La synthèse et la caractérisation de nouvelles membranes à conduction protonique, pour pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton, ont été réalisées. Une étude sur des molécules modèles a permis de mieux appréhender la stabilité thermique et électrochimique du polyéthersulfone sulfoné (S-PES). Des membranes à base de polyéthersulfone sulfoné greffés à l’octylamine (S-PESOS) et des membranes mixtes à base de S-PESOS et S-PES ont été caractérisées d’un point de vue physicochimique et électrochimique. L’effet de la réticulation chimique sur les propriétés des membranes a été évalué. Les membranes réticulées présentent des bonnes propriétés mécaniques, des conductivités ioniques et une stabilité chimique suffisantes pour être utilisées dans les piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton. L’étude des propriétés de transport dans ces électrolytes acides a été approfondie en corrélant des mesures thermiques avec des mesures électrochimiques, thermodynamiques et les performances en pile. Mots clés: pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton, conductivité ionique, taux de sulfonation, polyéthersulfone. / The synthesis and characterizations of new membranes with for proton exchange membrane fuel cell were carried out. Thermal and electrochemical stability of sulfonated polyethersulfone (S-PES) were studied. Sulfonated polyethersulfone grafted with octylamine (S-PESOS) membranes and binary S-PESOS and S-PES membranes were characterized from a physicochemical and electrochemical point of view. The effect of chemical cross-linking on the membrane properties was evaluated. The cross-linked membranes showed sufficient mechanical properties, ionic conductivities and chemical stability to be used as electrolyte in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The proton transport mechanisms, in this acid electrolyte, were deepened correlating thermal and electrochemical properties, thermodynamic measurements and fuel cells performances.

abstract: Current hybrid vehicle and/or Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) use both FC and an electric system. The sequence of the electric power train with the FC system is intended to achieve both better fuel economies than the conventional vehicles and higher performance. Current hybrids use regenerative braking technology, which converts the vehicles kinetic energy into electric energy instead of wasting it. A hybrid vehicle is much more fuel efficient than conventional Internal Combustion (IC) engine and has less environmental impact The new hybrid vehicle technology with it's advanced with configurations (i.e. Mechanical intricacy, advanced driving modes etc) inflict an intrusion with the existing Thermal Management System (TMS) of the conventional vehicles. This leaves for the opportunity for now thermal management issues which needed to be addressed. Till date, there has not been complete literature on thermal management issued of FC vehicles. The primary focus of this dissertation is on providing better cooling strategy for the advanced power trains. One of the cooling strategies discussed here is the thermo-electric modules. The 3D Thermal modeling of the FC stack utilizes a Finite Differencing heat approach method augmented with empirical boundary conditions is employed to develop 3D thermal model for the integration of thermoelectric modules with Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell stack. Hardware-in-Loop was designed under pre-defined drive cycle to obtain fuel cell performance parameters along with anode and cathode gas flow-rates and surface temperatures. The FC model, combined experimental and finite differencing nodal net work simulation modeling approach which implemented heat generation across the stack to depict the chemical composition process. The structural and temporal temperature contours obtained from this model are in compliance with the actual recordings obtained from the infrared detector and thermocouples. The Thermography detectors were set-up through dual band thermography to neutralize the emissivity and to give several dynamic ranges to achieve accurate temperature measurements. The thermocouples network was installed to provide a reference signal. The model is harmonized with thermo-electric modules with a modeling strategy, which enables optimize better temporal profile across the stack. This study presents the improvement of a 3D thermal model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack along with the interfaced thermo-electric module. The model provided a virtual environment using a model-based design approach to assist the design engineers to manipulate the design correction earlier in the process and eliminate the need for costly and time consuming prototypes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Technology 2014

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Les performances et la durabilité d’une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de proton (PEMFC) sont directement liées à la répartition de l’eau dans l’assemblage membrane-électrode (AME), plus particulièrement dans la membrane électrolyte. L’optimisation de cette répartition de l’eau, homogène et suffisante, est donc indispensable pour obtenir de bonnes performances et une grande durabilité. La répartition de l’eau dépend d’une part des conditions de fonctionnement et d’autre part de la géométrie des canaux de distribution des gaz dans les plaques mono ou bipolaires. Cependant, l’effet de ces paramètres n’est pas encore entièrement élucidé malgré de nombreuses études réalisées.Dans ce contexte, la première partie de cette thèse se focalise sur l’effet des conditions d’humidification des gaz et de température de fonctionnement sur les performances et la distribution de l’eau dans une pile de configuration en serpentin. Les profils d’eau à travers l’épaisseur de la membrane au centre de la surface active sont enregistrés par spectroscopie Raman operando. Le lien entre la distribution de l’eau et les performances de la pile sera discuté. Dans la deuxième partie, les performances et la distribution de l’eau dans une pile de configuration en parallèle sont étudiées aux mêmes conditions de température appliquées pour la pile de configuration en serpentin. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de comparer directement les comportements de ces deux configurations. L’origine des différences de leur répartition de l’eau et donc de leurs performances sera clarifiée. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous concentrons sur la répartition de l’eau dans le plan d’une pile en serpentin aux différentes température de fonctionnement. La pile est alimentée en contre-flux. Les profils d’eau dans l’épaisseur de la membrane sont enregistrés pour trois zones : entrée, centre et sortie. Nous traçons par la suite la répartition de l’eau sur les interfaces cathodique et anodique. Ces informations nous apportent une meilleure compréhension de la répartition de l’eau dans cette configuration ainsi que l’effet du mode d’alimentation des gaz en contre-flux. / In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the performance and the durability of the system is directly related to the water management in the membrane electrode assembly (AME), particularly in the membrane electrolyte. The optimization of the water repartition, homogeneous and sufficient, is therefore essential to obtain good performance and great durability. The water management in the membrane depends both on the operating conditions and the gas flow-field design. However, the effect of these parameters is not yet fully understood despite numerous studies.In this context, the first part of this thesis focuses on the influence of gas humidification and operating temperature conditions on the performance and the water distribution in a serpentine flow-field cell. The inner water profiles across the membrane thickness at the center of the active surface are recorded by Raman spectroscopy operando. The relationship between the water distribution and the performance of the cell will be discussed. In the second part, the performance and the water distribution in a parallel flow-field cell are studied under the same temperature conditions applied for the serpentine flow-field cell. The results obtained allow us to directly compare the behavior of these two configurations. The origin of their water distribution and performance differences will be discussed. In the third part, we focus on the distribution of water in the plane of a serpentine flow-field cell at different operating temperatures. The cell is powered in counter-flow. The inner water profiles in the membrane are recorded for three zones: inlet, center and outlet. We then trace the water repartition on the cathodic and anodic interfaces. This information gives us a better understanding of the counter-flow effect on the water distribution in the plane of the serpentine flow-field cell.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar eletrólitos híbridos de Nafion-TiO2 e eletrocatalisadores de PtSn/C para a aplicação em células a combustível de oxidação direta de etanol (DEFC) em alta temperatura (130oC). Para tanto, partículas de TiO2 foram incorporadas in-situ em membranas comerciais de Nafion via processo sol-gel. Os materiais resultantes foram caracterizados por análise gravimétrica, absorção de água, DSC, DRX e EDX. Eletrocatalisadores baseados em platina-estanho dispersos em carbono (PtSn/C), de diferentes composições, foram produzidos pelo método de redução por álcool e utilizados como eletrodos anódicos. Os eletrocatalisadores foram caracterizados por DRX, EDX, XPS e MET. A avaliação eletroquímica dos eletrocatalisadores foi realizada por voltametria cíclica, varredura linear anódica de monóxido de carbono (stripping de CO) e cronoamperometria. Ânodos de PtSn/C e cátodos de Pt/C comercial foram dispostos juntamente com os híbridos Nafion-TiO2 para a formação do conjuntos membrana-eletrodos. A avaliação final dos materiais foi realizada por meios de curvas de polarização em células unitárias alimentadas com misturas padrão H2/CO ou etanol no ânodo e com oxigênio no cátodo no intervalo de temperatura de 80 a 130oC. As análises demonstraram que o uso de membranas híbridas diminuiu o crossover de combustível, melhorando o desempenho da célula e que o eletrocatalisador PtSn/C 70:30, produzido pelo método de redução por álcool, foi o que demonstrou melhor desempenho para oxidação de etanol. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A tecnologia de células a combustível associada à crescente exigência de baixo impacto ambiental tornou-se bastante promissora no cenário mundial de energia. As células a combustível são, em princípio, dispositivos que convertem energia química diretamente em energia elétrica e térmica, possuindo, entretanto, uma operação contínua, graças à alimentação constante de um combustível. Particularmente, o negro de fumo Vulcan XC72 é usualmente empregado como suporte dos eletrocatalisadores, e alguns fatores como uma superfície acessível e área superficial suficientemente grande para uma máxima dispersão dos cristalitos dos eletrocatalisadores, além de tamanho dos poros, distribuição dos poros adequada e a presença de grupos funcionais na superfície do negro de fumo são considerados fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de materiais inovadores. Entretanto, o material denominado Vulcan XC72 ainda revela condições insuficientes para este fim. Este estudo consiste na preparação e caracterização físico-química de carbono funcionalizado por peróxido de hidrogênio e com cadeias poliméricas do tipo poliestireno sulfonado condutoras de prótons, visando sua posterior utilização como suporte de eletrocatalisadores para células a combustível tipo PEMFC e DMFC. Após a funcionalização do carbono, obteve-se uma melhora da dispersibilidade do negro de fumo em solução aquosa, efeito este benéfico para a preparação dos eletrocatalisadores. Observou-se também que os grupos funcionais e as cadeias poliméricas funcionaram como estabilizadores do crescimento dos cristalitos produzindo catalisadores mais homogêneos e com menor diâmetro médio dos cristalitos; e especialmente, no caso da funcionalização com cadeias poliméricas, obteve-se uma diminuição da queda ôhmica do sistema, referente à melhoria da transferência protônica. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP