In a telemetry system, it has been frequently proved that multipath channels and transmission noise are the most critical sources of distortion. While equalization allows a strong limitation of the multipath effects, the noise impact can be efficiently reduced if forward error correction is used. This paper proves that the combination of blind equalization and a powerful FEC like LDPC strongly improves bit error rates for the SOQPSK modulation. We also prove that a LDPC code is able to fully correct the residual errors that may persist at the equalizer output. In other terms, the combination of equalization and LDPC code enables quasi-error free transmissions in various channel scenarios that represent the various phases of a telemetry mission.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / Transmitter mobility and multipath propagation make the telemetry channel both time and frequency selective, which results in telemetry link errors, sometimes in crucial flight phases. Only part of these impairments are compensated by various diversity techniques, but a fast converging adaptive channel equalization is probably the best suited and most cost effective solution. This paper first presents an analysis of mobile multipath propagation in telemetry based on recorded operational signals, both at the transmitter and at the receiver sides. Then it provides performance evaluation of a novel blind equalizer, assessed by offline processing of the recorded signals. The paper focuses on typical environments at a flight test centre, which exhibit critical multipath channel characteristics, namely during parking, taxiway and flight. The channel analysis exploits the recorded signals as well as the time frequency response of the novel equalizer filter. Performance evaluation shows that the equalizer outperforms state of the art Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA). In particular, it is shown to significantly increase the telemetry link availability even in severe conditions, sometimes from nearly 0% to almost 100%, whereas the CMA fails to improve the signal quality as soon as the channel varies in time.

<p>The wireless communications have suffered, in these last years, one of the greater technological growth within the communications via radio. The application of multiple antennas, as much in transmission as in reception has taken to an impulse of the study of different models from propagation channels.</p><p>Taking this into consideration, the different types from mentioned models are going to be studied.</p><p>The work that the ISY department at the Institute of Technology of the Linköping University has proposed is to develop to a propagation channel model, with several antennas in reception and transmission, that one first approach allows a capacity of the channel study, in absence of measures of possible scenarios, as well as the development of a small simulator that allows to analyze its benefits.</p>

The wireless communications have suffered, in these last years, one of the greater technological growth within the communications via radio. The application of multiple antennas, as much in transmission as in reception has taken to an impulse of the study of different models from propagation channels. Taking this into consideration, the different types from mentioned models are going to be studied. The work that the ISY department at the Institute of Technology of the Linköping University has proposed is to develop to a propagation channel model, with several antennas in reception and transmission, that one first approach allows a capacity of the channel study, in absence of measures of possible scenarios, as well as the development of a small simulator that allows to analyze its benefits.

[pt] Nesta dissertação, é apresentado estudo realizado sobre a variabilidade do sinal, da banda de coerência e do espalhamento de retardos em um ambiente de rádio propagação móvel, por meio de medição em campo de um sinal WiMAX propagado ao longo do canal rádio móvel. A análise da estatística do sinal capturado é comparada com valores teóricos. O sinal WiMAX utilizado possui a tecnologia OFDM-256, como base da sua camada física, e frequência central de 3,410 GHz. A partir dos dados coletados durante as medições, são realizadas as análises da variabilidade do sinal, taxa de cruzamento de nível, tempo médio de desvanecimento, verificada a banda de coerência do canal e calculado o espalhamento de retardos (delay spread), por meio de fórmulas teóricas, em ambientes de LOS e NLOS. O nível do sinal medido é apresentado na forma de distribuição de probabilidade cumulativa, comparado com as distribuições cumulativas teóricas Rayleigh e m-Nakagami, sendo possível verificar a satisfatória adaptação dos dados às distribuições teóricas. São apresentados gráficos com a informação de taxa de cruzamento de nível e tempo médio de desvanecimento de determinadas subportadoras do sinal capturado, bem como os valores teóricos dos parâmetros supracitados, de acordo com as distribuições Rayleigh e m-Nakagami. Novamente, é possível verificar a satisfatória adaptação entre as informações teóricas e os dados medidos em campo. Por fim, é realizada a correlação entre as subportadoras, com o intuito de averiguar a banda de coerência definida, neste trabalho, para um valor de correlação igual a 0,5. De posse dessa informação, o cálculo do parâmetro de espalhamento de retardos é realizado, com base em fórmulas presentes na literatura. / [en] This work presents a study of signal variability, coherence bandwidth and delay spread of a WiMAX signal transmitted through a mobile radio propagation environment. The statistical analysis of the received signal is compared with theoretical distributions. The transmitted WiMAX signal has its physical layer based on OFDM-256 and 3.4 GHz as central frequency. Based on the signal received during the measurements campaign some analysis are done: signal variability; level crossing rate; average fade duration; coherence bandwidth; and delay spread calculation, based on theoretical formulas, in LOS and NLOS environment. The received signal amplitude is plotted as a function of the cumulative probability and compared to the theoretical Rayleigh and m-Nakagami cumulative distributions. It’s possible to notice a good characterization of the measured data based on those two distributions. Some graphs show the level crossing rate and average fade duration of a specific subcarrier of the received signal. In the same graphs are also plotted the theoretical values of Nakagami-m and Rayleigh distributions for those two parameters and we are able to see the good agreement. The correlation between subcarriers is also calculated in order to find out the correlation bandwidth for a correlation of 0.5. Once that the correlation bandwidth is known, the delay spread is calculated based on theoretical formulas.

Vehicular communications are a major subject of research and policy activity in industry, government, and academia. Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is currently the main protocol used for vehicular communications, and it operates in the 5.9 GHz band. In addition to DSRC radios, other potential uses of this band include Wi-Fi, LTE-V, and communication among unlicensed devices. This dissertation presents an architecture and a feasibility analysis including field measurements and analysis for vehicle-to-train (V2T) communications, a safety-critical vehicular communication application. The dissertation also presents a survey of research relevant to each of several possible combinations of radio-spectrum and vehicular-safety regulations that would affect use of the 5.9 GHz band, identifies the most challenging of the possible resulting technical challenges, and presents initial measurements to assess feasibility of sharing the band by DSRC radios and other devices that operate on adjacent frequencies using different wireless communication standards. Although wireless technology is available for safety-critical communications, few applications have been developed to improve railroad crossing safety. A V2T communication system for a safety warning application with DSRC radios can address the need to prevent collisions between trains and vehicles. The dissertation presents a V2T early warning application architecture with a safety notification time and distance. We conducted channel measurements at a 5.86–5.91-GHz frequency and 5.9-GHz DSRC performance measurements at railroad crossings in open spaces, shadowed environments, and rural and suburban environments related to the presented V2T architecture. Our measurements and analyses show that the DSRC protocol can be adapted to serve the purpose of a V2T safety warning system. The 5.9 GHz band has been sought after by several stakeholders, including traditional mobile operators, DSRC proponents, unlicensed Wi-Fi proponents and Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) proponents. The FCC and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the two major organizations that are responsible for regulations related to vehicular communications, have not finalized rules regarding this band. The relative merits of the above mentioned wireless communication standards and coexistence issues between these standards are complex. There has been considerable research devoted to understanding the performance of these standards, but in some instances there are gaps in needed research. We have analyzed regulation scenarios that FCC and NHTSA are likely to consider and have identified the technical challenges associated with these potential regulatory scenarios. The technical challenges are presented and for each a survey of relevant technical literature is presented. In our opinion for the most challenging technical requirements that could be mandated by new regulations are interoperability between DSRC and C-V2X and the ability to detect either adjacent channel or co-channel coexisting interference. We conducted initial measurements to evaluate the feasibility of adjacent channel coexistence between DSRC, Wi-Fi, and C-V2X, which is one of the possible regulatory scenarios. We set DSRC at Channel 172, Wi-Fi at Channel 169 for 20 MHz bandwidth and at Channel 167 for 40 MHz, and C-V2X at Channel 174 with almost 100% spectrum capacity. From the measurements, we observed almost no effects on DSRC performance due to adjacent channel interference. Based on our results, we concluded that adjacent channel coexistence between DSRC, C-V2X, and Wi-Fi is possible. DSRC systems can provide good communication range; however, the range is likely to be reduced in the presence of interference and / or Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) conditions. Such environmental factors are the major influence on DSRC performance. By knowing the relationship between DSRC and environmental factors, DSRC radios can be set up in a way that promotes good performance in an environment of interest. We chose propagation channel characteristics to generate DSRC performance modelling by using estimation methods. The conducted DSRC performance measurements and propagation channel characteristics are independent; however, they share the same distance parameters. Results of linear regression to analyze the relationship between DSRC performance and propagation channel characteristics indicate that additional V2T measurements are required to provide data for more precise modeling. / PHD / Researchers and regulators in industry, government, and academic institutions are interested in vehicular communications. Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is currently the standard protocol for communication between vehicles, including for safety applications, and operates in the band of radio frequencies near 5.9 GHz. In addition to operators of DSRC radios, other potential users are interested in using the 5.9 GHz band. This dissertation presents an architecture and a feasibility analysis including field measurements for vehicle-to-train (V2T) communications, a safety-critical vehicular communication application. The dissertation also identifies major technical challenges that could become important in the future for users of the 5.9 GHz band. The challenges will be different depending on what decisions government regulators make about the types of radios and communication protocols that are allowed in the 5.9 GHz band and about which types of radios should be used for vehicular safety. Although wireless technology is available for safety-critical communications, few applications have been developed to improve railroad crossing safety. To prevent collisions between trains and vehicles, we present a vehicle-to-train (V2T) communication system that uses DSRC radios to provide safety warnings to motorists. Although the term V2T is used, the emphasis is on communication from the train to vehicles. We present a high-level design, or architecture, of the warning system that includes goals for safety notification time and vi distance. We conducted measurements of radio channels near 5.9 GHz as well as measurements of 5.9 GHz DSRC radio link performance at the same locations (railroad crossings in open spaces, shadowed or obstructed environments, and rural and suburban environments). The measurements were performed to help decide whether the V2T warning system architecture would work. A DSRC system can provide good communication range; however, that range could be reduced if the DSRC system experiences interference from other radios or if the signal is partially blocked due to objects between the DSRC radios. The environmental factors are the most important influence on DSRC performance. By knowing the relationship between DSRC and environmental factors, manufacturers and operators can set up the radios to perform well in environments of interest. Although DSRC performance and radio channel characteristics were measured separately, they were measured in the same locations near railroad crossings. This made it possible to perform a statistical analysis of the relationship between DSRC performance and propagation channel characteristics. This analysis indicated that additional measurements will be required to collect enough data to develop robust statistical models that relate DSRC performance directly to measured channel characteristics. However, the results of the V2T measurements that we conducted near rural and suburban railroad crossings with varying numbers and types of obstacles to the radio signals provide a strong indication that DSRC can be used for to provide V2T safety warnings. The 5.9 GHz band has been sought after by several stakeholders, including traditional mobile operators and others who support use of the band for DSRC, unlicensed Wi-Fi, and CellularVehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) communication. The FCC and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the two major organizations that are responsible for vii regulations related to vehicular communications, have not finalized the rules regarding this band. The relative merits of the above mentioned communication standards and coexistence issues between these standards are complex. There has been considerable research devoted to understanding the performance of these standards, but in some instances there are gaps in needed research. We have analyzed regulation scenarios that FCC and NHTSA are likely to consider and have identified the technical challenges associated with these potential regulatory scenarios. The technical challenges are presented and for each a survey of relevant technical literature is presented. In our opinion for the most challenging technical requirements that could result from new regulations are interoperability between DSRC and C-V2X and the ability to detect either adjacent channel or co-channel coexisting interference. We conducted initial measurements to evaluate the feasibility of adjacent channel coexistence between DSRC, Wi-Fi, and C-V2X, which is one of the possible regulatory scenarios. From the measurements, we observed almost no effect on DSRC performance when other types of radios used frequencies adjacent to the frequencies used by the DSRC radios. Based on our results, we concluded that adjacent channel coexistence between DSRC, C-V2X, and Wi-Fi is possible.

This thesis treats of channel models for polarized multi-antenna wireless systems. Polarized multi-antenna systems are systems that use perpendicularly polarized, co-located antennas at the base station and at the mobile terminal, in order to benefit from the so-called polarization diversity. Such systems benefit from the advantages of MIMO systems while still maintaining a compact equipment size. Two models will be presented in this thesis. The first one is the Polarized-Input Polarized-Output (PIPO) channel model, the second one is the Polarized-Diffuse-Directional channel model. The PIPO model is a statistical channel model for tri-polarized to tri-polarized communication systems. A tri-polarized antenna system is a tranceiver using three perpendicular antennas. The aim of the PIPO channel model is to have a model that has a simple mathematical structure, so it can be used for solving precoding equations or capacity calculations. Although the PIPO model has a very simple structure, it takes the following parameters into account: coherent channel component, cross-polar channel power imbalance, inter-channel correlation, short- and long-scale time variance. Experimental measurements are used to parameterize the model. It is shown how the model parameters are extracted from experimental measurements, and the results are analyzed to allow further simplification of the model. The PDD model, on the other hand, is a geometry-based stochastic channel model. It models the channel as a sum of clusters, where each cluster consists of groups of multipath components (MPCs). The PDD model includes two novelties that will be developed in detail in this thesis. - The model considers polarization on a per-cluster basis. This permits to have a more accurate description of the polar-angular spectrum. - The diffuse multipath component (DMC) is included by considering a diffuse component for each cluster. The diffuse cluster component is then modeled as the sum of a set of diffuse MPCs. The model is specified in detail, and it is shown how the model can be generated. Experimental measurements were carried out to parameterize the model. A new extraction technique for extracting the specular-diffuse clusters from the measurements is proposed. This technique is based on joint clustering of the specular MPCs and the bins of the diffuse component. The experimental results are analyzed, and superimposed with environment information to gain further insight into the physical aspects of clustered propagation. Finally, both models are validated. Several validation metrics are introduced, and their pertinence in the context of polarized MIMO systems is highlighted. Both models are successfully validated, and the advantages and limitations of each models are investigated. Cette thèse traite des modèles de canal pour systèmes sans-fils multi-antennes polarisés. Des systèmes multi-antennes polarisés sont des systèmes qui utilisent des antennes polarisées perpendiculairement co-localisées à la station de base et au terminal mobile, dans le but de bénéficier de la diversité de polarisation. De tels systèmes peuvent bénéficier des avantages des systèmes MIMO tout en diminuant l'encombrement des équipements. Deux modèles seront présentés dans cette thèse. Le premier est le modèle Polarized-Input Polarized-Output (PIPO), le second est le modèle Polarized-Diffuse-Directional (PDD). Le modèle PIPO est un modèle statistique pour des systèmes de communication tri-polaire à tri-polaire. Un système tri-polaire est un émetteur ou un récepteur qui utilise trois antennes perpendiculaires. Le but du modèle de canal PIPO est d'avoir un modèle qui a une structure mathématique simple, afin qu'il puisse être utilisé pour résoudre des équations de précodage ou des calculs de capacité. Malgré la structure simple du modèle PIPO, il tient compte des paramètres suivants: la composante cohérente du canal, les différences de puissance entre canaux cross-polaires, la corrélation entre canaux, les variations à courte et à longue échelle de temps. Des mesures expérimentales ont été réalisées afin de paramétriser le modèle. Les techniques pour extraire les paramètres du modèle des mesures expérimentales sont présentées, et les résultats sont analysés afin de permettre une simplification supplémentaire du modèle. Le modèle PDD, quant à lui, est un modèle de canal stochasique-géométrique. Il modélise le canal comme une somme de clusters, où chaque clusters est composé d'un groupe de chemins multi-trajets. Le modèle PDD inclut les deux nouveautés suivantes qui seront développées en détail dans cette thèse. - Le modèle considère une polarisation par cluster. Ceci permet d'avoir une description plus exacte du spectre angulaire-polaire. - La composante diffuse est prise en compte en incluant une composante diffuse pour chaque cluster. La composante diffuse d'un cluster est alors modelisée comme une somme de multi-trajets diffus. Le modèle est spécifié en détail, et il est présenté comment le modèle peut être généré. Des mesures expérimentales ont été faites afin de paramétriser le modèle. Une nouvelle technique d'extraction est proposée pour extraire les clusters spéculaires-diffus. Cette technique est basée sur le clustering conjoint des multi-trajets spéculaires et des "bins" de la composante diffuse. Les résultats expérimentaux sont analysés, et superposés avec l'information de l'environnement de mesure afin d'avoir une connaissance accrue des aspects physiques de la propagation par clusters. Finalement, les deux modèles sont validés. Plusieurs métriques de validations sont introduites, et leur pertinence dans le cadre des systèmes MIMO polarisés est mis en avant. Les deux modèles sont validés avec succès, et les avantages et limitations de chaque modèle sont investigués.

Les systèmes de navigation par satellites sont de plus en plus présents dans notre vie quotidienne. De nouveaux besoins émergent, majoritairement en environnement urbain. Dans ce type d'environnement très obstrué, le signal reçu par l'utilisateur a subit des atténuations ainsi que des réfractions/diffractions, ce qui rend difficile la démodulation des données et le calcul de position de l'utilisateur. Les signaux de navigation par satellites étant initialement conçus dans un contexte d'environnement dégagé, leurs performances de démodulation sont donc généralement étudiées dans le modèle de canal de propagation AWGN associé. Or aujourd'hui ils sont utilisés aussi en environnements dégradés. Il est donc indispensable de fournir et d'étudier leurs performances de démodulation dans des modèles de canal de propagation urbain. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit cette thèse, le but final étant d'améliorer les performances de démodulation des signaux GNSS en milieux urbains, en proposant un nouveau signal. Afin de pouvoir fournir et analyser les performances de démodulation des signaux de navigation par satellite en milieux urbains, un outil de simulation a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse : SiGMeP pour « Simulator for GNSS Message Performance ». Il permet de simuler la chaine entière d'émission/réception d'un signal de navigation par satellites et de calculer ses performances de démodulation en milieu urbain. Les performances de démodulation des signaux existants et modernisés ont donc été calculées avec SiGMeP en environnement urbain. Afin de représenter au mieux ces performances pour qu'elles soient le plus réalistes possibles, une nouvelle méthode adaptée au cas urbain est proposée dans ce manuscrit. Ensuite, pour améliorer ces performances de démodulation, l'axe de recherche s'est essentiellement porté sur le « codage canal ». Pour décoder l'information utile transmise, le récepteur calcule une fonction de détection à l'entrée du décodeur. Or la fonction de détection utilisée dans les récepteurs classiques correspond à un modèle de canal AWGN. Ce manuscrit propose donc une fonction de détection avancée, qui s'adapte au canal de propagation dans lequel l'utilisateur évolue, ce qui améliore considérablement les performances de démodulation, en ne modifiant que la partie récepteur du système. Enfin, dans le but de concevoir un nouveau signal avec de meilleures performances de démodulation en environnement urbain que celles des signaux existants ou futurs, un nouveau codage canal de type LDPC a été optimisé pour une modulation CSK. En effet, la modulation CSK est une modulation prometteuse dans le monde des signaux de type spectre étalé, qui permet de se débarrasser des limitations en termes de débit de données qu'impliquent les modulations actuelles des signaux de navigation par satellites. / Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly present in our everyday life. Further operational needs are emerging, mainly in urban environments. In these obstructed environments, the signal emitted by the satellite is severely degraded due to the many obstacles. Consequently, the data demodulation and the user position calculation are difficult. GNSS signals being initially designed in an open environment context, their demodulation performance is thus generally studied in the associated AWGN propagation channel model. But nowadays, GNSS signals are also used in degraded environments. It is thus essential to provide and study their demodulation performance in urban propagation channel models. It is in this context that this PhD thesis is related, the final goal being to improve GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban areas, proposing a new signal. In order to be able to provide and study GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban environments, a simulation tool has been developed in this PhD thesis context: SiGMeP for ‘Simulator for GNSS Message Performance'. It allows simulating the entire emission/reception GNSS signal chain in urban environment. Existing and modernized signals demodulation performance has thus been computed with SiGMeP in urban environments. In order to represent this demodulation performance faithfully to reality, a new methodology adapted to urban channels is proposed in this dissertation. Then, to improve GNSS signals demodulation performance in urban environments, the research axis of this thesis has focused on the ‘Channel Coding' aspect. In order to decode the transmitted useful information, the receiver computes a detection function at the decoder input. But the detection function used in classic receivers corresponds to an AWGN propagation channel. This dissertation thus proposes an advanced detection function which is adapting to the propagation channel where the user is moving. This advanced detection function computation considerably improves demodulation performance, just in modifying the receiver part of the system. Finally, in order to design a new signal with better demodulation performance in urban environments than one of existing and future signals, a new LDPC channel code has been optimized for a CSK modulation. Indeed, the CSK modulation is a promising modulation in the spread spectrum signals world, which permits to free from limitation sin terms of data rate implied by current GNSS signals modulations.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a análise das características de dispersão temporal do canal de propagação banda ultra larga (UWB) feitas a partir da técnica de sondagem em freqüência na banda de 850MHz em sete diferentes ambientes Indoor. Nestes ambientes os parâmetros de dispersão temporal dados pelo retardo médio, retardo RMS e banda de coerência são obtidos. Uma análise adicional sobre a perda de propagação e sobre a robustez do sinal UWB a desvanecimento de pequena escala é também realizada. / [en] This work presents an analysis of the ultra wideband (UWB) channel temporal dispersion characteristics evaluated from the frequency sounding technique over a bandwidth of 850MHz at seven different indoor environment. In each environment, the channel temporal dispersions parameters were assessed in terms of mean delay, delay spread and coherence bandwidth. An additional analysis related to path loss and UWB robustness was also evaluated.

In this thesis the multi-polarized Cognitive Radios are studied. Cognitive Radios are proposed as an interesting way to more efficiently use the frequency resources. A Cognitive Radio secondary user finds the frequency bands which are not utilized by primary users and communicates on them without interfering with the primary users. In order to achieve this goal the secondary user must be able to detect reliably and quickly the presence of a primary user in a frequency band. In this thesis, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of cognitive radio systems is studied.<p><p>First the depolarization occurring in the wireless channel is studied for two cognitive radio scenarios. This is done through an extensive measurement campaign in two outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor scenarios where the parameters characterizing the radiowaves polarization are characterized at three different spatial scales: small-scale variation, large-scale variation and distance variation. <p><p>Second, a new approach is proposed in modeling of multi-polarized channels. The polarization of received fields is characterized from an electromagnetic point of view by modeling the polarization ellipse. Theoretical formulations are proposed in order to obtain the parameters characterizing the polarization ellipse based on the signals received on three cross-polarized antennas. A system-based statistical model of the time-dynamics of polarization is proposed based on an indoor-to-indoor measurement campaign. The analytical formulations needed in order to project the polarization ellipse onto a polarized multi-antenna system are given and it is shown how the model can be generated. <p><p>Third, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of energy detection method is presented and its importance is highlighted. The performance of spectrum sensing with multi-polarized antennas is compared with unipolar single and multi-antenna systems. This analysis is based on an analytical formulation applied to the results obtained from the multi-polarized measurement campaign. The detection probability as a function of distance between the primary transmitter and the secondary terminal and the inter-antenna correlation effect on the spectrum sensing performance are studied. <p><p>An important limitation of energy detector is its dependence on the knowledge of the noise variance. An uncertainty on the estimation of the noise variance considerably affects the performance of energy detector. This limitation is resolved by proposing new multi-polarized spectrum sensing methods which do not require any knowledge neither on the primary signal nor on the noise variance. These methods, referred to as “Blind spectrum sensing methods”, are based on the use of three cross-polarized antennas at the secondary terminal. Based on an analytical formulation and the results obtained from the measurement campaign, the performances of the proposed methods are compared with each-other and with the energy detection method. The effect of antenna orientation on the spectrum sensing performance of the proposed methods and the energy detection method is studied using the proposed elliptical polarization model. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished