Ce travail de thèse part d’un constat : d’importantes pertes thermiques sont observées lors de l’élaboration des matériaux du génie civil. Motivés par l’ajout d’une double enveloppe, les travaux contenus dans ce manuscrit visent à caractériser un échangeur de chaleur appliqué en paroi des fours rotatifs. Tout d’abord, un modèle intégré est développé, puis validé sur une centrale d’enrobage dont la paroi intérieure du four est munie de releveurs nécessaires au mélange des matériaux. Leur distribution dans la section transversale est estimée à partir d’une loi de déchargement granulaire. Les expérimentations numériques montrent que les transferts Gaz / Solide et Solide / Paroi dominent, ce dernier phénomène limitant les performances globales du procédé. L’ajout de l’échangeur sur paroi mobile est quant à lui exploré sur un banc d’essai instrumenté de type rotor-stator, avec entrée tangentielle. Développant un écoulement de type Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille, les transferts thermiques pariétaux sont caractérisés expérimentalement. Les résultats sont sans équivoque dans la gamme de nombres de Reynolds imposés : la contribution du mouvement axial surpasse le mouvement rotationnel turbulent. Une corrélation adimensionnelle basée sur le nombre de Nusselt est proposée afin d’estimer numériquement l’effet de l’échangeur sur les profils de température internes dans le four. Enfin, les structures tourbillonnaires de l’écoulement dans l’espace annulaire sont étudiées à partir d’un code de mécanique des fluides numériques utilisant la Simulation aux Grandes Echelles. Les simulations permettent de décrire les cellules contrarotatives au sein de la couche limite turbulente dont l’amplitude et la fréquence de passages sont reliées aux paramètres de fonctionnement de l’échangeur (débit axial et vitesse de rotation du four). / This work results on a finding: the heat loss from rotary kiln represents a significant energy amount during materials processing in civil engineering domain. Motivated by traditional energy recovery methods from heat exchanger, this thesis is aimed at providing their rigorous thermodynamic diagnostics. Firstly, a thermal-granular model is developed, and then validated in asphalt plant whose the rotary kiln is composed of flights to ensure the materials mixing. Their cross-section distribution is calculated from a granular discharge law. The numerical experiments showed an increase of heat transfer phenomena between gases and solids, and those between the solids and the wall, this latter phenomenon limiting the process performances. Heat recovery exchanger applied to the rotary kiln is studied from a semi-industrial pilot based on a rotor stator configuration including a tangential inlet. Developing a Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille flow, the heat transfer results are undoubted in the range of the studied Reynolds numbers: the axial motion contribution is larger than the rotational turbulent motion. A dimension less criterion is proposed in order to be applied to the aforementioned integrated model including the heat exchanger applied to the rotary kiln, its effect being assessed upon the internal thermalprofiles. Finally, the vortices flow structure within the annular gap exchanger is studied from Large Eddy simulation. The amplitude and frequency passage of the contrarotatives cells located in the turbulent boundary layer are connected to the process parameters (the axial flowrate and the kiln shell rotation).

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-08T23:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 19b.pdf: 2923099 bytes, checksum: f04244aa991c1a65ebc9273c29c4aa38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T23:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 19b.pdf: 2923099 bytes, checksum: f04244aa991c1a65ebc9273c29c4aa38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11 / Nenhuma / Nas últimas décadas, a miniaturização de dispositivos de natureza eletroeletrônica em diversas áreas de aplicação, como biomédica, química e de tecnologia de computadores, tem proporcionado alta eficiência de espaço em equipamentos. Paralelamente, essa redução em espaço físico é contrabalançada pelo alto desempenho exigido com relação aos sistemas de refrigeração nestes equipamentos. Por isso, o controle térmico é uma das áreas mais críticas para o desenvolvimento da microeletrônica moderna. Diversos estudos experimentais e numéricos foram realizados por vários pesquisadores, nas últimas décadas, com vistas a investigar a hidrodinâmica e a transferência de calor em microescala. Porém, os resultados obtidos revelam divergências entre si. Em geral, estas podem ser visualizadas pela análise dos números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt, quando estes são comparados aos resultados previstos pela teoria convencional. Normalmente, as divergências relatadas com relação a medições em microescala estão associadas a fatores geométricos do microcanal, como a sua razão de aspecto, o seu diâmetro hidráulico e condições superficiais de rugosidade. Alguns desvios encontrados com relação ao fator de fricção foram atribuídos às variações da seção transversal dos microcanais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar numericamente como as características hidrodinâmicas e de transferência de calor podem ser influenciadas com relação a variações na seção transversal dos microcanais. Os resultados obtidos para o escoamento laminar monofásico de água em microcanais com deformidades na seção transversal foram comparados aos obtidos para microcanais geometricamente perfeitos, por meio dos números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt local. Desvios para os números de Poiseuille e de Nusselt local, por meio de imperfeições e variações da seção transversal dos microcanais, foram verificados. Alguns desvios para o número de Poiseuille se mostraram dependentes do número de Reynolds. No entanto, alguns resultados obtidos para o número de Nusselt local mostraram que o mesmo é mais sensível à forma da seção transversal do microcanal do que o número de Poiseuille. Esses resultados foram determinados através das equações de conservação da massa, Navier-Stokes e energia, por dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (CFD). / In recent years, the reduction of electronic devices in several application fields, such as biomedicine, chemistry and computer technology has been providing high efficiency related to the space in equipment. At the same time, this reduction in physical space is counterweighted by the high performance required at the refrigeration systems in such equipment. Therefore, the thermal control is one of the most critical areas for the development of modern microelectronic devices. A lot of experimental and numerical studies have been done by several researchers, in the last decades, seeking to investigate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer in microscale. However, the results show divergences among them. In general, these related diversions can be viewed through the Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers, when compared to the predicted results through conventional theory. Usually, the reported divergences related to the measurements in microscale are associated to the microchannel geometric factors, such as channel aspect ratio, channel hydraulic diameter and surface roughness. Some deviations related to the friction factor were attributed to cross-section variations of the microchannels. The aim of this work was verify numerically how the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics can be influenced by cross-section variations of the microchannels. The results obtained for the single-phase laminar flow of water in microchannels with deformities at the cross-section were compared to the perfect ones, through Poiseuille and local Nusselt numbers. Deviations at Poiseuille and local Nusselt numbers, through imperfections and variations of the cross-section of microchannels, were verified. Some deviations at Poiseuille number were dependent on Reynolds number. However, some results obtained for the local Nusselt number showed that it is more sensitive to the shape of the cross-section of the microchannel than Poiseuille number. Such results were obtained through mass conservation, Navier-Stokes and energy equations, by computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Un écoulement de coextrusion peut être considéré comme un écoulement de Poiseuille multicouche de fluides viscoélastiques. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement l'influence des conditions opératoires sur la stabilité de l'écoulement polyéthylène/polystyrène. Nous avons ensuite développé une analyse de stabilité linéaire aux ondes longues pour une loi de comportement de White-Metzner. Cette analyse a donné des résultats cohérents avec l'expérience dans certaines situations et des résultats mitigés voire contradictoires dans d'autres. Nous avons alors montré que l'instabilité était de nature convective. Nous avons utilisé à cet effet deux montages de coextrusion originaux: une filière d'essais industriels de très grande longueur démontable et une filière de laboratoire transparente qui nous permet d'observer en temps réel le développement de l'instabilité le long de l'écoulement. Nous avons alors développé deux outils numériques pour rendre compte de ces instabilités convectives: une modélisation directe, utilisant pour les deux polymères une loi de comportement de Maxwell et une étude de stabilité linéaire spatiale pour une loi de comportement de White-Metzner. Cette dernière étude nous a permis de rendre compte de l'essentiel des phénomènes observés. Nous avons alors montré qu'une telle étude permet de déterminer, pour une couple de produits donnés, l'incidence des conditions opératoires sur l'apparition d'instabilités interfaciales.

The lymphatic system is an extensive vascular network responsible for the transport of fluid, immune cells, proteins and lipids. It is composed of thin-walled vessels, valves, nodes and ducts, which work together to collect fluid, approximately 4 L/day, from the interstitium transporting it back to the systemic network via the great veins. The failure to transport lymph fluid results in a number of disorders and diseases. Lymphedema, for example, is a pathology characterized by the retention of fluid in limbs creating extreme discomfort, reduced mobility and impaired immunity. In general, there are two types of edema: primary edema, being those cases that are inherited (i.e. genetic predisposition), and secondary edema, which develop post-trauma or injury of the lymphatic vessels. With the onset of breast cancer and radiation therapies, the prevalence of secondary edema is on the rise. Clinical studies have shown that up to 80% of women who undergo nodal-dissection surgery develop lymphedema in their arms within 3-5 years of the surgery. Unfortunately, there is no cure or remedy for lymphedema stemming from our lack of understanding of the lymphatic system. The goal of this study was to evaluate lymph flow both experimentally and analytically to better understand the mechanisms regulating lymph transport. In particular we investigated the effects of pressure, volume loads and valve resistance on lymphatic function in the rat mesentery. Our experimental results were then used to develop computational and constitutive models to emulate the dynamic behavior of lymph transport. Collectively, the data illustrate the mechanics of lymphatic contractility and lymph flow. In particular, lymph flow and pumping significantly increased post edemagenic stress in the rat model. Furthermore, lymphangions exhibited highly nonlinear pressure-diameter responses at low pressures between 3-5 cmH2O. These experimental results strongly suggest the regulation of lymph flow via changes in pressure, shear stress and vessel diameter. Furthermore, the computational and constitutive models from this study provide great insight into lymphatic function characterizing the mechanical properties of a single pumping unit (i.e. lymphangion). These models will serve as valuable tools to further lymphatic research.

This thesis concerns the stability of plane Couette flow and pipe Poiseuille flow in three space dimensions. The mathematical model for both flows is the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations. Both analytical and numerical techniques are used. We present new results for the resolvent corresponding to both flows. For plane Couette flow, analytical bounds on the resolvent have previously been derived in parts of the unstable half-plane. In the remaining part, only bounds based on numerical computations in an infinite parameter domain are available. Due to the need for truncation of this infinite parameter domain, these results are mathematically insufficient. We obtain a new analytical bound on the resolvent at s=0 in all but a compact subset of the parameter domain. This is done by deriving approximate solutions of the Orr--Sommerfeld equation and bounding the errors made by the approximations. In the remaining compact set, we use standard numerical techniques to obtain a bound. Hence, this part of the proof is not rigorous in the mathematical sense. In the thesis, we present a way of making also the numerical part of the proof rigorous. By using analytical techniques, we reduce the remaining compact subset of the parameter domain to a finite set of parameter values. In this set, we need to compute bounds on the solution of a boundary value problem. By using a validated numerical method, such bounds can be obtained. In the thesis, we investigate a validated numerical method for enclosing the solutions of boundary value problems. For pipe Poiseuille flow, only numerical bounds on the resolvent have previously been derived. We present analytical bounds in parts of the unstable half-plane. Also, we derive a bound on the resolvent for certain perturbations. Especially, the bound is valid for the perturbation which numerical computations indicate to be the perturbation which exhibits largest transient growth. The bound is valid in the entire unstable half-plane. We also investigate the stability of pipe Poiseuille flow by direct numerical simulations. Especially, we consider a disturbance which experiments have shown is efficient in triggering turbulence. The disturbance is in the form of blowing and suction in two small holes. Our results show the formation of hairpin vortices shortly after the disturbance. Initially, the hairpins form a localized packet of hairpins as they are advected downstream. After approximately $10$ pipe diameters from the disturbance origin, the flow becomes severely disordered. Our results show good agreement with the experimental results. In order to perform direct numerical simulations of disturbances which are highly localized in space, parallel computers must be used. Also, direct numerical simulations require the use of numerical methods of high order of accuracy. Many such methods have a global data dependency, making parallelization difficult. In this thesis, we also present the process of parallelizing a code for direct numerical simulations of pipe Poiseuille flow for a distributed memory computer. / QC 20100825

Cette thèse porte sur les effets combinés de l'excentricité et du débit axial sur les propriétés de stabilité linéaire de l'écoulement de Couette circulaire avec cylindre extérieur fixe. Cet écoulement intervient, entre autres, lors du forage de puits de pétrole. Une méthode pseudospectrale est mise en oeuvre pour calculer l'écoulement de base, stationnaire et invariant suivant la direction axiale, ainsi que les modes normaux d'instabilité. L'écoulement est régi par quatre paramètres adimensionnels : rapport de rayons _ et excentricité e pour la géométrie, nombres de Reynolds azimuthal et axial, Re et Rez, pour la dynamique. La première partie de l'étude est consacrée aux propriétés de stabilité temporelle. Il apparaît que l'excentricité repousse le seuil d'instabilité convective vers de plus fortes valeurs de Re. L'effet de l'advection axiale sur le seuil est principalement stabilisant également. L'excentricité a pour conséquence de déformer la structure des modes par rapport au cas concentrique. Le mode au plus fort taux de croissance temporelle est ainsi constitué de tourbillons de Taylor " pseudo-toroïdaux " lorsque le débit axial est nul, et de structures " pseudo-hélicoïdales " d'ordre azimuthal croissant lorsque Rez augmente. Les résultats sont qualitativement similaires lorsque l'on change le rapport de rayons. Les prédictions théoriques sont en bon accord avec les quelques résultats expérimentaux disponibles. Dans une seconde partie, l'instabilité absolue est étudiée par application d'un critère de point selle à la relation de dispersion. Le débit axial a pour effet d'inhiber fortement l'instabilité absolue, d'origine centrifuge, et la valeur de Re au seuil est typiquement supérieure à celle de Rez d'un ordre de grandeur. L'effet de l'excentricité est plus complexe : légère stabilisation aux faibles valeurs de e, puis déstabilisation marquée aux excentricités modérées lorsque Rez est suffisament grand, et enfin stabilisation lorsque e croît davantage. Contrairement au cas de l'instabilité convective, le mode dominant l'instabilité absolue correspond à l'écoulement tourbillonnaire " pseudo-toroïdal " pour toute la gamme de paramètres considérée.

In the dissertation one of the Rivlin-Erikson differential type fluids model – the second grade fluids flow problem is considered. The problem is studied in three different unbounded domains: • the two-dimensional channel, • the three-dimensional axially symmetric pipe, • the three-dimensional pipe with an arbitrary cross section. For the two-dimensional channel and the three-dimensional axially symmetric pipe we assume that the initial data and the external force have only the last component and are independent of the coordinate x_n: u_0(x,t)=(0, …, u_{n0}(x’,t)), f(x,t)=(0, …, f_n(x’,t)). We look for an unidirectional (having just the last component) solution u(x,t) =(0, …, u_n(x’,t)), which satisfies the flux condition. Such solution we call Poiseuille type solution. In the first two cases the existence of a unique unidirectional Poiseuille type solution is proved and the relation between the flux of the velocity field and the pressure drop (the gradient of the pressure) is found. The analogous results were obtained for the time periodic problem in the two-dimensional channel. It is shown that in the three-dimensional pipe with an arbitrary cross section the unidirectional solution does not exists even if data are unidirectional. However, for sufficiently small data in this case exists a unique solution having all three components u(x’,t)=( u_1, u_2, u_3). To analyze the problem we use Galerkin method with the special bases. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas vienas iš Rivlin-Eriksono diferencialinio tipo skysčių matematinių modelių – antrojo laipsnio skysčių tekėjimo uždavinys. Problema analizuojama su papildomai užduota srauto sąlyga trijose skirtingose srityse: • begalinėje juostoje, • begaliniame sukimosi cilindre, • begaliniame vamzdyje su bet kokiu skerspjūviu. Tariama, kad pradinio greičio ir išorės jėgų vektoriai nepriklauso nuo paskutinės koordinatės ir yra išreikšti pavidalu u_0(x,t)=(0, …, u_{n0}(x’,t)), f(x,t)=(0, …, f_n(x’,t)). Ieškoma antrojo laipsnio skysčių tekėjimo uždavinio Puazeilio tipo u(x,t) =(0, …, u_n(x’,t)) sprendinio. Begalinėje dvimatėje juostoje ir begaliniame trimačiame sukimosi cilindre įrodytas kryptinio Puazeilio tipo sprendinio egzistavimas ir rastas sąryšis tarp srauto ir slėgio gradiento. Analogiški rezultatai gauti pradiniam ir kraštiniam antrojo laipsnio skysčių tekėjimo uždaviniui periodinėje pagal laiką begalinėje dvimatėje juostoje. Darbe parodyta, kad begaliniame trimačiame vamzdyje, su bet kokiu skerspjūviu, kryptinis (priklausantis tik nuo paskutinės komponentės) Puazeilio tipo sprendinys neegzistuoja net jei pradiniai duomenys yra kryptiniai. Nagrinėjamas bendresnis atvejis, kai Puazeilio tipo sprendinys priklauso nuo visų trijų komponenčių u(x’,t)=( u_1, u_2, u_3). Disertacijoje įrodyta, kad esant mažiems pradiniams duomenims egzistuoja vienintelis uždavinio sprendinys. Sprendžiant buvo naudojamas Galiorkino aproksimacijų metodas ir specialios bazės.

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is an advanced liquid-liquid extraction technique that purifies chemical components from complex mixtures. The Brunel CCC' is a J-type centrifuge based upon this technique. This machine can process 5g quantities of sample every 5 hours [Sutherland 1998]. To process 1 tonne of sample per year would require 200 Brunel CCCs, which is not practical as an industrial process. A practical alternative is to use one machine with 200 times the processing capability. To construct such a machine requires a greater understanding of the stationary phase retention inside a coil (column) and the column efficiency (mass transfer between the mobile and stationary phases). This thesis contains research into stationary phase retention. A hypothesis that all J-type centrifuges act as constant pressure drop pumps is proposed. This hypothesis combined with the Hagan-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow produces a theoretical basis for plotting the stationary phase retention against the square root of the mobile phase flow rate as proposed by Du et al [1999]. Supporting experimental evidence is presented showing that the mobile phase flows in a laminar manner and that the pressure drop across a coil is constant for a given set of operating conditions. It is shown that the pressure drop is the same in both normal and reverse phase modes if specific conditions are met. The pressure drop is shown to be independent of tubing bore for helical coils provided that the same helical pitch is used. The experimental results also show how the pressure drop varies with the phase system and rotational speed. Hopefully this is a significant advance in predicting the stationary phase retention of industrial scale J-type centrifuges.

No description available.

On considère l'écoulement non stationnaire d'un fluide visqueux à l'intérieur d'un tube mince à parois élastiques. Le problème dépend de deux paramètres Ɛ qui mesure le rapport entre le diamètre et la longueur du tube, ainsi que ƴ qui mesure la rigidité des parois. Ce développement est justifié par des estimations d'erreur et des estimations a priori. Les termes principaux de la solution asymptotique sont comparés à ceux de la solution d'un écoulement de Poiseuille dans un tube à parois rigides. Dans le cas critique ƴ=3, pour le déplacement, on obtient une équation différentielle non classique du sixième ordre. L'idée principale de la M.A.P.D.D. consiste à construire une solution asymptotique pour le problème d'écoulement afin de décrire et de justifier l'application de la M.A.P.D.D. Cette analyse confirme la localisation des effets de couches limites au voisinage des zones de transition ainsi que la convergence de la solution asymptotique vers une solution à l'intérieur des tubes. La justification numérique proposée ici, est l'application de cette méthode pour simuler un procédé d'écoulement non newtonien. En effet, la méthode consiste à résoudre le problème initial d'écoulement sur une petite partie du domaine (correspondant généralement à un voisinage ou les couches limites apparaissent) et de simplifier le problème sur un sous domaine en utilisant la forme particulière de la solution asymptotique / We consider the nonstationary flow of a viscous fluid inside a thin tube with elastic walls. The problem depends on two parameters Ɛ which measures the ratio between the diameter and length of the tube, and ƴ which measures the stiffness of the walls. This development is justified by estimates of error and a priori estimates. The principal terms of the asymptotic solution are compared with the solution of a Poiseuille flow in a tube with rigid walls. In the critical case ƴ = 3 for the displacement, we obtain a differential equation of sixth order non-classical. The main idea of the M.A.P.D.D. is to construct an asymptotic solution to the problem of flow to describe and justify the application of M.A.P.D.D. This analysis confirms the location of boundary layer effects near the transition zones and the convergence of the asymptotic solution to a solution inside the tubes. The proposed numerical justification here is the application of this method to simulate a process of non-Newtonian flow. Indeed, the method is to solve the initial problem of flow over a small part of the domain (generally corresponding to a neighborhood or boundary layers appear) and simplify the problem on a subdomain using the particular form of the asymptotic solution