The importance of the microbial food web and how it interplays with the classical food chain has gained considerable attention in temperate lakes. However its role in carbon transfer from pico- and nanoplankton to zooplankton and planktivores is relatively unknown in tropical lakes. Sampling of the microbial food web and experiments to estimate the growth rate and fate of its components were performed in Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the mixing season (May to August) 2002. Bacterioplankton and ciliate densities in Napoleon Gulf ranged from 6. 2 to 14. 9 cells x 10⁶&bull;mL^-1 and 51. 9 to 75. 2 cells&bull;mL^-1, respectively. Flagellate abundance was high, ranging from 70. 4 to 127. 9 cells x 10³&bull;mL^-1. Small flagellates, tentatively called Choanoflagellida, dominated the flagellate community by abundance and biomass. Bacterial growth rates were low, yet high abundance and cell size resulted in high bacterial production representing 24 to 38% of phytoplankton production. Protozoan growth rates and production are similar to values reported for other African lakes and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Protozoa were the dominant grazers of bacteria with grazing pressure switching from protozoa > 5 ??m in June to protozoa < 5 ??m (presumably flagellates) in July. In July, grazing on flagellates was from predators < 40 ??m, probably ciliates, while the ciliate community was grazed by > 40-??m plankton. Given that plankton of Lake Victoria is dominated by colonial cyanobacteria and raptorial zooplankton, protozoa could be an important pathway in the pelagic food web of Lake Victoria, East Africa.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative importance of aquatic and terrestrial beetles as possible vehicles in the passive overland dispersal of viable microorganisms.

Atualmente há um grande interesse em estudos voltados para sistema de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. Isso se deve principalmente pela presença de microrganismos e substâncias que podem interferir na saúde humana e ambiental. Dentre os microrganismos patogênicos responsáveis por transmissão de doenças estão os protozoários Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. No que se refere às substâncias nocivas à saúde humana e ambiental podem ser citados os desreguladores endócrinos que agem sobre o sistema endócrino de homens e animais causando efeitos adversos. Baseado na importância destes estudos, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de remoção de protozoários patogênicos - Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. e da atividade de estrogenicidade em processos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário constituídos por reator UASB, sistema de lodos ativados e filtro de areia. Também foram avaliados os padrões de qualidade dos efluentes do reator UASB e sistema de lodos ativados utilizando sulfato de alumínio e cloreto férrico. A combinação dos processos biológicos sequenciais apresentou robustez em termos de remoção de matéria orgânica, microrganismos indicadores e (oo)cistos. A desinfecção com cloro mostrou-se eficiente em inativar os microrganismos indicadores: coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. A atividade estrogênica, avaliada pelo teste YES, foi maior no efluente do lodo ativado e do filtro de areia devido à conjugação dos compostos estrogênicos no esgoto bruto. Detectou-se toxicidade à levedura utilizada no teste YES (Saccharomyces cerevisae), principalmente nas menores diluições, a qual interferiu na expressão da estrogenicidade impossibilitando o cálculo em termos de concentração equivalente de 17&#946;-estradiol. / Currently there is great interest in studies related to the wastewater treatment system. This is mainly for the present of microorganisms and substances that can interfere with human and environmental health. Among the pathogens responsible for diDEse transmission are protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. With regard to substances harmful to human and environmental health can cite endocrine disrupters that act on the endocrine system of humans and animals causing adverse effects. Based on the importance of these studies, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of removal of pathogenic protozoa - Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. - Activity and estrogenicity in processes of wastewater treatment consisting of UASB reactor, activated sludge system and sand filter. We also evaluated the quality standards of the effluent of the UASB reactor and activated sludge system using aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride. The combination of hardiness sequential biological processes presented in terms of removal of organic matter, microorganisms and indicators (oo) cysts. The chlorine disinfection proved effective in inactivating microorganisms indicators: total coliforms e Escherichia coli. The estrogenic activity, assessed by the YES assay, was higher in the effluent of the activated sludge and sand filter due to a combination of estrogenic compounds in raw sewage. Was detected toxicity to the yeast used in the YES assay (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mainly in the lower dilutions, which interfered with the expression of estrogenicity it impossible to calculate in terms of an equivalent concentration of 17&#946;-estradiol.

Pela grande produção de equinos no Brasil, perdas econômicas causadas por mortalidade ou perdas reprodutivas neste plantel simbolizam grandes prejuízos, tanto na produção para o mercado interno quanto para a exportação. Necessário se faz o acompanhamento de enfermidades que afetam o sistema nervoso desta espécie. Agentes virais e bacterianos causando problemas neurológicos e reprodutivos, nesta espécie, são amplamente estudados no Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre o papel dos protozoários da família Sarcocystidae em determinar sinais clínicos neurológicos e reprodutivos. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar protozoários formadores de cistos, com potencial para causar doença neurológica e reprodutiva, em amostras de tecido encefálico de equinos com diagnóstico clínico de encefalopatias e de fetos abortados. Foram analisadas 165 amostras de SNC e 21 amostras de feto abortado de equinos, enviados ao Instituto Biológico para realização de exames laboratoriais. As amostras foram submetidas à nested PCR-ITS1 com primers direcionados às regiões conservadas do lócus ribossômico de protozoários da família Sarcocystidae. Após confirmação do resultado, os produtos de amplificação foram sequenciados para a determinação das sequências ITS1, discriminatórias entre as diversas espécies de protozoários da família Sarcocystidae. Das 15 amostras positivas (duas de feto abortado e 13 de SNC de equino com sintomatologia neurológica) em 14 o protozoário envolvido foi Toxoplasma gondii e em uma delas Sarcocystis neurona. Para Neospora spp não foi encontrada nenhuma amostra positiva. Nas amostras de SNC também foi realizado o exame histopatológico para análise das alterações histopatológicas. Todos os materiais positivos para S. neurona ou T. gondii apresentaram algum tipo de alteração (infiltrado inflamatório meníngeo/neurópilo), congestão/edema, hemorragia, necrose, malácia, indicando a ação de patógeno neurotrópico. A frequência de amostras positivas pela nested PCR-ITS1, para a presença de protozoários foi 7,9% (13/165) e de abortamento por protozário (T. gondii) foi de 9,5% (2/21). Sarcocystis neurona foi encontrado em apenas uma amostra de SNC. Pelos resultados é possível inferir que a ocorrência de mieloencefalite e abortamentos causados pelos protozoários Sarcocistideos em equinos pode revelar-se maior do que se considera atualmente, caso o estudo do SNC nesta espécie seja executado rotineiramente para a conclusão de casos clínicos. / Regarding the importance of equine husbandry in Brazil, economic losses due to mortality or reproductive failures within these herds could mean significant problems for national and international trade market. Therefore, it is necessary to research for diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In Brazil, a broad amount of studies has been made concerning viral and bacterial neurvous and/or reproductive diseases. Although, little is stablished about the rule of protozoan from Sarcocystidae family leading to that kind of symptomatology. This study aimed to identify cystic protozoa which are potentially pathogenic for reproductive and neural tracts using samples from equine encephalic tissue of animals diagnosed with clinical encephalopathy and aborted fetuses. 165 samples of equine CNS and 21 aborted fetuses of this same species were analyzed in the Instituto Biológico facilities. They were submitted to nested PCR-ITS1 using primer to conserved regions from ribosomal locus of Sarcocystidae family protozoa. After confirmatory results, amplified samples were submitted to sequencing for determination of ITS-1 sequences, which are discriminatory concerning the several species of protozoan from Sarcocystidae family. Among the 15 positive identified samples (2 from aborted fetuses and 13 from adult equine CNS), in 14 were detected Toxoplasma gondii as the protozoa involved with the symptoms and in one of them Sarcocystis neurona was detected. None was found positive for Neospora spp. All samples collected were examined using histopathological techniques looking for disease findings. Positive samples for S. neurona or T. gondii showed varied types of alteration (neutrophilic/meningeal inflammatory infiltrate), congestion/edema, hemorrhage, necrosis and malacia, indicating that they were affected by a neurotropic pathogen. The frequency of parasitic equine encephalitis using nested PCR-ITS1 was 7,9% (13/165) and abortion by protozoa (T. gondii was 9,5% (2/21). The incidence of these diseases may be higher than registered nowadays if equine CNS could be analyzed during clinical diagnosis routine for case conclusion.

Orientador: Semíramis Guimarães Ferraz Viana / Coorientador: Teresa Cristina Goulart de Oliveira-Sequeira / Banca: Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles / Banca: Rodrigo Martins Soares / Banca: Pedro Luís Silva Pinto / Banca: Simone Baldini Lucheis / Resumo: Muitas espécies de protozoários podem causar gastroenterite aguda ou crônica em seres humanos e são altamente prevalentes nas populações residentes nos países em desenvolvimento, onde a transmissão é favorecida devido a condições precárias de higiene e escassa disponibilidade de água potável. No entanto, a infecção assintomática e o poliparasitismo também são comumente observados nessas populações. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a prevalência de protozoários intestinais em duas colônias de pescadores, Porto Said (PS) e Santa Maria da Serra (SM), situadas ao longo do rio Tietê, no Estado de São Paulo. As colônias não dispõem de serviços públicos básicos como: vias públicas, fornecimento de água e luz e saneamento básico. Todos os colonos (n = 88 em PS, e n = 38 em SM) coletaram três amostras de fezes, e todos eram assintomáticos no momento da coleta. Para obter informações sobre as possíveis vias de transmissão, amostras fecais de 49 cães (38 de PS e 11 de SM) e 28 amostras de água do rio foram coletadas (16 de PS e 12 de SM). As amostras fecais humanas e caninas foram analisadas por microscopia e PCR para detectar e caracterizar os protozoários Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis e Cryptosporidium spp. Diante dos resultados obtidos, Blastocystis spp. foi o parasita mais prevalente nas amostras humanas (45,4% em PS e 71% em SM), seguido por D. fragilis (13,6% em PS e 18,4% em SM) e G. duodenalis (18,2% em PS e 7,9% em SM), já Cryptosporidium spp. não foi detectado na população humana. Além disso, G. duodenalis foi detectado em quatro cães (10,5%) em PS e dois cães (18,2%) em SM, enquanto que um único cão foi detectado com Cryptosporidium canis. Nas 28 amostras de água previamente processadas pelos métodos de filtração e separação imunomagnética e examinadas por microscopia de fluorescência, oocistos de Cryptosporidium e cistos de Giardia não foram... / Abstract: Several species of protozoa cause acute or chronic gastroenteritis in humans, worldwide. The burden of disease is particularly high among children living in developing areas of the world, where transmission is favored by lower hygienic standards and scarce availability of safe water. However, asymptomatic infection and polyparasitism are also commonly observed in poor settings. Here, we investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in two small fishermen villages, Porto Said (PS) and Santa Maria da Serra (SM), situated along the river Tietê in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The villages lack basic public infrastructures and services, such as roads, public water supply, electricity and public health services. Multiple fecal samples were collected from 88 individuals in PS and from 38 individuals in SM, who were asymptomatic at the time of sampling and had no recent history of diarrheal disease. To gain insights into potential transmission routes, 49 dog fecal samples (38 from PS and 11 from SM) and 28 river water samples were also collected. All samples were tested by microscopy and PCR was used to genotype isolates of Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis spp., Dientamoeba fragilis and Cryptosporidium spp. By molecular methods, the most common human parasite was Blastocystis spp. (prevalence, 45% in PS and 71% in SM), followed by D. fragilis (13.6% in PS, and 18.4% in SM) and G. duodenalis (18.2% in PS and 7.9% in SM); Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected. Further, G. duodenalis was found in 4 dogs (10.5%) in PS and 2 dogs (18.2%) in SM, whereas a single dog was found infected with Cryptosporidium canis. River water samples processed by filtration and immunomagnetic separation and examined by fluorescent microscopy, were negative for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Sequencing of the barcoding region of the small subunit ribosomal gene revealed large genetic variation among Blastocystis isolates, with subtypes (STs) that ... / Doutor

Pela grande produção de equinos no Brasil, perdas econômicas causadas por mortalidade ou perdas reprodutivas neste plantel simbolizam grandes prejuízos, tanto na produção para o mercado interno quanto para a exportação. Necessário se faz o acompanhamento de enfermidades que afetam o sistema nervoso desta espécie. Agentes virais e bacterianos causando problemas neurológicos e reprodutivos, nesta espécie, são amplamente estudados no Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre o papel dos protozoários da família Sarcocystidae em determinar sinais clínicos neurológicos e reprodutivos. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar protozoários formadores de cistos, com potencial para causar doença neurológica e reprodutiva, em amostras de tecido encefálico de equinos com diagnóstico clínico de encefalopatias e de fetos abortados. Foram analisadas 165 amostras de SNC e 21 amostras de feto abortado de equinos, enviados ao Instituto Biológico para realização de exames laboratoriais. As amostras foram submetidas à nested PCR-ITS1 com primers direcionados às regiões conservadas do lócus ribossômico de protozoários da família Sarcocystidae. Após confirmação do resultado, os produtos de amplificação foram sequenciados para a determinação das sequências ITS1, discriminatórias entre as diversas espécies de protozoários da família Sarcocystidae. Das 15 amostras positivas (duas de feto abortado e 13 de SNC de equino com sintomatologia neurológica) em 14 o protozoário envolvido foi Toxoplasma gondii e em uma delas Sarcocystis neurona. Para Neospora spp não foi encontrada nenhuma amostra positiva. Nas amostras de SNC também foi realizado o exame histopatológico para análise das alterações histopatológicas. Todos os materiais positivos para S. neurona ou T. gondii apresentaram algum tipo de alteração (infiltrado inflamatório meníngeo/neurópilo), congestão/edema, hemorragia, necrose, malácia, indicando a ação de patógeno neurotrópico. A frequência de amostras positivas pela nested PCR-ITS1, para a presença de protozoários foi 7,9% (13/165) e de abortamento por protozário (T. gondii) foi de 9,5% (2/21). Sarcocystis neurona foi encontrado em apenas uma amostra de SNC. Pelos resultados é possível inferir que a ocorrência de mieloencefalite e abortamentos causados pelos protozoários Sarcocistideos em equinos pode revelar-se maior do que se considera atualmente, caso o estudo do SNC nesta espécie seja executado rotineiramente para a conclusão de casos clínicos. / Regarding the importance of equine husbandry in Brazil, economic losses due to mortality or reproductive failures within these herds could mean significant problems for national and international trade market. Therefore, it is necessary to research for diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In Brazil, a broad amount of studies has been made concerning viral and bacterial neurvous and/or reproductive diseases. Although, little is stablished about the rule of protozoan from Sarcocystidae family leading to that kind of symptomatology. This study aimed to identify cystic protozoa which are potentially pathogenic for reproductive and neural tracts using samples from equine encephalic tissue of animals diagnosed with clinical encephalopathy and aborted fetuses. 165 samples of equine CNS and 21 aborted fetuses of this same species were analyzed in the Instituto Biológico facilities. They were submitted to nested PCR-ITS1 using primer to conserved regions from ribosomal locus of Sarcocystidae family protozoa. After confirmatory results, amplified samples were submitted to sequencing for determination of ITS-1 sequences, which are discriminatory concerning the several species of protozoan from Sarcocystidae family. Among the 15 positive identified samples (2 from aborted fetuses and 13 from adult equine CNS), in 14 were detected Toxoplasma gondii as the protozoa involved with the symptoms and in one of them Sarcocystis neurona was detected. None was found positive for Neospora spp. All samples collected were examined using histopathological techniques looking for disease findings. Positive samples for S. neurona or T. gondii showed varied types of alteration (neutrophilic/meningeal inflammatory infiltrate), congestion/edema, hemorrhage, necrosis and malacia, indicating that they were affected by a neurotropic pathogen. The frequency of parasitic equine encephalitis using nested PCR-ITS1 was 7,9% (13/165) and abortion by protozoa (T. gondii was 9,5% (2/21). The incidence of these diseases may be higher than registered nowadays if equine CNS could be analyzed during clinical diagnosis routine for case conclusion.

As pointed out more and more frequently in the literature, there is a pressing need for research into the health and environmental impact of nanoparticles. This work represents a joint effort between scientists in nanotechnology, chemistry and biology to answer this call and to investigate the environmental effects of carbon nantoubes (CNTs) from a brand new aspect. The results showed clearly the dose-dependent effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the ingestion and digestion of bacteria by Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliated protozoan, propagated to its prey bacteria, Escherichia coli. Investigated by confocal microscopy Tetrahymena were able to internalize large quantities of SWNTs and then excrete SWNTs and undigested bacteria in aggregates. Inhibition of ciliate bacterivory measured by Ciliate Bacterivory assay was evident at far below lethal concentrations. At high tube concentrations (above 6.8 μg∙ml-1), cell viability was affected. In addition, explored by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, SWNTs stimulated Tetrahymena to abnormally egest viable bacteria inside membrane protected structures, which enhanced bacterial survival during antimicrobial treatments, bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal. This phenomenon may have important implications to public health. In general, research on toxicity of nanoparticles is in a very early stage with most studies on direct fatality (kill or not to kill) of a single organism or certain type of cells. This work is believed to be among the first few investigating extrapolated effects. Hopefully, this wok will stimulate a line of research towards better understanding of the effects of nanomaterials on diverse organisms, and stimulate not only toxicology but also ecotoxicology studies.

The importance of the microbial food web and how it interplays with the classical food chain has gained considerable attention in temperate lakes. However its role in carbon transfer from pico- and nanoplankton to zooplankton and planktivores is relatively unknown in tropical lakes. Sampling of the microbial food web and experiments to estimate the growth rate and fate of its components were performed in Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the mixing season (May to August) 2002. Bacterioplankton and ciliate densities in Napoleon Gulf ranged from 6. 2 to 14. 9 cells x 10⁶&bull;mL^-1 and 51. 9 to 75. 2 cells&bull;mL^-1, respectively. Flagellate abundance was high, ranging from 70. 4 to 127. 9 cells x 10³&bull;mL^-1. Small flagellates, tentatively called Choanoflagellida, dominated the flagellate community by abundance and biomass. Bacterial growth rates were low, yet high abundance and cell size resulted in high bacterial production representing 24 to 38% of phytoplankton production. Protozoan growth rates and production are similar to values reported for other African lakes and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Protozoa were the dominant grazers of bacteria with grazing pressure switching from protozoa > 5 µm in June to protozoa < 5 µm (presumably flagellates) in July. In July, grazing on flagellates was from predators < 40 µm, probably ciliates, while the ciliate community was grazed by > 40-µm plankton. Given that plankton of Lake Victoria is dominated by colonial cyanobacteria and raptorial zooplankton, protozoa could be an important pathway in the pelagic food web of Lake Victoria, East Africa.

As pointed out more and more frequently in the literature, there is a pressing need for research into the health and environmental impact of nanoparticles. This work represents a joint effort between scientists in nanotechnology, chemistry and biology to answer this call and to investigate the environmental effects of carbon nantoubes (CNTs) from a brand new aspect. The results showed clearly the dose-dependent effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on the ingestion and digestion of bacteria by Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliated protozoan, propagated to its prey bacteria, Escherichia coli. Investigated by confocal microscopy Tetrahymena were able to internalize large quantities of SWNTs and then excrete SWNTs and undigested bacteria in aggregates. Inhibition of ciliate bacterivory measured by Ciliate Bacterivory assay was evident at far below lethal concentrations. At high tube concentrations (above 6.8 μg∙ml-1), cell viability was affected. In addition, explored by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, SWNTs stimulated Tetrahymena to abnormally egest viable bacteria inside membrane protected structures, which enhanced bacterial survival during antimicrobial treatments, bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal. This phenomenon may have important implications to public health. In general, research on toxicity of nanoparticles is in a very early stage with most studies on direct fatality (kill or not to kill) of a single organism or certain type of cells. This work is believed to be among the first few investigating extrapolated effects. Hopefully, this wok will stimulate a line of research towards better understanding of the effects of nanomaterials on diverse organisms, and stimulate not only toxicology but also ecotoxicology studies.

The presence of agrochemical residues in both urban and agricultural water bodies has become ubiquitous, often producing deleterious effects in the impacted watershed including reductions in biodiversity, alterations in species interactions, and toxicity to non-target organisms. While these effects have been studied on metazoan consumers, the consequences of agrochemical contamination on microorganisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, are poorly understood. Agrochemicals could act directly on microorganisms, including pathogens, by either facilitating their survival or decreasing their abundance. Further, a multitude of indirect effects of agrochemicals on microorganisms are possible, whereby agrochemicals alter predation, competition, or parasitism on or available nutrient to microbes. The primary method by which agrochemicals enter water bodies is through stormwater and agricultural runoff, which can also introduce agriculturally-associated zoonotic pathogens. Presently, regulatory standards utilize fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to predict the presence of pathogens in contaminated watersheds. However, if agrochemicals have different effects on FIB and bacterial pathogens, then these regulatory standards might be confounded by the presence of pesticide residues in impacted water bodies. Additionally, if agrochemicals promote the survival of zoonotic pathogens, then the presence of pesticide residues could potentially increase risks to human health. The studies in this dissertation investigated both the direct and indirect effects of agrochemicals on the growth and survival of FIBs ( Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis), zoonotic bacterial pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica), and two virus groups (human polyomaviruses and adenoviruses). The agrochemicals utilized in these experiments are among the most prominently used in their respective pesticide classes and included the herbicide atrazine, the insecticide malathion, the fungicide chlorothalonil and inorganic fertilizer containing phosphate and fixed nitrogen. Initially, complex mesocosms containing zooplankton, phytoplankton, leaf litter, and vertebrate and invertebrate species were used to examine net (direct and indirect) effects of agrochemicals on FIB in sediments. Subsequent studies utilized experiments in simplified microcosms to detect direct or indirect effects (i.e., predation, competition or effects on nutrient resources) on FIBs and pathogens. In complex mesocosms, atrazine and fertilizer significantly increased FIB densities in the sediment; however, because of the complexity of the mesocosms, it was not possible to determine whether these results were the product of direct or indirect agrochemical effects. Simplified microcosms, limited to predominantly direct effects, as well as in vitro growth curves, revealed no direct effects of any agrochemical treatment on either growth or survival of FIB or bacterial pathogens. When algal communities were allowed to establish, however, atrazine significantly reduced both phytoplankton and E. coli densities in the water column, but increased E. coli densities within the sediments. These effects on E. coli were indirect because they required the presence of algal species. To investigate indirect effects of predation on FIBs and E. coli O157:H7, we manipulated the presence and absence of an obligate heterotroph, Tetrahymena pyriformis, a facultative heterotroph, Ochromonas danica, and natural protozoan populations. In both laboratory and greenhouse microcosm experiments, the fungicide chlorothalonil significantly reduced all protozoan populations, which resulted in increased densities of FIBs and E. coli O157:H7 because of reduced predation. Atrazine was not found to have any significant direct effect on the densities of T. pyriformis or natural protozoans; however, atrazine did significantly reduce O. danica densities in greenhouse experiments. In laboratory experiments with O. danica, atrazine treatments resulted in decreased densities of E. coli O157:H7. Presumably, atrazine prevented or reduced photosynthesis forcing O. danica to increase its predation on E. coli thus shifting its trophic level. These studies reveal that agrochemicals can have a significant effect on microbial communities, but that these effects are often indirect and mediated through alterations of nutrient resources and predation. Atrazine application reduced FIB and pathogen densities in the water column via reduction of phytoplankton and increased predation by O. danica. These data suggest that the net effects of atrazine is deleterious to FIB survival in the water column and that application of this herbicide could result in an ecosystem service, reducing the abundance of zoonotic pathogens and lessening the risk to human health. However, elevation of FIB densities was observed in the sediments when atrazine was applied. The potential resuspension of increased sediment bacteria may negate or out-weigh the deleterious effects of atrazine on bacteria in the water column. Chlorothalonil application decreased protozoan densities, lessening the stress of predation on the bacterial targets and increasing FIB and E. coli O157:H7 densities. The use of chlorothalonil may therefore have negative implications for human health risks, as the reduction in predation seems to facilitate the survival of zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Understanding the net effects of agrochemicals is important for public health, as pesticide applications can act to either maintain or diminish potential bacterial and protozoan pathogens of humans. These studies show that indirect effects of agrochemicals on non-target microbes tend to be more prominent than direct effects and can significantly impact the fate of bacterial pathogens in aquatic environments.