Este trabalho, inserido no âmbito da Historiografia Linguística, visa a investigar as manifestações do prescritivismo na produção metalinguística de Gladstone Chaves de Melo. O corpus analisado abrange de A atual decadência da língua literária, ensaio com que Melo inicia sua produção científica, a Na ponta da língua, coletânea de artigos em que o filólogo e outros autores elucidam questões gramaticais e ortográficas. O método utilizado é aquele proposto por Swiggers (1990), para quem há dois tipos de procedimento historiográfico, os quais não se excluem: a focalização do contexto e a investigação do conteúdo. A fundamentação teórica tem como base a noção de horizonte de retrospecção, estabelecida por Auroux (2006), e, sempre que o material de estudo o permite, faz-se uso das proposições de Bakhtin (1999) e de Benveniste (1995). Comprova-se que, na produção metalinguística do autor, o prescritivismo manifesta-se em quatro fases: 1) Traços prescritivistas na descrição dialetológica, estágio em que o pesquisador realiza uma síntese das características dialetais brasileiras; 2) O estabelecimento da gramatização, fase em que o filólogo elabora uma gramática, formalmente constituída; 3) Os contornos prescritivos do novo semblante científico, etapa em que o autor se dedica à produção de um manual de Estilística; 4) A prescrição ululante, estágio em que o discurso prescritivista do pesquisador culmina, ao se enquadrar no gênero artigo jornalístico. Conclui-se que, em todos os tipos de estudo linguístico aos quais se dedicou, Melo empenhou-se em defender uma norma: a língua dos clássicos luso-brasileiros. / The aim of this work, inserted in the field of Linguistic Historiography, is to investigate the manifestations of prescriptivism in Gladstone Chaves de Melos metalinguistic production. The corpus at issue here ranges from A atual decadência da língua literária, the article with which Melo initiated his scientific production, to Na ponta da língua, a collection of articles in which the philologist and other authors elucidate grammatical and orthographical issues. The methodology is based on the theoretical studies by Swiggers (1990), who proposes two types of historiographical analysis that do not exclude each-other: focusing on context and content investigation. The theoretical part of this thesis is based on the retrospective horizon as established by Auroux (2006) and, whenever the material on focus allows, Bakhtins (1999) and Benvenistes (1995) propositions are also approached. The research comes to the conclusion that in the authors metalinguistic production prescriptivism manifests itself in four phases: 1) Traces of prescriptivism in the dialectological description, in which the author synthesizes the Brazilian dialectal characteristics; 2) The establishment of grammatization, in which the philologist proposes a formally constituted grammar; 3) The prescriptive contours of the new scientific appearance, in which the author aims at the production of a manual of Stylistics; 4) The obvious prescription, in which the authors ultimate prescreptivist discourse fits the journalistic article genre. It is the conclusion of this work that, in all kinds of linguistic studies made by Melo, he dedicated himself to defend one norm: the language of the Luso-Brazilian classics.

Dada a importância de um sistema de prescrição, a possibilidade de ocorrências de erros no referido sistema e as conseqüências de tais erros nos resultados da terapia medicamentosa oferecida aos pacientes de uma Instituição, resolvemos desenvolver o presente trabalho. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o registro de erros relacionados à prescrição de medicamentos à pacientes internos, preparados e dispensados pela Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, bem como contribuir para a melhoria e aprimora mento do sistema de prescrição de medicamentos e consequentemente para o uso seguro e racional dos mesmos no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Foi efetuado um estudo descritivo, inquérito prospectivo. Teve como população de referência prescri ções médicas e como população de estudo as prescrições médicas elabo radas pelos médicos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os participantes foram as prescrições que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, quais sejam: prescrições médicas do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP a partir do mês de outubro de 2006, até atingir o tamanho amostral. Foi utilizada uma amostragem de conveniência até completar o número (n) de 3.456 prescrições. Depois de analisadas 3.456 prescrições concluímos que 9,05% das mesmas 17 apresentaram erros (IC entre 9% e 11%); 61,3% apresentaram erro administrativo, 20,8% erro de prescrição e 17,9% erros administrativos e erros de prescrição concomitantemente. Os erros administrativos e de prescrição foram mais freqüentes entre os médicos residentes e docentes e os erros administrativos concomitantes com os de prescrição foram entre os docentes; a versão II da prescrição eletrônica apresentou 79,8% de erros seguida da prescrição liberada pela enfermagem, que apresentou 15,4%; as clínicas que apresentaram maior quantidade de erros, por ordem decrescente, foram a Dermatologia, com 9,6%, a Urologia e Cardiologia com 8%, a Neurocirurgia com 7,0%, o Centro de Terapia Intensiva com 6,7% e a Proctologia e Gastrocirurgia, com 6,4%; o erro de leito do paciente foi o mais freqüente e cometido pelo médico residente 65,8%, seguido pelo médico contratado 25,6%; o erro de medicamento foi o erro de prescrição de maior freqüência, seguido pelo erro de dose e posteriormente pelo nome comercial; a maior freqüência de erros administrativos foi detectada na Dermatologia, seguida pela Cardiologia, Neurocirurgia e Gastrocirurgia; a maior freqüência de erros de prescrição foi observada na Ortopedia, Hematologia e Imunologia; a maior freqüência de erros de dose foi detectada na Ortopedia. / Owing to the importance of a prescription system, the possibility of error occurrences in such system, and the consequences of such errors in the results of the medicine therapy offered to the patients from an Institution, we decided to develop the current work. called . This study aims to analyze the records of errors related to the prescription of medicines to internal patients, which were prepared and issued by the Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. It also intends to contribute to the improvement of medicine prescription systems and consequent development of sensible and safe uses of such medicines in the Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. An inquiring prospective and descriptive study was carried out, which had as referential population some medical prescriptions, and as study population the medical prescriptions elaborated by physicians in Hospital das Clínicas da FMRPUSP. The prescriptions complying with the inclusion criteria were chosen as participants; such criteria being: medical prescriptions from the Hospital das Clínicas of the FMRP-USP from October, 2006, until achieving the sample amount. A convenient sample was used until completing the number (n) of 3.456 prescriptions. After analyzing 3,456 prescriptions it was mainly concluded that: 10% of the studied prescriptions presented errors (IC between 9% and 11%); 61,3% of the prescriptions presented administrative errors, 20.8% presented prescription errors and 17.9% presented adminis trative and prescription errors concomitantly. The administrative and prescription errors occurred more frequently between resident physicians and professors, while concomitant administrative and prescription errors were more common among professors. The version II of the electronic pres cription presented 79.8% of errors, followed by prescriptions issued by the nursing which were 15,4%. The clinics presenting greater amount of errors, in decreasing order, were the Dermatology Department, with 9,6%, the Urology and Cardiology Department with 8%, the Neurosurgery Department with 7,0%, the Intensive Therapy Center, with 6,7% and the Proctology and Gastrosurgery Departments, with 6,4%. The most frequent error made by resident doctors was in reference to the patient bed, 65.8%, followed by hired doctors: 25.6%. The medicine error was the most common prescription error, followed by dosage and trade mark. The most usual administrative errors were found in the Dermatology Department, followed by the Cardiology Department, Neurosurgery and Gastrosurgery Departments; the most common prescription errors were observed in the Orthopedic, Hematology and Imunology Departments. Finally, the most frequent dosage errors were found in the Orthopedic Department.

Dada a importância de um sistema de prescrição, a possibilidade de ocorrências de erros no referido sistema e as conseqüências de tais erros nos resultados da terapia medicamentosa oferecida aos pacientes de uma Instituição, resolvemos desenvolver o presente trabalho. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o registro de erros relacionados à prescrição de medicamentos à pacientes internos, preparados e dispensados pela Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, bem como contribuir para a melhoria e aprimora mento do sistema de prescrição de medicamentos e consequentemente para o uso seguro e racional dos mesmos no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Foi efetuado um estudo descritivo, inquérito prospectivo. Teve como população de referência prescri ções médicas e como população de estudo as prescrições médicas elabo radas pelos médicos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os participantes foram as prescrições que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, quais sejam: prescrições médicas do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP a partir do mês de outubro de 2006, até atingir o tamanho amostral. Foi utilizada uma amostragem de conveniência até completar o número (n) de 3.456 prescrições. Depois de analisadas 3.456 prescrições concluímos que 9,05% das mesmas 17 apresentaram erros (IC entre 9% e 11%); 61,3% apresentaram erro administrativo, 20,8% erro de prescrição e 17,9% erros administrativos e erros de prescrição concomitantemente. Os erros administrativos e de prescrição foram mais freqüentes entre os médicos residentes e docentes e os erros administrativos concomitantes com os de prescrição foram entre os docentes; a versão II da prescrição eletrônica apresentou 79,8% de erros seguida da prescrição liberada pela enfermagem, que apresentou 15,4%; as clínicas que apresentaram maior quantidade de erros, por ordem decrescente, foram a Dermatologia, com 9,6%, a Urologia e Cardiologia com 8%, a Neurocirurgia com 7,0%, o Centro de Terapia Intensiva com 6,7% e a Proctologia e Gastrocirurgia, com 6,4%; o erro de leito do paciente foi o mais freqüente e cometido pelo médico residente 65,8%, seguido pelo médico contratado 25,6%; o erro de medicamento foi o erro de prescrição de maior freqüência, seguido pelo erro de dose e posteriormente pelo nome comercial; a maior freqüência de erros administrativos foi detectada na Dermatologia, seguida pela Cardiologia, Neurocirurgia e Gastrocirurgia; a maior freqüência de erros de prescrição foi observada na Ortopedia, Hematologia e Imunologia; a maior freqüência de erros de dose foi detectada na Ortopedia. / Owing to the importance of a prescription system, the possibility of error occurrences in such system, and the consequences of such errors in the results of the medicine therapy offered to the patients from an Institution, we decided to develop the current work. called . This study aims to analyze the records of errors related to the prescription of medicines to internal patients, which were prepared and issued by the Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. It also intends to contribute to the improvement of medicine prescription systems and consequent development of sensible and safe uses of such medicines in the Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. An inquiring prospective and descriptive study was carried out, which had as referential population some medical prescriptions, and as study population the medical prescriptions elaborated by physicians in Hospital das Clínicas da FMRPUSP. The prescriptions complying with the inclusion criteria were chosen as participants; such criteria being: medical prescriptions from the Hospital das Clínicas of the FMRP-USP from October, 2006, until achieving the sample amount. A convenient sample was used until completing the number (n) of 3.456 prescriptions. After analyzing 3,456 prescriptions it was mainly concluded that: 10% of the studied prescriptions presented errors (IC between 9% and 11%); 61,3% of the prescriptions presented administrative errors, 20.8% presented prescription errors and 17.9% presented adminis trative and prescription errors concomitantly. The administrative and prescription errors occurred more frequently between resident physicians and professors, while concomitant administrative and prescription errors were more common among professors. The version II of the electronic pres cription presented 79.8% of errors, followed by prescriptions issued by the nursing which were 15,4%. The clinics presenting greater amount of errors, in decreasing order, were the Dermatology Department, with 9,6%, the Urology and Cardiology Department with 8%, the Neurosurgery Department with 7,0%, the Intensive Therapy Center, with 6,7% and the Proctology and Gastrosurgery Departments, with 6,4%. The most frequent error made by resident doctors was in reference to the patient bed, 65.8%, followed by hired doctors: 25.6%. The medicine error was the most common prescription error, followed by dosage and trade mark. The most usual administrative errors were found in the Dermatology Department, followed by the Cardiology Department, Neurosurgery and Gastrosurgery Departments; the most common prescription errors were observed in the Orthopedic, Hematology and Imunology Departments. Finally, the most frequent dosage errors were found in the Orthopedic Department.

Este trabalho, inserido no âmbito da Historiografia Linguística, visa a investigar as manifestações do prescritivismo na produção metalinguística de Gladstone Chaves de Melo. O corpus analisado abrange de A atual decadência da língua literária, ensaio com que Melo inicia sua produção científica, a Na ponta da língua, coletânea de artigos em que o filólogo e outros autores elucidam questões gramaticais e ortográficas. O método utilizado é aquele proposto por Swiggers (1990), para quem há dois tipos de procedimento historiográfico, os quais não se excluem: a focalização do contexto e a investigação do conteúdo. A fundamentação teórica tem como base a noção de horizonte de retrospecção, estabelecida por Auroux (2006), e, sempre que o material de estudo o permite, faz-se uso das proposições de Bakhtin (1999) e de Benveniste (1995). Comprova-se que, na produção metalinguística do autor, o prescritivismo manifesta-se em quatro fases: 1) Traços prescritivistas na descrição dialetológica, estágio em que o pesquisador realiza uma síntese das características dialetais brasileiras; 2) O estabelecimento da gramatização, fase em que o filólogo elabora uma gramática, formalmente constituída; 3) Os contornos prescritivos do novo semblante científico, etapa em que o autor se dedica à produção de um manual de Estilística; 4) A prescrição ululante, estágio em que o discurso prescritivista do pesquisador culmina, ao se enquadrar no gênero artigo jornalístico. Conclui-se que, em todos os tipos de estudo linguístico aos quais se dedicou, Melo empenhou-se em defender uma norma: a língua dos clássicos luso-brasileiros. / The aim of this work, inserted in the field of Linguistic Historiography, is to investigate the manifestations of prescriptivism in Gladstone Chaves de Melos metalinguistic production. The corpus at issue here ranges from A atual decadência da língua literária, the article with which Melo initiated his scientific production, to Na ponta da língua, a collection of articles in which the philologist and other authors elucidate grammatical and orthographical issues. The methodology is based on the theoretical studies by Swiggers (1990), who proposes two types of historiographical analysis that do not exclude each-other: focusing on context and content investigation. The theoretical part of this thesis is based on the retrospective horizon as established by Auroux (2006) and, whenever the material on focus allows, Bakhtins (1999) and Benvenistes (1995) propositions are also approached. The research comes to the conclusion that in the authors metalinguistic production prescriptivism manifests itself in four phases: 1) Traces of prescriptivism in the dialectological description, in which the author synthesizes the Brazilian dialectal characteristics; 2) The establishment of grammatization, in which the philologist proposes a formally constituted grammar; 3) The prescriptive contours of the new scientific appearance, in which the author aims at the production of a manual of Stylistics; 4) The obvious prescription, in which the authors ultimate prescreptivist discourse fits the journalistic article genre. It is the conclusion of this work that, in all kinds of linguistic studies made by Melo, he dedicated himself to defend one norm: the language of the Luso-Brazilian classics.

Objectives: To determine misuse of prescription stimulant medications among future health care providers at an Academic Health Sciences Center. Method: Data were collected via a 62-item anonymous online survey distributed to medical, pharmacy, and rehabilitative health (RT) students at a large Academic Health Sciences Center. The survey instrument collected demographic information related to the respondent’s healthcare discipline, year(s) in professional program, and if the participant had been diagnosed with a disorder requiring a prescription stimulant medication. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use, motivation for nonmedical use, deceptive practices, frequency of use, consequences of nonmedical use, and peer group nonmedical use were also collected. Results: In aggregate, 11.3% of responders reported misuse of prescription stimulants. The rate of misuse was similar for pharmacy (9.7%) and medicine (10.9%) students with a trend towards an increased rate of misuse in RT students (26.3%) (p 5 0.08) The response rates were 70.5% (225/319) for pharmacy, 47.6% (128/269) for medical, and 54.3% (19/33) for respiratory therapy students. The most common reasons for misusing prescription stimulants were to improve academic performance (25/44; 56.7%) and increase alertness/energy (29/44; 65.9%). The most commonly reported adverse reactions were lack of appetite (30/44; 68.2%) and difficulty sleeping (24/44; 54.5%). Implications: Given the stigma associated with prescription stimulant misuse, it is difficult to assess the breadth and depth of this problem. Physical and/or psychological dependence, altered clinical judgment, and violation of misconduct policies and laws are possible consequences of prescription stimulant misuse. This is the first survey to assess misuse by multiple disciplines on a single Academic Health Sciences campus.

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of pharmacist interventions on drug and dosage prescribing in pediatric settings. Method: Demographic, clinical, and prescribing data and parents’ measurement data were evaluated by pre- and post studies including time series studies and control groups. The data was evaluated against Australian Therapeutic Guidelines. Educational intervention strategies were designed and administered and a post-intervention evaluation was conducted. Group comparisons were made using x2 and Student’s t-test statistics. Time series analysis involved multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The major study involved antibiotics and analgesic drugs and dosages in appendectomy in children. Significant improvements occurred in the selection and dosages of prophylactic antibiotics @<0.001) and in subsequent ward antibiotic treatments @<0.001) also showed marked conformity with the guidelines Other pediatric studies involved liquid medication dosing and prescribing accuracy for paracetamol in a developing country where a simple intervention produced very marked improvements @<0.001). An intervention in severe community-acquired pneumonia showed an improvement in the prescription of appropriate drugs @<0.001) and appropriate dosages of paracetamol (p<O.OOl) according to the guidelines. In drug utilisation evaluation of cefiriaxone, flucloxacillin and Liquigesic COB, there was a significant improvement in the dosage prescribing of ceftriaxone and flucloxacillin and no change in Liquigesic COB following the intervention. O f the total, 38/218 (17%) o f the patients received appropriate post-operative antibiotic dosages. 286/368 (78%) of the analgesic prescriptions and 31/218 (14%) of the patients on postoperative antibiotic choice and dosage that were identified as appropriate in tonsillectomy. / Conclusion: This study has identified deficiencies related to the prescribing of antibiotics and analgesics in children. There was a varied level of improvement in the drug dosage prescribing of pediatricians following the pharmacist educational intervention. Locally developed guidelines are more likely to be accepted and followed than those developed nationally without local input.

Medicine cures and kills people. In some advanced nations, prescription transparency is achieved through the separation of prescribing and dispensing, which further leads to public examination of prescriptions. Such an operation results in a restriction mechanism to prevent misuse and abuse of drugs and to guarantee the safety of consumers. Taiwan initiated the separation of prescribing and dispensing on March 1, 1997; however, most people do not recognize the significance of the system and conclude the issue to be an interest dispute between doctors and pharmacists. In the separation of prescribing and dispensing, disputes over the right of dispensation between doctors and pharmacists are commonly seen, but literatures are rarely found to review from consumers' position. This study plans to investigate consumers' viewpoints in respect of prescription transparency and understand its effect on satisfaction. Consequently, this study would be the benchmark for the government and health care sectors in promoting the separation of prescribing and dispensing. The study found the followings: 1. The discrepancy between satisfaction and attention to drug information is 0.88. Most people are used to nontransparent prescriptions, so such non-transparency does not cause significant dissatisfaction. 2. Among the people interviewed, the prescription transparency service they receive is 100% in academic medical centers, 66% in hospitals, and 23% in clinics. 3. 52.3% of the interviewees pays strong attention to drug information, 31.8% pays attention, 11.4% pays little attention, 2.8% pays very little attention and 1.7% do not pay attention at all. 4. The results show the diversity of demand to prescription transparency. Public displays different recognition to the importance of the list of medications: 82.5% thinks listing medication titles for easy reference. 81.9% considers the list represents a sense of responsibility from doctors and their prescriptions. 65.0% keeps the list for later use or for resolving medical disputes. 35.6% uses the list to enrich knowledge in medication. And 1.1% considers the list insignificant in all aspects. 5. Under the condition of non-transparent prescriptions, the educational level will influence the newly-developed factor in satisfaction. In other words, highly educated people tend to care more about prescription transparency

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Droit privé et sciences criminelles--Paris 11, 2007. / Index.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting and explaining pharmacists’ intention to utilize a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) database, when the validity of the prescription/patient need is in question. The study tested the significance of each TPB model construct variable (attitude [A], subjective norm [SN], and perceived behavioral control [PBC]) in predicting pharmacists’ high intention, compared to non-high intention (dichotomous variable). In addition, the study examined the additional contribution of pharmacists’ perception of prescription (PPDA) drug abuse and perceived obligation (PO) to the TPB model. Demographic and practice characteristics were also explored in relation to the TPB model predictors, A, SN and PBC. A mail questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 998 Texas community pharmacists with active licenses. Three focus groups were conducted to collect information regarding pharmacists’ beliefs toward PDMP database utilization. The usable survey response rate was 26.2%. Due to data that were not normally distributed, intention was dichotomized into high intention and non-high intention. The TPB constructs were significant predictors of pharmacists’ high intention. Pharmacists with positive attitudes were almost twice as likely to have high intention (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2 – 2.8). However, SN was the strongest predictor of pharmacists’ high intention (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.4 – 3.3). Pharmacists who reported substantial PBC were also twice as likely to have high intention (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2 – 3.0). PPDA was not significantly related to pharmacists’ high intention. However, pharmacists’ PO was shown to predict high intention above that explained by the TPB model (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0 – 3.1). The results of this study support the utility of the TPB model with PO in predicting pharmacists’ high intention to utilize a PDMP database. Interventions that address pharmacists’ A, SN, PBC, and PO may be necessary to increase pharmacists’ high intention to utilize a PDMP database when it becomes available. Future studies using intention as a predictor of pharmacists’ behavior are needed to assess the influence of intention on PDMP utilization. / text