TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE Magister en Economía / Desde hace 3 décadas, en los países latinoamericanos y particularmente en Chile, la cobertura de la educación secundaria ha ido aumentando fuertemente (Gutiérrez, Paredes, 2011) sobre todo en los quintiles de menores ingresos, sin embargo, los resultados académicos no son homogéneos a través de todos los quintiles. Utilizando la prueba SIMCE se ha encontrado que los estudiantes exhiben distinto rendimiento academico dependiendo de su nivel socioeconomico (Mizala, Romaguera y Urquiola, 2007). Estas brechas se detectan incluso al considerar el SIMCE de cuarto básico. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la hipótesis de que los alumnos exhiben una cierta persistencia en sus resultados académicos a traves del tiempo, es decir, que los resultados obtenidos en etapas tempranas parecen no mejorar o mejoran muy poco, cuando los comparamos con el desempeño obtenido al finalizar el ciclo escolar. Esta poca movilidad en los resultados académicos se traduce en que la brecha de rendimiento en contra de los estudiantes de menor nivel socioeconomico persista a través de todo el ciclo escolar.

Magíster en Antropología y Desarrollo / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / En el 2004, el Mineduc realiza un estudio cualitativo sobre el currículum evaluado en el aula. Entre los resultados comparativos se destaca que el trabajo en habilidades se incrementa a medida que se avanza en los niveles educacionales, pero en enseñanza media se concentra en habilidades de nivel medio. Al detenerse el ascenso en la gradiente de habilidades en enseñanza media, surge la pregunta por las características de los profesores de 8° básico, y su alto manejo en habilidades superiores. La tesis realizada explica esta situación a partir de dos movimientos. Por un lado, la gradiente ascendente del desarrollo de habilidades en las oportunidades de aprendizaje contenidas en las evaluaciones, se explica por los conceptos arraigados en el imaginario docente de la Taxonomía de Bloom. Por otro, este trabajo se ve truncado en Enseñanza Media por la presiones que ejerce en la práctica en el aula las demandes de la Prueba de Selección Universitaria (PSU), por el acento contenidista que la caracteriza. Cabe señalar que se trata de una investigación que se lleva a cabo a partir de las nociones de Campo y Habitus, desarrolladas por Pierre Bourdieu

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Sjökaptensstudenter på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar genomgår praktik under sammanlagt tolv månader i form av fartygsförlagd utbildning indelad i tre olika perioder under deras fyraåriga utbildning. Praktikperioderna ombord på fartyg ger studenterna möjligheten att lära sig yrket på ett praktiskt sätt, inte bara från läroboken. Ombord på fartyg används härdplaster i en stor utsträckning och som student på Sveriges två sjöfartshögskolor går man ut på fartygsförlagda praktikperioder med olika grundkunskaper inom härdplaster. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur sjökaptensstudenter förhåller sig till härdplaster genom en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer där sex avgångsstudenter från Sjökaptensprogrammet i Kalmar deltog. Resultatet visar att alla respondenter hanterade härdplaster under sina praktikperioder på fartyg, i form av tvåkomponentsfärger med olika utsträckningar av förståelse angående hälsorisker och PSU som ska användas för att minska hälsorisker. Studien visade också att faktorer som ålder, erfarenheter samt hur de ombordanställdas attityd kring hantering och användning av härdplaster spelar en stor roll på hur studenter förhåller sig till härdplaster. / Sea captain students at the Kalmar School of Maritime Capital undergo internship for a total of twelve months in the form of onboard education divided into three different periods during their four-year training. Practice periods onboard ships give students the opportunity to learn the profession in a practical way, not just from the textbook. Onboard ships, hardener is used extensively and as a student at Sweden’s two maritime universities goes out on onboard training with different basic knowledge about hardeners. The aim of the work was to examine how sea captain students relate to hardener through a qualitative method of semistructured interviews where six last year students from the sea captain Program in Kalmar participated. The result shows that all respondents handled hardener during their onboard training in the form of two-component paint with different extensions of understanding regarding health risks and PPE to be used to reduce its risks. The study also showed that factors such as age, experience and how the onboard attitude regarding handling and use of hardener play a big role in how students handle hardener by themselves.

Background: European studies on determinants and factors associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU) in children and adolescents are still sparse. This study reports the current amount of PSU symptoms and the presence of (clinically relevant) PSU in German children and adolescents. We also investigated associations between sociodemographic factors, different smartphone usage patterns, and daily smartphone usage time and the amount of PSU symptoms in this group. In addition, associations of PSU symptoms and high smartphone usage times (> 2 h/day) with behavioural problems, quality of life (QoL), and school performance were investigated. Methods: Within the framework of the LIFE Child study, 564 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years provided information on PSU symptoms (using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale), daily smartphone usage time, smartphone activities, behavioural strengths and difficulties (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), QoL (using the KIDSCREEN-27), and school performance. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations. Results: In the present sample, PSU was present in 13 children (2.3%). Older age, female gender, high daily smartphone usage time of > 2 h, and intensive smartphone use for social networking, gaming, or watching video clips were significantly associated with more PSU symptoms. Children and adolescents reporting more PSU symptoms also showed lower QoL, more behavioural difficulties, and poorer school performance, independently of age, gender, socio-economic status, and daily smartphone usage time. In contrast, daily smartphone usage time per se showed only weak or non-significant associations with these aspects of health and behaviour. Conclusion: Intensive smartphone use for entertainment may increase the risk of developing PSU symptoms. Furthermore, the results indicate that PSU symptoms (more than long smartphone usage times per se) are associated with more behavioural difficulties and poorer QoL

The literature is clear that intentional or unintentional clustering of data elements typically results in the inflation of the estimated standard error of fixed parameter estimates. This study is unique in that it examines the impact of multilevel data structures on subject ability which are random effect predictions known as empirical Bayes estimates in the one-parameter IRT / Rasch model. The literature on the impact of complex survey design on latent trait models is mixed and there is no "best practice" established regarding how to handle this situation. A simulation study was conducted to address two questions related to ability estimation. First, what impacts does design based clustering have with respect to desirable statistical properties when estimating subject ability with the one-parameter IRT / Rasch model? Second, since empirical Bayes estimators have shrinkage properties, what impacts does clustering of first-stage sampling units have on measurement validity-does the first-stage sampling unit impact the ability estimate, and if so, is this desirable and equitable? Two models were fit to a factorial experimental design where the data were simulated over various conditions. The first model Rasch model formulated as a HGLM ignores the sample design (incorrect model) while the second incorporates a first-stage sampling unit (correct model). Study findings generally showed that the two models were comparable with respect to desirable statistical properties under a majority of the replicated conditions-more measurement error in ability estimation is found when the intra-class correlation is high and the item pool is small. In practice this is the exception rather than the norm. However, it was found that the empirical Bayes estimates were dependent upon the first-stage sampling unit raising the issue of equity and fairness in educational decision making. A real-world complex survey design with binary outcome data was also fit with both models. Analysis of the data supported the simulation design results which lead to the conclusion that modeling binary Rasch data may resort to a policy tradeoff between desirable statistical properties and measurement validity. / Ph. D.