The chemosensory abilities of fishes, are important in order to understand how prey can perceive and avoid predators. Predator-naïve Channel catfish were exposed to four extracts over eight sessions (naïve bass water (NBW), bass that were fed catfish water (BFCW), catfish skin extract (CS), and naïve bass water paired with catfish skin extract (CO)) to determine whether they have an innate predator response to potential chemical cues indicating possible predation risk. Movement was quantified as grid squares crossed, directional changes, and tail beats. Response increased during the first minute following stimulus injection and decreased during the second minute. Channel catfish increased movement upon exposure to stimuli from NBW, CS and CO but not to BFCW. Increased response to bass odor while habituating to catfish skin extract, which presumably contains alarm pheromone, suggests that catfish learned to recognize bass odor without external reinforcement.

Predation, density and disease affect behavior, morphology and growth. There is a lack of information on how these changes relate to efficiency of energy transfer in anuran larvae, although previous studies suggest that predation should decrease and competition should increase efficiency. Using a 2 x 2 factorial design, we manipulated predation presence and larval density to test how predation risk and density affect energy efficiency. During the experiment, approximately half of the tadpoles were infected by an unknown disease. Neither predation risk nor density affected assimilation or growth efficiency, despite changes in growth and development. Disease, however, decreased gut length and growth efficiency. This study builds on past work on the effects of predation and density on a larval amphibian, but also introduces disease as another factor. Our study suggests that disease may be at least as important if not more important than predation or density in regards to growth efficiency.

Hypoxia or dissolved oxygen concentrations < 2 mg/L is a problem in estuaries worldwide. In Lake Pontchartrain, a 250 km2 de-faunated zone exists as a result of salinity stratification and episodic hypoxia. Mature common rangia clams (Rangia cuneata) are not found within this zone. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) are important estuarine predators and may move in and out of the hypoxic zone to feed on hypoxia-stressed rangia clams. To test the effects of hypoxia on predation, rangia clams were exposed experimentally to severe hypoxic conditions (< 0.75 mg/l) for 72-hours and then presented to blue crabs. One hypoxic and one normoxic clam were added to each aquarium containing a blue crab for each trial, and crab feeding choices were observed and recorded. I found prey choice varied among crabs, but in general, the experimental data demonstrates that crabs chose to feed on hypoxia-stressed clams over clams kept under normoxic conditions.

The hydrodynamics of three different shark heads: Eusphyra blochii (Winghead shark), Carcharhinus acronotus (Blacknose shark) and Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead shark) were investigated. Force transducer measurement was used to explore how the cephalofoil (wing-shaped head) affects maneuverability and efficiency. As the dynamic behavior of maneuvering wings differs from that of the steady state motion, experiments have been conducted to simulate: 1) steady-state (no yaw motion) constant velocity swimming, 2) constant forward velocity with yawing motion of the head and 3) turning maneuvers. Different range of velocities, angle of attack, yaw frequency and yaw amplitude were tested. Drag and lift coefficients were calculated and compared. The lift coefficient of Winghead shark is much higher compared to the other sharks. The lift-to-drag ratio showed that the Winghead shark has a hydrodynamic advantage compared to Blacknose shark and Bonnethead shark. / by Julien Barousse. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Invasive species are one of the major threats to biodiversity and understanding the effects any one invasive species has on members of its new ecosystem can help land managers decide how to best use their limited resources. This study attempted to show the effect Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus Septentrionalis) were having on native Florida hylids. For a year, Cuban Treefrogs were removed from three cypress domes and monitored in three other cypress domes, a change in the native population in the experimental domes was the eventual desired effect. Due to weather issues and low native hylid numbers no effect was shown, however due to environmental constraints an effect could not be ruled out either. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The sea anemone Aiptasia pallida is a biological model for anthozoan research. Like all cnidarians, A. pallida possesses nematocysts for food capture and defense. Studies have shown that anthozoans, such as corals, can rapidly increase nematocyst concentration when faced with competition or predation, suggesting that nematocyst production may be an induced trait. The potential effects of two types of tissue damage, predator induced (Lysmata wurdemanni) and artificial (forceps), on nematocyst concentration was assessed. Nematocysts were identified by type and size to examine the potential plasticity associated with nematocyst production. While no significant differences were found in defensive nematocyst concentration between shrimp predation treatments versus controls, there was a significant difference in small-sized nematocyst in anemones damaged with forceps. The proportions of the different types of nematocysts between treatment types were also found to be different suggesting that nematocyst production in A. pallida is a plastic trait. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Wetlands are some of the most diverse and productive ecosystems on earth. Water-level fluctuations determine the ecological function of shallow lakes and wetlands. Currently, anthropogenic modification to water-level fluctuations is the leading source of ecological degradation in lake and wetland ecosystems worldwide. I used wading birds nesting in Lake Okeechobee, as a model system to address the challenges of environmental restoration within an ecosystem greatly impacted by anthropogenic activities. Specifically, I 1) identified environmental factors most important for predicting the number of wading bird nests, 2) tested the assumptions of both the match-mismatch and the threshold hypothesis by modeling the relationship between nesting success and prey density with foraging habitat availability, and 3) measured the stress response of Great (Ardea alba) and Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) to hydrologically-mediated changes in food availability. Collectively, the results suggest that the number of nests was greatest when area of nesting substrate was high and water-levels were moderate (3.9 - 4.4 m). Nest numbers dropped when either nesting substrate or foraging habitat was limited. My investigation into the predictions of the match-mismatch and threshold hypotheses found that indeed, prey density can reduce or intensify the effects of a mismatch event. The interaction of prey density and foraging habitat availability was significant and positive in both models. Saturation thresholds existed for both fledging success (147 prey (m^2)^-1) and total productivity (189 prey (m^2)^-1), above which high concentrations of prey could sustain nesting when foraging habitat availability was low. Finally, my studies of the stress response support the hypothesis that hydrologic factors associated with prey availability play an important role in regulating nesting patterns, although the level of food limitation the birds experience at the lake was not as severe as expected. Model selection identified foraging habitat availability as most influential to the nestling Great Egret stress response, whereas foraging habitat availability and prey density both influenced nestling Snowy Egret stress response. Moreover, the Snowy Egret stress response was more sensitive to changes in prey availability than was the Great Egret stress response. Temperature and foraging conditions influenced yolk corticosterone concentrations for both egret species. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O comportamento materno pode ser definido como a performance comportamental que a mãe expressa durante os momentos que abrangem desde o período imediato do pré-parto até o momento em que a prole é capaz de sobreviver sozinha sem os cuidados e a atenção materna. O estudo e entendimento dos mecanismos que modulam o comportamento materno podem ter focos diferenciados em relação às consequências na mãe, bem como nos filhotes. O entendimento dos mecanismos neuroanatômicos e neuroquímicos proveniente destes estudos em animais validam importantes fundamentos neurobiológicos de importância crucial para a sociedade em geral, em especial mães que sofrem de distúrbios em período perinatal. No ambiente natural, os animais frequentemente deparam com situações de conflito, e devem fazer escolhas entre diversos comportamentos fundamentais para sua manutenção, tais como alimentação, defesa e reprodução. O enriquecimento ambiental pode promover um impacto positivo ou negativo na expressão de determinados comportamentos. Observou-se um grande impacto da presença de maravalha no momento do teste comportamental, influenciando positivamente a expressão do comportamento materno. Entende-se como modulação (ou seleção) comportamental o ato do animal escolher entre dois ou mais tipos de comportamentos. Pesquisas recentes do nosso grupo de estudos sugerem que alterações no tônus opioidérgico decorridas no terço final da gestação podem modular a expressão de padrões comportamentais no pós-parto. O presente estudo sugere que o pré-tratamento com progesterona durante o período gestacional pode modificar a sensibilidade aos opióides e seus efeitos sobre o comportamento maternal e a seleção comportamental durante a lactação, porém em relação ao desafio farmacológico central, o fenômeno torna-se sutil pois não ocorre ação direta tanto da progesterona exógena quando endógena na substância cinzenta periaquedutal rostro-lateral (PAGrl) ao que se refere ao controle desse paradigma de seleção comportamental. A ação da colecistocinina (CCK) na modulação do comportamento materno parece estar associada ao estado reprodutivo da fêmea modulação em sítios neuroanatômicos específicos. O bloqueio inespecífico dos receptores de CCK neste paradigma de modulação comportamental foi eficiente apenas no que diz respeito ao fenômeno que envolve a saciedade das fêmeas, não promovendo prejuízo em parâmetros de comportamento materno. Em relação à experiência reprodutiva, ratas gestantes e lactantes apresentam melhores desempenhos na caça quando comparadas às ratas virgens, independentemente do desafio farmacológico utilizado. Assim como ocorre na maioria das mulheres, ratas também apresentam diminuição nos níveis de comportamento similar à ansiedade no pós-parto quando comparadas às ratas virgens. A diminuição nos níveis deste comportamento pode influenciar diretamente na habilidade materna. Neste estudo, tal efeito foi maior do que o efeito da própria droga na modulação do comportamento materno neste paradigma comportamental, atenuando a ação ansiogênica do peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP). / Maternal behavior can be defined as the behavioral performance that the mother expresses from the immediate pre birth until offspring can survive alone without specific maternal care. The understanding of mechanisms involved in maternal behavior may have different approach related to mothers and the pups. Understanding the neuroanatomical and neurochemical mechanisms from these animal is important for society in general, specially for mothers suffering from psychological and physiological disorders in the perinatal period. In the natural environment, animals often face situations of conflict, and must make choices between different behaviors essential to their maintenance, such as feeding, defense and reproduction. Environmental enrichment can promote positive or negative impacts on the expression of certain behaviors. We observed a huge impact in the presence of pinus flakes at the moment of behavioral testing, positively influencing the expression of maternal behavior. Behavioral modulation (or selection) is when animals have to choose between two or more types of behaviors. Recent research from our group suggest that changes in opioid tone in the end of pregnancy can modulate the expression of behavioral patterns in postpartum. This study suggests that pretreatment with progesterone during pregnancy can change the sensitivity to opioids and its effect on maternal behavior and behavioral selection during lactation, but related central pharmacological challenge, the phenomenon become mild. Cholecystokinin (CCK) modulation of maternal behavior seems to be associated with the reproductive status and modulation of specific neuroanatomical sites. Blockage of specific CCK receptors in this behavioral modulation is only effective in satiation, but not related to maternal behavior parameters. Pregnant and lactating rats show better performances in hunt when compared to virgin rats, with no drug challenge effect. Lactating rats normally show a decrease in levels of anxiety-like behavior in postpartum period when compared to virgin rats. Decrease in anxiety levels can directly influence maternal ability to take care of their litter. In this study, this effect was greater than the effect of the drug itself in modulation of anxiety behavior, attenuating the peptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) anxiogenic effect.

Estudos sobre seleção de presas podem apresentar resultados bastante diferentes dependendo do predador analisado. Predadores com diferentes técnicas de caça, como as aves de rapina e os mamíferos carnívoros, podem selecionar diferentes tipos de presas. Estudos sistemáticos sobre esse tema ainda são escassos no Brasil. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise da seletividade na dieta de três predadores quanto ao consumo de pequenos mamíferos na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, SP. Para a suindara (Tyto alba), a seletividade de presas foi avaliada nos níveis de: espécie, tamanho, idade e sexo. A coruja-buraqueira (Athene cunicularia) foi estudada quanto ao consumo diferenciado nos níveis de espécie, tamanho e idade das presas. Para o lobo guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), apenas a seleção de espécies foi possível. Foram utilizados restos de ossos (mandíbulas e cinturas pélvicas) das presas encontradas nas pelotas e fezes desses predadores para identificação da espécie e do sexo dos indivíduos, e para a quantificação do número de indivíduos consumidos. A análise de seleção de espécie foi feita por meio de comparações entre a proporção das mesmas encontradas nas dietas e no ambiente. Para isto, foram utilizados o teste G e o intervalo de confiança de Bonferroni. O consumo preferencial por um determinado sexo foi avaliado pelo teste G ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. O tamanho dos pequenos mamíferos na dieta foi calculado por meio de equações de regressão desenvolvidas para cada espécie dessas presas. O Teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparações entre o tamanho das presas nas dietas e no ambiente. As idades dos roedores encontrados nas dietas e nos ambientes foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste G. A suindara foi mais seletiva do que a buraqueira no consumo de espécies de pequenos mamíferos, embora ambas incluam as mesmas espécies nas suas dietas. Calomys tener e Oligoryzomys nigripes foram os roedores mais predados pelas corujas. A seleção de indivíduos menores e de juvenis de C. tener pela suindara e de sub-adultos dessa presa pela buraqueira poderia ser entendido pelo modo de forrageamento de cada coruja e características biológicas da presa. Por outro lado, por ser um animal de maior porte, era esperado por parte do lobo-guará o consumo de presas maiores, como Clyomys bishopi. A seleção por indivíduos menores de C. tener pelas duas corujas indica predação de indivíduos mais vulneráveis. Assim a predação diferencial por roedores pequenos pode não ser devido a predação seletiva por parte das corujas, mas sim devido à alta vulnerabilidade dos mesmos, devido a sua inexperiência e por serem errantes. Pode-se perceber por meio deste estudo que, dependendo da localidade e das diferentes composições/abundancia de presas, os predadores parecem adotar diferentes estratégias. Dentro de uma mesma localidade esse recurso é utilizado de forma diferenciada pelos três predadores, pelo menos em termos de proporções, tamanho e idade. Estudos mais amplos e detalhados com utilização de metodologia padronizada, englobando todos os componentes de uma guilda trófica, além de se levar em conta as muitas variáveis ambientais, torne possível entender o papel de cada espécie na comunidade. / Prey selection studies may result in different conclusions depending on the analysed forager. Predators with different foraging modes, such as raptors and carnivorous mammals, may select different prey types. This kind of study is still scarce in Brazil. So, the goal of this research is the analysis of small mammal selection in the diet of three predators at Itirapina Ecological Station, SP. Analysis of prey selection by the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) was conducted in relation to species, size, age and sex. The Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) was studied in relation to the consumption of small mammal species, size and age. The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) was only evaluated concerning prey species selection. Remains of bones (mandibles and pelvic girdles) found in pellets and faeces of predators were utilized to identify prey species, sex and to quantify number of consumed individuals. Analysis of prey species selection was conducted by comparisons between proportion of prey found in the diet and in environment, applying G test and Bonferroni confidence intervals. Differential sex consumption was evaluated by G test and Fisher exact test. Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare prey size in the diet and in the environment. Rodent ages found in pellets/ faeces and in the field were compared by G test. The Barn Owl was more selective than the Burrowing Owl in relation to prey species consumption, though both of them include the same small mammal species in their diets. Calomys tener and Oligoryzomys nigripes were the most preyed on rodents by the two owls. Small-sized and juvenile individuals of C. tener were more consumed by the Barn Owl, whereas sub-adults were more preyed on by the Burrowing Owl. Differences may be due to foraging mode of each owl and biological characteristics of prey. The consumption of larger prey, such as Clyomys bishopi, by the larger predator, the Maned Wolf, was expected. Selection of smaller individuals within species may suggest predation of more vulnerable prey. So small-sized rodent selection may not result from active predation by the owls, but from higher vulnerability of these prey. Based on this study, depending on locality and differences in prey composition/abundance, predators may adopt different strategies. In the same area, resource was utilized in different manner by these predators, at least, in terms of prey proportion in the diet, size and age. Further studies using the same methodology, involving all components of trophic guilds, besides environmental variables, may better illustrate the role of each species in community.

Coastal populations of perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the Baltic Sea has declined substantially the last decades while the populations of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has increased rapidly during the same time period. Earlier studies have suggested that predation on perch larvae and or competition from sticklebacks are the causes behind the decline in perch. To test if predation from sticklebacks commonly occur on perch larvae as well as provide data on stickleback diets in general, diets of sticklebacks were examined by looking at the stomach content of collected samples of sticklebacks from different bays along the Swedish and Finnish coast. Results showed no evidence of stickleback predation on perch larvae as no perch larvae were found in any of the examined stomachs.  Three-spined sticklebacks generally had the same diet in all studied bays consisting mainly of Chironomidae and Asellus aquaticus. The diet results suggest that competition between perch larvae and sticklebacks is minor if any due to low proportions of zooplankton found in the stomachs of the sticklebacks while zooplankton is the main food source for perch larvae. In bays where three spined sticklebacks were found with nine-spined sticklebacks they generally had similar diets. Still, due to a larger size and gape size of three-spined sticklebacks they fed more on larger prey like Asellus aquaticus while nine-spined sticklebacks contained smaller prey such as benthic cladocerans. Due to few samples from bays where sticklebacks were found together with perch larvae, no conclusion regarding predation on larvae as the main the mechanism for declines in coastal perch population can be drawn from the results in this study.