Introdução: Os gastos em saúde são crescentes ao redor do mundo, sendo os medicamentos parte importante destes. Os medicamentos contribuem, em muitos casos, de forma decisiva para o controle das doenças e o aumento da expectativa e da qualidade de vida da população, sendo que sua ausência ou uso irracional coloca em risco os investimentos nas ações de saúde. No Brasil, a constituição garante acesso gratuito e integral a todo tratamento de saúde, incluindo acesso gratuito aos medicamentos. Apesar disso e dos avanços nas políticas públicas do setor, ainda existe uma parcela da população excluída desses recursos. Objetivos: Analisar o consumo de medicamentos pela população brasileira, seus custos e principais fontes de obtenção. Metodologia: A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2009 (POF) e a Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), realizada em 2013, são as fontes de dados utilizadas nesse trabalho para análise sobre o consumo de medicamentos. A POF é uma pesquisa domiciliar, feita por amostragem, com abrangência geográfica nacional, é desenhada para o enfoque familiar, entretanto, algumas abordagens individuais são possíveis. A PNAUM consiste em inquérito populacional nacional, realizado por amostragem, cobrindo apenas as áreas urbanas. Resultados: de acordo com os dados da POF 2008-2009, as despesas totais com medicamentos equivaleram a cerca de 4,5 bilhões de reais, sendo as despesas monetárias sozinhas responsáveis por aproximadamente 80% desse valor. A maioria das aquisições monetárias de medicamentos foi realizada em farmácias ou drogarias, enquanto que a maior parte das aquisições não monetárias foi realizada em hospitais, postos de saúde e farmácias vinculadas ao SUS. A PNAUM demonstra que a maioria dos medicamentos de elevado custo e para o tratamento de doenças crônicas são adquiridos exclusivamente pelo SUS ou farmácia popular (FP). Os medicamentos de uso contínuo têm 3,66 vezes a chance de serem adquiridos em pelo SUS ou pela FP. Já os medicamentos de uso eventual têm 73% menos chances de serem adquiridos no SUS ou FP. Pertencer às classes socioeconômicas D e E aumentam em 78% as chances de se adquirir medicamentos pelo SUS ou FP quando comparados a pessoas das classes A e B. Conclusões: Há uma tendência de a população obter seus medicamentos de forma gratuita especialmente quando seu custo é mais elevado e o tratamento prolongado. Porém, os indivíduos podem esbarrar na falta de abastecimento das farmácias relacionadas ao SUS e acabam sendo obrigados a comprarem na rede privada seu tratamento. Ainda existem lacunas a serem aprimoradas, a fim de se estabelecer uma assistência farmacêutica capaz de prover o tratamento integral ao usuário do sistema de saúde, mas salientamos a importância da mesma no fornecimento de medicamentos para o tratamento do diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares. / Introduction: Health care expenses are rising around the world and medicines play an important role in this scenario. Medicines have a decisive role in the control of diseases, increasing of the population life expectancy and quality of life. Its absence or irrational use may put the investments in health care at risk. In Brazil, the Constitution provides free and full access to all health care, including free access to medicines. Despite this and the advances on public policies, there are portions of the population who are still denied these resources. Objectives: To analyze the consumption of medicines by the Brazilian population, their costs and the major sources of acquisition. Methodology: The Household Budget Survey 2009 (POF) and the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Drug Use (PNAUM) held in 2013 are the sources of data used in this study for analysis of medicine consumption. The POF is a household survey conducted with national geographic coverage and is designed with household focus; however, some individual approaches are possible. The PNAUM consists of national population survey conducted by sampling and covers only the urban areas of Brazil. Results: According to the data from the POF 2008-2009 total spending on drugs amounted to about 4.5 billion of reais, and the monetary costs alone accounted for approximately 80% of this amount. Most of the monetary purchases of medicines were performed in pharmacies or drugstores, while most of the non-cash purchases were made in hospitals, health centers and pharmacies linked to SUS. The PNAUM shows that most of the high cost medicines and medicines for treating chronic diseases are acquired exclusively by the SUS or popular pharmacy (PF). The medications of continuous use have 3.66 times the chance of being acquired in the SUS or by FP. However the medicines of eventual use have almost 73% less likely to be acquired in the SUS or FP. Belong to social- economic classes D and E increase by 78% the chances of acquiring drugs by SUS or FP when compared to people from classes A and B. Conclusions: The population have a tendency to acquire their medications free of charge medications especially when their cost are higher or the treatment is long. However they can stumble on the lack of supply of pharmacies related to SUS and end up being forced to buy on the private network their treatment. There are still gaps to be improved in order to establish pharmaceutical care capable of providing integral treatment to the health system user, but we emphasize its importance on providing medications for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Orientador: Marcos Benevenuto Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_PatriciaBorgesdos_M.pdf: 505981 bytes, checksum: 9ca0829d764a16d8fca0b3e0ebcd0e9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Exibiremos uma bijeção entre o esquema de Hilbert de c pontos no espaço afim de dimensão n e uma variedade algébrica quase projetiva dada pela variedade das n matrizes c por c que comutam duas a duas e satisfazem uma condição de estabilidade módulo conjugação. Em seguida, estudamos o caso n = 2 mais cuidadosamente, mostrando que o esquema de Hilbert de c pontos é uma variedade quase projetiva, não-singular e de dimensão 2c. / Abstract: We exhibit a bijection between the Hilbert scheme of points in the n-dimensional affine space and a quasi-projective algebraic variety given by c x c matrices commuting two by two and satisfying a stability condition modulo conjugation. Next, we study the n = 2 case more closely, showing that the Hilbert scheme of points is a non-singular, irreducible, quasi-projective variety of dimension 2c. / Mestrado / Algebra / Mestre em Matemática

A busca por alimentos provenientes de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, como por exemplo, os métodos orgânicos de produção é uma tendência que vem se fortalecendo mundialmente. Mudanças nos hábitos alimentares têm sido observadas, revelando a complexidade dos modelos de consumo e de seus fatores determinantes. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos orgânicos no Brasil. Utilizou-se como base de dados informações contidas na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008- 2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) sobre aquisições de alimentos e bebidas orgânicos. Os resultados revelam comportamentos distintos na aquisição de alimentos orgânicos entre os brasileiros, quando são discriminados de acordo com as regiões e situação do domicílio (urbano ou rural). Os valores de disponibilidade (média) domiciliar foram superiores entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais, notadamente entre as regiões Sul e Centro- Oeste. Nota-se a relação existente entre as condições socioculturais que privilegia a perspectiva ligada à renda, havendo tendência de aumento sistemático de alimentos orgânicos, conforme ocorre crescimento dos rendimentos. Os resultados revelam ainda que quanto menor o número de moradores por domicílio, independente da região, maior a disponibilidade alimentar de orgânicos. Em relação aos grupos alimentares, merece destaque a maior participação do grupo dos laticínios, principalmente entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais. Os dados relativos à disponibilidade per capita de energia e participação dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes oriunda dos alimentos orgânicos no Valor Energético Total - VET revelou reduzida contribuição para a totalidade das regiões brasileiras. Quanto às características sociodemográficas das famílias, verifica-se que com o aumento da renda registra-se crescimento na disponibilidade de orgânicos nos domicílios com chefe/responsável do sexo feminino. A maior propensão ao consumo é verificada entre pessoas mais velhas (60 anos ou mais) e com nível de escolaridade superior incompleto. Paralelamente, verificou-se a reduzida quantidade média disponível para a totalidade das famílias brasileiras. / The search for food from sustainable production systems, for example, the organic methods of production, is a trend which rises worldwide. Changes in dietary habits had been observed, showing the complexity of consumption patterns and their corresponding determinant factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to report the household availability of organic food in Brazil. This work was based on information available on Family Budget Research (POF 2008-2009), carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) about food acquisition for household consumption. The results showed distinct behavior regarding organic food acquisition between Brazilians, which are discriminated accordingly with different regions and household situation (rural or urban). The household availability values (mean) was higher between families located in rural regions, remarkably between South and Middle-West regions. It can be observed a relationship between socio-cultural conditions which allows the perspectives related to income, with systematic rising trend of organic food, when income growth occurs. Also, the results suggested that as lower the numbers of dwellers, independent of region, the household availability of organic foods are increased. Regarding the dietary groups, more emphasis was given about the major contribution of dairy group, mainly within family household in rural areas. Data related to per capita availability of energy and contribution of macronutrients and micronutrients derived from organic food on Total Energy Value showed reduced contribution for totality of the Brazilian regions. About the family socio-demographic features, it was observed an increasing income promoted by a rising availability in households which are headed by women. The major consumption propensity was verified between elderly individuals (60 years old or more) and with incomplete higher education. In addition, it was found the reduced average amount available for totality of Brazilian families.

The aim of thesis is description of polymer optical fiber (POF). In particular, focusing on their application and its associated standardization. After explaining the principle of signal transmission by polymer fibers, glass fibers are compared with the polymer fibers. The attention is then paid to the types of POF and their connectors. Another part is engaged in standards of polymer fibers, according to their area of application. Following chapter describes the application of polymer fibers in practice, especially in the automotive industry and sensor technology. Standalone chapter is dedicated to deploying POF fibers in LANs. It mentions comparasion with copper and wireless networks, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages. Chapter also provides an overview of the components used in POF - optical converter, switch with optical interfaces, optical network card, etc. In the practical part is created the design of home network for two-storey family house. The proposal was implemented by CableProject CAD software, first using copper cabling (UTP category 5e) and then using polymer fibers. Finally, both proposals are compared with each other. It has been made detailed financial analysis, compared performance of instalation and methods of cable instalallation. The practical part is also dedicated to measuring the parameters of POF networks, the impact of the attenuation loss, explores methods of joining glass and polymer fibers and is engaged in IPTV transmission simulation in real conditions.

This work focuses on polymer optical fiber (POF). It describes basic properties of polymer optical fibers, materials for production and methods of manufacturing processes. In following chapters are given individual fibers that vary different refractive indexes and diameter of fiber. Also there are analyse connectors which are used for joining. As very suitable solution for home installation seems to be using the system Optolock without connectors. In the work is also written several areas where it is possible to use the POF. It can break through in automotive industry, home networks or as a sensor. The practical part contains measuring polygon draft and FTTH proposal using POF for distribution system in the house, where P2P topology is choosen. It´s also made a proposal for distribution of POF in the apartment. For installation in the apartment prices of network components are compared between POF distribution and UTP cat.6 cabling. UTP cat.6 is in this comparison many times more cheaply. Final chapter evaluate demands on work with POF fibers. Describes preparation of fiber before communication and creation of small experimental network. Important findings of the work are summarized in the conclusion.

The backbone of this dissertation is a discussion of the adaptability of optical fiber modes of transmission. The technological boom in commercial vehicles tends to include more electronic components and more data flow. The traditional copper transmission is reliable but has drawbacks. At present optical fiber, technology is in huge demand in fields like avionics, medicine, and communication across continents. The drastic shift to fiber was due to the enormous increase in capacity. Simultaneously the commercial vehicle sector is advancing in the direction of sensors that require a non-disruptive data flow. Furthermore, autonomous driving technology pushes the transition from copper to optic fiber. One expects optical fiber to supplant the traditional copper cables in the future. The dispersion and scattering losses need to be studied as well as the difference in cost.

The effects of geometry parameters of graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF) components on the coupling efficiency and signal mixed proportion are studied in this thesis. Simulation and experimental approaches are used to investigate the effects of light sources on the coupling efficiency of misalighment, Y-couplers and V-groove couplers. Two different light sources are employed in this study: Laser diode (LD) and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The optimum coupling angle and refractive index of filler in the Y-coupler are studied with a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. A good agreement between the simulation and the experiment results is shown in this work. Furthermore, two V-groove array arrangements, i.e. the parallel V-groove array and the skew V-groove array, are proposed in this study to mix multi-light-sources. The optimum parameters of V-groove are designed to achieve the highest coupling efficiency. The performances of different V-groove array arrangements have also been demonstrated for multi-signal mixing.

La ricerca propone un’analisi, in prospettiva pedagogica, del cambiamento organizzativo nella scuola e della professionalità dell’insegnante. L’interesse per la problematica origina da considerazioni attinenti al rapporto tra riforma e innovazione e al ruolo svolto dagli insegnanti nei processi di cambiamento. L’indagine sviluppata si articola secondo due livelli, distinti ma interrelati. Il primo attiene al piano teorico-concettuale e inquadra le problematiche trattate con riferimento ai recenti contributi della letteratura scientifica; il secondo offre in modo complementare i risultati dello studio di caso, condotto in tre istituti scolastici di secondo grado della Lombardia. In ragione dei livelli considerati, i capitoli dedicati all’analisi teorica si alternano a quelli sull’indagine empirica. La ricerca coglie e problematizza la relazione fra cambiamento dell’assetto istituzionale e organizzativo della scuola e rinnovamento della professionalità dell’insegnante, sottolineando l’importanza di sperimentare nella pratica scolastica modelli di organizzazione che avvalorano ruolo e competenze dei docenti. / This research inquires into changes in school organisation and teacher professionalism from a pedagogical point of view. The main purpose is to reflect upon the relationship between school reform and teacher role in this field. The research work consists of two different but strictly intertwind levels. The first one concerns the theoretical standpoint and outlines issues according to the most recent scientific contributions. The other offers data collected during a study of case carried out in three secondary school institutes in Lombardy. The outcomes stress the importance of actual experience of organising models improving teacher specific role and skills.

Sub-surface modification using a frequency doubled Ti: Sapphire femtosecond (fs) laser at 1kHz repetition rate, producing 100-fs pulse duration at 400nm, is studied in order to fabricate optical components within non-photosensitised polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This thesis explores the feasibility of producing three-dimensional optical devices in bulk polymers and polymer optical fibre (POF) using fs laser direct-writing techniques. For effective and optimal structuring, the laser writing parameters and focusing conditions, such as focusing depth, translation speed, and accumulated fluence are investigated by means of photo-modification thresholds; structural changes in dimensions and morphologies; and the magnitude of the refractive index modulation. The highest refractive index change is 3.2x10^(-3) achieved by using a dry (non-immersion) 0.45-NA objective for a single laser scan. Variations in damage threshold with focusing depths are attributed to a combination of material absorption or surface scattering of light due to contamination or surface imperfections, as well as oxygen diffusion and spherical aberration. Distortion of the laser-induced feature size and shape due to spherical aberrations is controlled and compensated by adjusting the laser power near the damage threshold. Permanent refractive index structures with cross-sectional dimensions of 2μm by 0.9μm and 3μm by 1.4μm are demonstrated at depths of 300μm and 500μm below the surface, resulting in the axial/ lateral ratio of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. A novel phenomenon relevant to effects of translation speed on the fs laser modification is observed for the first time. As translation speeds reduce from 1.2 to 0.6mm/s, the optical damage threshold power decreases by 6μW, whilst other writing conditions remain constant. However, the damage threshold increases by 74μW with decreasing speeds from 0.6 to 0.35mm/s. This significant increase in threshold power enables inscription of refractive index gratings <5μm below the surface, because irradiation on the surface or near the surface initiates ablation rather than refractive index changes, and this forms a limit for writing useful structures. Compensating for this limit by using appropriate writing parameters highlights the potential of fabricating three-dimensional integrated optical circuits in thin (100μm) polymer substrates. Finally, highly localised fabrication of long period gratings into step-index single mode polymer fibres is demonstrated by removing distortion effects due to the curved surface. The distortion is compensated by sandwiching the fibre with two flat PMMA sheets, between which index-matching oil (n=1.5) is injected. This arrangement enables precise laser micro-structuring with flat interfaces and continuous inner material. The first demonstration of a 250-μm-period fibre grating, resulting in attenuation bands in the visible spectral region at 613, 633, 728, 816, 853, 877 and 900nm, is presented.

In this diploma thesis, the reader is familiarized with polymer optical fiber (POF). Firstly is mentioned theoretical background of optical fibers and optical transmission. The following are the basic properties and significant parameters of POF, a more detailed description of each type POF and their essential advantages and disadvantages in comparison with established optical fibers based on glass. The next chapter describes the area of practical issues: working with fibers and fiber installation, as well as the available connectors and methods of measurement of POF. Closely are analyzed knowledge of the practice, including the utilize in the aerospace and automotive industries, as well as in industrial networks, access data networks and local area networks. The practical part includes the measurement of basic transmission and mechanical parameters, including analysis of the results. The conclusion summarizes all the findings and results of this work, including possible future developments.