In this study, the mixed lubrication of line contact is numerically calculated and analyzed. The surface asperities are in contact for mixed lubrication which differs from elastohydrodynamic lubrication. In this study, the Poiseuille term is neglected when the film thickness was smaller than the cut-off value about 0.5 nanometer, so that the surface asperities in contact or not contact can be solved in a system equation using the Newton-Raphson method. The mixed lubrication was studied in three parts, including the steady-state, the transient state and the start-up process. The effect of amplitude and wavelength on the film thickness and the pressure are investigated using the deterministic quantifiable method. The mixed lubrication zone in terms of rolling speed and load is established for the smooth surface under the steady-state conditions. For a single asperity on the surface, results show that the maximum pressure increases with increasing amplitude and decreasing wavelength. At high load situation, the film thickness is flattened around the asperity in the steady-state conditions, but it is increased due to the squeezing effect in transient state. For the start-up process, two surfaces are gradually separated due to the growth of film thickness, so that the contact area of two surfaces decreases linearly with time. However, the interval of contact time decreases with increasing roller speed and Young¡¦s modulus, but decreasing load.

Vesicles are simple structures, but display complex, non-linear dynamics in fluid flow. I investigate the deformation of nanometer-sized vesicles, both fully-inflated and those with excess area, as they travel in tightly confined capillaries. By varying both channel size and flow strength, I simulate vesicles as they transition from steady-state to unstable shapes, and then rupture in strong flow fields. By employing a molecular dynamics model of the vesicle, fluid, and capillary system one is able to rupture the lipid bilayer of these vesicles. This is unique in that most other numerical methods for modelling vesicles are unable to show rupture. The rupture of fully-inflated vesicles is applicable to drug delivery in which the release of the encapsulated medicine needs to be controlled. The deformation and rupture of vesicles with excess area could be applicable to red blood cells which have similar rheological properties.

Vesicles are simple structures, but display complex, non-linear dynamics in fluid flow. I investigate the deformation of nanometer-sized vesicles, both fully-inflated and those with excess area, as they travel in tightly confined capillaries. By varying both channel size and flow strength, I simulate vesicles as they transition from steady-state to unstable shapes, and then rupture in strong flow fields. By employing a molecular dynamics model of the vesicle, fluid, and capillary system one is able to rupture the lipid bilayer of these vesicles. This is unique in that most other numerical methods for modelling vesicles are unable to show rupture. The rupture of fully-inflated vesicles is applicable to drug delivery in which the release of the encapsulated medicine needs to be controlled. The deformation and rupture of vesicles with excess area could be applicable to red blood cells which have similar rheological properties.

Les biofilms bactériens se développent sur toute interface liquide-solide dès que les conditions sont favorables. Ils correspondent à des assemblages de microcolonies qui baignent dans une matrice extracellulaire polymérique. Parmi les facteurs contrôlant le développement des biofilms, l’hydrodynamique est un paramètre clé qui affecte la morphologie et la composition du biofilm. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement dans cette thèse à l'influence du gradient de vitesse pariétal sur la formation du biofilm. Pour cela, nous utilisons un réacteur Couette-Poiseuille qui permet de travailler sous écoulement laminaire stable dans différentes conditions d'écoulement. Les biofilms obtenus après circulation d'eaux usées, sont prélevés sur des coupons et visualisés par microscopie confocale à balayage laser. Différents paramètres caractérisant la morphologie du biofilm sont déterminés après reconstruction 3D de leur structure à l'aide du modeleur GOCAD. Nous montrons que le transport convectif constitue une étape essentielle dans la formation initiale du biofilm, et qu'un gradient pariétal nul permet d'inhiber le développement de celui-ci / Bacterial biofilms develop on any solid-liquid interface whenever conditions are appropriate. They correspond to microcolony assemblages embedded in an extracellular matrix. Among the factors controlling biofilm growth, hydrodynamics is a key parameter affecting both biofilm morphology and composition. In this thesis we investigate the influence of hydrodynamics, and more precisely the wall shear rate effect on biofilm development. For this purpose, a Couette-Poiseuille reactor, allowing to work under stable laminar flow with different flow velocities, was used. Biofilms grown from urban wastewater on coupon surfaces were observed with confocal scanning microscopy. A 3D modeling using GOCAD software was established, thus allowing the determination of various biofilms structural characteristics. The results show the essential role of convective mass transport in biofilm formation, actually a zero wall shear rate inhibited bacterial deposition, and hence biofilm growth

La présente étude vise à comprendre les écoulements ainsi que les transferts de chaleur par convection dans une configuration représentative d’un moteur de traction automobile. La zone d’étude est constituée d’un stator extérieur lisse et fixe et d’un rotor intérieur tournant. Deux géométries de rotor ont été étudiées : un rotor cylindrique et un rotor encoché. Un écoulement axial est superposé à l’écoulement produit par la rotation. Pour le rotor lisse, des mesures ont été réalisées pour des valeurs du nombre de Reynolds axial de 2500 à 13900 et de rotation de 1250 à 4000. Pour le rotor encoché, le nombre de Reynolds axial varie également de 2500 à 13900 et le nombre de Reynolds de rotation de 5000 à 26000. Les mesures de vitesse réalisées par PIV au sein des encoches montrent un écoulement tourbillonnaire contrarotatif complexe. Dans la zone d’entrée, on peut noter une forte interaction entre l’écoulement des encoches et celui provenant des zones polaires. Les résultats thermiques obtenues par thermographie infrarouge sur le rotor encoché montrent que les transferts thermiques augmentent avec l’augmentation du nombre de Reynolds axial mais l’influence de la vitesse de rotation est plus complexe. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats thermiques entre rotors lisse et encoché, a permis de mieux comprendre l’effet des encoches sur le refroidissement global. / The present work aimed to experimentally study the flow and heat transfer in a configuration corresponding to the gap of an automotive electrical motor (a thin airlayer between the rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) parts.) Two rotor geometries are studied: one cylindrical and the other one with four slots which reproduce a synchronous motor used in automotive traction. An axial flow is superimposed to the rotation flow thanks to a ventilation system. The two most important parameters are axial Reynolds number and rotational Reynolds number. Velocity measurements are performed by PIV and heat transfer by infrared thermography coupled with heated thin foils. A complex counter rotational vortex flow has been recorded in the slots. Moreover, this slot flow seems to interact with the pole flow in the inlet region. This interaction seems to disappear rapidly after entrance area. Heat transfer rate is 3D, with great differences between the two slots faces and the pole. Classically, heat transfer rate grows with increasing axial Reynolds number. The relation between heat transfer rate and rotation Reynolds number is more complex

Les vésicules sont gouttes de rayon de quelques dizaines de micromètres, limitées par une membrane lipidique imperméable d'environ 4 nm d'épaisseur, et immergées dans un fluide visqueux externe. Les propriétés spécifiques de la membrane de la vésicule rendent le système très déformable et très contraint dans le même temps. Les vésicules représentent également un modèle simplifié intéressant pour les globules rouges, car ils partagent aussi certains comportements mécaniques similaires.Ce manuscrit s’intéresse à la modélisation d'une vésicule soumise à des contraintes externes d'origine hydrodynamique, dans le régime Stokes et dans des domaines confinés. À partir d'un modèle BEM déjà existant pour des fluides infinis, des méthodes numériques originales sont développés pour faire face au calcul des interactions entre la membrane de la vésicule et les frontières solides. Une attention particulière est accordée à la situation d'une vésicule qui sédimente vers un mur horizontal et une vésicule soumise à un écoulement de Poiseuille dans un capillaire étroit. / Vesicles are drops of radius of a few tens micrometers, bounded by an impermeable lipid membrane of approximately 4 nm thickness, and embedded in an external viscous fluid. The specific properties of the vesicle membrane make the system very deformable and very constrained at the same time. Vesicles represent also an interesting simplified model for red blood cells, since they also share some similar mechanical behaviours.This manuscript deals with the modeling of a vesicle subjected to external stresses of hydrodynamical origin, in the Stokes regime and in confined domains. Starting from an existing BEM model for free space flows, original numerical methods are developed to deal with the computation of interactions between the vesicle membrane and solid boundaries. A particular attention is paid to the situation of a vesicle sedimenting towards a planar wall and a vesicle submitted to a Poiseuille flow in a narrow capillary.

A presente tese se refere a três principais objetivos. Um objetivo foi desenvolver um código de simulação numérica direta para simulação de ondas de instabilidade em um escoamento de Poiseuille plano. O outro objetivo foi analisá-Io através do Método das Soluções Manufaturadas (MMS), e por fim, um terceiro objetivo foi estudar o regime não-linear da evolução de trens de ondas modulados em um escoamento de Poiseuille plano. O código resolve numericamente, com diferenças finitas de ordem de precisão alta e métodos pseudo espectrais, as equações de Navier-Stokes tri-dimensionais e incompressíveis numa formulação vorticidade-velocidade. O MMS é um método de verificação de código mais completo que os normalmente usados, por exemplo, comparação com teoria de estabilidade linear. O código usa diferenças finitas de ordem alta de precisão, mas com diferentes ordens em diferentes regiões do domínio. O MMS é pouco utilizado neste tipo de código. Concluiu-se que estes códigos em geral não operam na chamada faixa assintótica de erro. Na faixa de trabalho, a ordem do erro varia no domínio computacional de forma consistente com os métodos numéricos empregados. Isto permite, entre outras coisas, a otimização do esquema numérico. Após os testes de verifição, simulações numéricas dos trens de ondas foram realizadas. A análise dos resultados foi feita através das teorias de instabilidade primária e secundária e teoria fracamente não-linear. Foi estudado um trem de ondas modulado numa região do diagrama de instabilidade onde vários estudos para ondas mono cromáticas foram realizados. Os resultados sugeriram que nesta região o regime não-linear de transição dos trens de ondas modulados é governado pela instabilidade tipo-K. Com a redução da amplitude inicial de perturbação um cenário mais complexo, que pode estar envolvendo outros mecanismos, foi observado. Casos mais próximos ao primeiro ramo do diagrama também foram estudados. Nesta região a teoria linear prevê ondas tri-dimensionais sendo as mais instáveis, fato que poderia favorecer a ocorrência da chamada transição oblíqua. Os resultados indicaram que o trem de ondas modulado se divide em duas regiões que tendem-se afastar uma da outra. Apesar de estar associado com a instabilidade linear, este comportamento não havia sido antecipado na literatura. Neste cenário, para trens de ondas modulados isolados, o regime não-linear não pode ser correlacionado claramente com nenhum dos cenários clássicos de transição. Neste contexto transição oblíqua pode estar restrito a situações que envolvem a interação entre trens de ondas modulados. / The current thesis had three objectives. The first objective was to develop a code of direct numerical simulation (DNS) to simulation of waves of instability in a plane Poiseuille flow. The other main objective was to analyze it through the method of manufactured solutions (MMS). Finally, a third objective was to study the nonlinear regime of spanwise modulated wavetrains in a plane Poiseuille flow. Using high-order finite differences and pseudo-spectral methods, the DNS code solved the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in a vorticity-velocity formulation. The MMS is a verification method more complete than the others more often used, for example, comparison with linear stability theory. The code used different high-order finite differences in different regions of the domain. The MMS has been little used for this type of code. It was concluded that these codes generally do not operate in the so-called errar asymptotic range. In the working range, the observed arder changes in the computational domain in a manner consistent with the numerical methods employed. This allows, among other things, optimization of the numerical scheme. After testing, numerical simulations of the wavetrains were performed. The analysis of the results was made based on the primary and secondary instability theories and weakly non-linear theory. A modulated wavetrain was studied in a region of the stability diagram where several studies for monochromatic waves were performed. The results suggested that in this region the non-linear regime of transition of the modulation wavetrain is governed by the K-type instability. With the reduction of the magnitude of the initial disturbance, a more complex scenario, which may involve other mechanisms, was observed. Cases near the first branch of the instability diagram were also studied. In this region, the linear theory predicts tri-dimensional waves are the most unstable, a fact that could lead to the so-called oblique transition. The results indicated that the modulated wavetrain divided into two regions, which tend move further from each other. Despite being associated with the linear instability, this behavior was not anticipated in the literature. In this scenario, for isolated modulated wavetrains, the non-linear system could not be clearly correlated with any of the classic scenarios of transition. In this context, oblique transition may perhaps to situations involving the interaction between modulated wavetrains.

A presente tese se refere a três principais objetivos. Um objetivo foi desenvolver um código de simulação numérica direta para simulação de ondas de instabilidade em um escoamento de Poiseuille plano. O outro objetivo foi analisá-Io através do Método das Soluções Manufaturadas (MMS), e por fim, um terceiro objetivo foi estudar o regime não-linear da evolução de trens de ondas modulados em um escoamento de Poiseuille plano. O código resolve numericamente, com diferenças finitas de ordem de precisão alta e métodos pseudo espectrais, as equações de Navier-Stokes tri-dimensionais e incompressíveis numa formulação vorticidade-velocidade. O MMS é um método de verificação de código mais completo que os normalmente usados, por exemplo, comparação com teoria de estabilidade linear. O código usa diferenças finitas de ordem alta de precisão, mas com diferentes ordens em diferentes regiões do domínio. O MMS é pouco utilizado neste tipo de código. Concluiu-se que estes códigos em geral não operam na chamada faixa assintótica de erro. Na faixa de trabalho, a ordem do erro varia no domínio computacional de forma consistente com os métodos numéricos empregados. Isto permite, entre outras coisas, a otimização do esquema numérico. Após os testes de verifição, simulações numéricas dos trens de ondas foram realizadas. A análise dos resultados foi feita através das teorias de instabilidade primária e secundária e teoria fracamente não-linear. Foi estudado um trem de ondas modulado numa região do diagrama de instabilidade onde vários estudos para ondas mono cromáticas foram realizados. Os resultados sugeriram que nesta região o regime não-linear de transição dos trens de ondas modulados é governado pela instabilidade tipo-K. Com a redução da amplitude inicial de perturbação um cenário mais complexo, que pode estar envolvendo outros mecanismos, foi observado. Casos mais próximos ao primeiro ramo do diagrama também foram estudados. Nesta região a teoria linear prevê ondas tri-dimensionais sendo as mais instáveis, fato que poderia favorecer a ocorrência da chamada transição oblíqua. Os resultados indicaram que o trem de ondas modulado se divide em duas regiões que tendem-se afastar uma da outra. Apesar de estar associado com a instabilidade linear, este comportamento não havia sido antecipado na literatura. Neste cenário, para trens de ondas modulados isolados, o regime não-linear não pode ser correlacionado claramente com nenhum dos cenários clássicos de transição. Neste contexto transição oblíqua pode estar restrito a situações que envolvem a interação entre trens de ondas modulados. / The current thesis had three objectives. The first objective was to develop a code of direct numerical simulation (DNS) to simulation of waves of instability in a plane Poiseuille flow. The other main objective was to analyze it through the method of manufactured solutions (MMS). Finally, a third objective was to study the nonlinear regime of spanwise modulated wavetrains in a plane Poiseuille flow. Using high-order finite differences and pseudo-spectral methods, the DNS code solved the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in a vorticity-velocity formulation. The MMS is a verification method more complete than the others more often used, for example, comparison with linear stability theory. The code used different high-order finite differences in different regions of the domain. The MMS has been little used for this type of code. It was concluded that these codes generally do not operate in the so-called errar asymptotic range. In the working range, the observed arder changes in the computational domain in a manner consistent with the numerical methods employed. This allows, among other things, optimization of the numerical scheme. After testing, numerical simulations of the wavetrains were performed. The analysis of the results was made based on the primary and secondary instability theories and weakly non-linear theory. A modulated wavetrain was studied in a region of the stability diagram where several studies for monochromatic waves were performed. The results suggested that in this region the non-linear regime of transition of the modulation wavetrain is governed by the K-type instability. With the reduction of the magnitude of the initial disturbance, a more complex scenario, which may involve other mechanisms, was observed. Cases near the first branch of the instability diagram were also studied. In this region, the linear theory predicts tri-dimensional waves are the most unstable, a fact that could lead to the so-called oblique transition. The results indicated that the modulated wavetrain divided into two regions, which tend move further from each other. Despite being associated with the linear instability, this behavior was not anticipated in the literature. In this scenario, for isolated modulated wavetrains, the non-linear system could not be clearly correlated with any of the classic scenarios of transition. In this context, oblique transition may perhaps to situations involving the interaction between modulated wavetrains.

Submitted by RODRIGO KOITI ISHIZAKA (rodrigo_ishizaka@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-09T20:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final PDF.pdf: 10461391 bytes, checksum: a78974d2db3d166540e03d4cee7def37 (MD5) / Rejected by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Número de página das referências no sumário está incorreto (consta p.86 quando é p.87); - No sumário consta Apêndices, porém no trabalho não. É finalizado nas referências. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-04-10T12:44:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by RODRIGO KOITI ISHIZAKA (rodrigo_ishizaka@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-10T16:09:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final PDF.pdf: 10461372 bytes, checksum: 679a6e28fa80deb9079156b9b6b70c36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-04-10T20:02:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ishizaka_rk_me_prud.pdf: 10461372 bytes, checksum: 679a6e28fa80deb9079156b9b6b70c36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T20:02:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ishizaka_rk_me_prud.pdf: 10461372 bytes, checksum: 679a6e28fa80deb9079156b9b6b70c36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho de mestrado consiste em apresentar uma modelagem para escoamentos isotérmicos viscoelásticos em que a viscosidade varia de acordo com a pressão e estudos numéricos para alguns problemas bidimensionais, como escoamentos entre placas paralelas e expansão planar 1:4. Para este trabalho é utilizado o modelo viscoelástico Oldroyd-B e uma modelagem linear da viscosidade com relação a pressão. O método numérico desenvolvido é baseado no método da projeção para desacoplar velocidade e pressão nas equações de Navier-Stokes e depois calcula os tensores pela equação constitutiva com a informação da viscosidade variando com a pressão. As equações são discretizadas em uma malha deslocada pelo método de diferenças finitas. Os resultados numéricos são obtidos das simulações de escoamentos em um canal e expansão planar 1:4 bidimensional, cujo foco é destacar algumas diferenças entre o modelo Oldroyd-B Standard e o modelo Oldroyd-B sob influência da viscosidade que varia linearmente com a pressão. Este trabalho de mestrado também tem por objetivo resolver problemas, com fluidos viscoelásticos, em que haja regiões com variações da pressão e estudar estes resultados numéricos comparando-os com o modelo Oldroyd-B Standard. / The present master's work consists in presenting a model for viscoelastic isothermal flows with pressure-dependent viscosity and numerical studies for some two-dimensional problems, such as channel flow and planar expansion 1:4. In this work will be considered the Oldroyd-B viscoelastic model and a linear modeling viscosity with a linear relationship between viscosity and pressure. The numerical method developed is based on the projection method to decouple velocity and pressure in the Navier-Stokes equations and then calculates the tensor from the constitutive equation taking account the pressure-dependent viscosity. The equations are discretized on a staggered grid by using the finite diference method. The numerical results are obtained for two problems: two-dimensional channel and planar expansion 1:4 flows, whose focus is to highlight some diferences between the standard Oldroyd-B model and the Oldroyd-B model under the influence of viscosity that varies linearly with pressure. This master's work aims to solve problems of viscoelastic fluids in which there exist regions where pressure varies and to study these numerical results comparing them with the standard Oldroyd-B model.

Dans cette thèse on cherche à étudier le flux péristaltique des liquides dans un canal à onde de pression déterminée aux confins. Dans la plupart des recherches de systèmes de transportation péristaltiques la variation des coordonnées de la paroi est prédéfinie pour les raisons de commodité. Cependant les parois d’organes creux (comme oesophage intestin grêle, côlon urètre, vaisseaux lymphatiques) dont le fonctionnement consiste à transmettre des produits par la voie péristaltique, sont dotées de barorécepteurs – capteurs qui perçoivent la pression dans la couche limite de fluides et servent à réguler le calibre des vaisseaux. Pour créer le modèle du comportement des systèmes biologiques pareils il nous semble plus adéquat de prédéfinir l’onde de pression aux confins des vaisseaux. Cette approche réalisée dans notre thèse permet de découvrir et décrire des effets nouveaux, inexplorés auparavant. Dans cette thèse nous étudions aussi l’influence des pulsations transversales des parois du canal sur la transmission du produit dues aux chutes de pression. Cet objectif est apparu lors de la détermination de la viscosité du liquide utilisant la méthode des canaux compressibles (squeezing flow viscometry). Des problèmes similaires sont assez répandus dans l’étude d’une variété des systèmes biologiques, en particulier, des mouvements de lubrification des articulations ou des micro-vaisseaux des muscles. Nous avons aussi étudié l’influence du son sur l’interaction d’une particule solide tombante et d’une bulle de gaz montante dans le liquide. La pertinence de ce travail est liée à l’importance de recherche des solutions possibles pour augmenter l’efficacité de flottation, méthode d’enrichissement basée sur l’accrochage des particules minérales par des bulles de gaz / The thesis studies the peristaltic flow of fluid in a channel with the specified pressure wave at the boundary. The law of wall’s coordinate variation isn’t determined a priori. It is found from the initially definite law of pressure-variation on the wall. This way is based on the fact that some hollow organs change diameter under the signals of baroreceptors (sensors that detects the pressure). We studied the effects of various parameters on flow rate and structure of flow. Besides we studied the influence of vibration on the peristaltic flow under long wave approximation. The paper also considers the influence of the wall transverse pulsation on the fluid transport under the pressure drop. This problem arises in defining the liquid viscosity by squeezing flow viscometry. The same problems occur in analyzing different biological systems, including the lubricant movement in joints or in the microvessels of working muscles. The influence of sound on the interaction of a solid particle and a gas bubble in fluid is studied as well.