inflammation chronique soulèvent l’implication des neutrophiles notamment dans l’arthrite rhumatoïde. La réponse inflammatoire persistante générée par l’activation et la survie des neutrophiles engendre une destruction des tissus environnants suite à la sécrétion non contrôlée de leurs produits cytotoxiques. Même si l’activation chronique des neutrophiles est néfaste dans plusieurs pathologies, elle pourrait s’avérer un bon outil en cas de neutropénie, comme c’est souvent le cas les patients ayant reçu des traitements de chimiothérapie. Ce projet fait suite aux travaux doctoraux de Lagraoui (1999). Il vise à identifier le(s) facteur(s) du liquide synovial qui augmente la survie des neutrophiles ainsi que le mécanisme d’action impliqué dans ce processus. Similairement au facteur semi-pur isolés par Lagraoui (1999), le milieu conditionné concentré (MCC) augmente la survie des PMNs de 75% (39% ± 9.5 vs 68% ± 2.5, p<0.01). Suivant le séquençage du MCC parallèlement au facteur semi-pur actif, deux protéines ont été identifiées à la fois dans le MCC et dans le facteur semi-pur soient : l’albumine et la fétuine. Notre projet vise donc à comparer les effets de l’albumine et de la fétuine à ceux du GM-CSF dans l’optique d’une thérapie alternative au GM-CSF en tant qu’adjuvant de chimiothérapie. La présence d’albumine, de fétuine ou de GM-CSF chez les PMNs incubés 24 heures avec la Mutamycin® induit une diminution du nombre de cellules en apoptose par rapport à la Mutamycin® (Ctrl : 43% ± 10; A : 74% ± 3; F : (82% ± 6 et GM : 74% ± 7; p<0.01). L’effet de l’albumine dépend de la voie de la kinase PI3 mais également celle la kinase ERK, alors que celle de la fétuine dépend de la kinase PI3. Similairement l’EPO, l’albumine et la fétuine supporte la différentiation des HSCs en précurseurs érythrocytaires de type BFU-E. Dans un modèle murin de chiomioprotection, l’albumine augmente la concentration cellulaire rapport au groupe contrôle des leukocytes de la rate (66 ±8 x106c/ml vs 81 ±16 x106c/ml) et du sang (3.6 ±0.4 x106c/ml vs 5.7 ±2.3 x106c/ml). Donc, in vitro, l’albumine et la fétuine sont comparables au GM-CSF au niveau fonctionalité et mécansimes d’action. Cependant, vu leur manque de spécificité, l’application thérapeutique en tant qu’adjuvant de chiomiothérapie de l’albumine et la fétuine est peu prometteuse. Par contre, les maladies dégénératives et les évènements ischémiques pourraient s’avérer de bonnes cibles thérapeutiques, principalement pour l’albumine. / Circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) possess a short half-life and are constantly renewed by the bone marrow to ensure the first-line of defense. Therefore, homeostasis must be maintained through a well-regulated process of apoptosis. Survival of PMN can be regulated by several cytokines as well as conditioned media (CM). Although PMN are crucial for protection against microorganisms, activated neutrophils can lead to severe tissue damage in diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Indeed, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), activated PMN contribute to tissue damage by releasing a number of destructive agents. On the other hand, chronic activation of PMN could prevent opportunistic infections present in immunosuppressed patients. This project addresses the isolation and mechanism of action of synovial liquid components on the survival of neutrophils based on previous work (Lagraoui, 1999). Following tangential flow filtration (MW cut off: 30 and 50 kDa), concentrated CM enhanced the viability (75%) of 24-hour cultured human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (39% ± 9.5 vs 68% ± 2.5, p<0.01) as seen in Lagraoui (1999) previous work. N-terminal protein sequence analysis of the concentrated CM and fractionated conditioned media from previous work revealed 2 known proteins contained in both analysis: albumin, and fetuin. In view of the importance of neutrophiles in immune defense, we compared the benefits of albumin and fetuin to those of granulocytes macrophages-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a growth factor used as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy. Albumin and fetuin were tested by the AnnexinV-FITC/7-AAD method and displayed an inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis of two to three folds relative to control value. Moreover, albumin (A : 200μM) and fetuin (F : 200μM) rescue human PMN from mutamycin-induced apoptosis, comparable to GM-CSF (GM : 10ng/ml); (Ctrl : 43% ± 10; A : 74% ± 3; F : (82% ± 6 et GM : 74% ± 7; p<0.01). Albumin also induces cellular signaling pathways activation via PI3-K and ERK, whereas fetuin acts through PI3-K pathway only. They induce the differentiation of HSCs into erythrocytes progenitors BFU-E. In immunosuppressed mice, albumin protects white blood cells depletion induced by cytotoxic agent from spleen and blood. Considering all the benefits of albumin and fetuin, their targeting as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy could be disappointing in view of their lack of specificity. On the other hand, their multiple benefits could have a major impact on neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic events.

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