Dans ce travail, deux méthodes d'extraction multi-résidus de contaminants présents dans des sédiments ont été développées. Dans la première partie de cette étude, une méthode a été développée pour l’'extraction simultanée de deux familles de métabolites oxygénés d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), les quinones et les HAP hydroxylés (OH-HAP). Une approche chimiométrique a permis de déterminer les paramètres influant sur l’extraction assistée par micro-ondes (MAE) et une zone de compromis a été trouvée pour extraire de manière optimale les deux familles de composés. Deux méthodologies d’analyses chromatographiques ont été développées et validées pour analyser les extraits, puis comparées, à savoir la chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée aux détections UV et fluorimétrique (HPLC-UV-Fluo) et la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse par impact électronique (CPG-SM). En CPG-SM, des réactions de silylation des OH-HAP et d’acétylation des quinones ont dû être mises au point, afin d’abaisser les limites de détection (LD), en particulier pour les ortho-quinones. En HPLC-UV-Fluo, les LD étaient plus faibles qu’en CPG-SM, surtout pour les OH-HAP détectés en Fluo et l'analyse était plus rapide, sans processus de dérivation; mais la détection n’étant pas sélective, l’identification des analytes s’est avérée hazardeuse. Le choix s’est donc porté sur la CPG-SM pour une analyse plus fiable des deux familles de composés de matrices sédimentaires naturellement contaminées. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse, une nouvelle méthodologie d'extraction a été développée et validée, basée sur la dispersion en phase solide de la matrice solide (MSPD), capable d'extraire mais aussi de purifier l’échantillon, méthodologie par ailleurs simple et rapide. Deux familles de composés ont été extraits simultanément à partir de sédiments, les HAP et les polychlorobiphényles (PCB). Un certain nombre de paramètres ont été optimisés, tels la nature des agents dispersants, le temps de broyage, le volume et la nature du mélange de solvants d’élution. Dans un deuxième temps, l'introduction des OH-HAP dans le processus analytique a amené à coupler à la MSPD une autre méthode d’extraction/purification beaucoup plus sélective, basée sur les polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIP). En effet, les interférents polaires, restés piégés par l’agent dispersant polaire dans la première cartouche contenant le sédiment broyé, devaient être élués afin de libérer les OH-HAP, qui a leur tour devaient être retenus sélectivement dans un MIP empreint pour les phénols, pour fournir une élution finale exempte d'autres composés. Il a été montré que ces MIPs pouvaient extraire sélectivement les OH-HAP de faible et de haut poids moléculaire, mais il fallait choisir soigneusement le solvant de percolation pour ne pas endommager le polymère. Cependant, la difficulté principale a été de désorber les OH-HAP fortement retenus par le sédiment par liaison hydrogène. Cela a pu être réalisé pour les OH-HAP légers, en utilisant un mélange de solvants avec un effet de relargage par un sel, mais pas pour les OH-HAP lourds, trop fortement adsorbés sur la matrice sédimentaire. Par ailleurs, il a fallu utiliser une grande quantité de polymère à empreinte moléculaire à cause de la compétition pour les sites de reconnaissance entre les OH-HAP et des composés phénoliques. / In this work two multiresidual methods for extracting contaminants from sediments were developed. In the first part of this study, a method was developed for extracting simultaneously two groups of oxygenated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), quinones and hydroxylated PAHs (hydroxy-PAHs). A chemometric approach allowed us to determine the influential parameters on microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and a compromise could be found for extracting quantitatively both families of compounds. Two chromatographic analytical methodologies were developed and validated for analysing the extracts: high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorimetric and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV-FLD) and gas chromatography coupled with an electronic impact mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Using GC-MS, reactions of silylation of hydroxy-PAHs and of acetylation of quinones had to be developed, to decrease detection limits (LOD), particularly for ortho-quinones. Using HPLC-UV-FLD, LODs were lower than using GC-MS, particularly for hydroxy-PAHs detected by FLD, and the analysis was faster, without derivatization; but the detectors were not selective, and identification of analytes was doubtful. Choice was done to favour GC-MS for a more reliable analysis of the two families of compounds extracted from naturally contaminated sediments. In the second part of this thesis work, a new fast and simple extraction methodology was developed and validated, based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), capable of extracting and purifying simultaneously sediment samples. Two families of compounds were simultaneously extracted from sediments, PAHs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Many parameters were optimized, as the nature of dispersing agents, the time of grinding, the volume and nature of elution solvent mixtures. In a second step, hydroxy-PAHs were introduced in the analytical process, which led us to add another more selective extraction/purification method to MSPD, based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Indeed polar interfering compounds, trapped by the polar dispersant in the first cartridge containing the blended sediment, had to be eluted to release hydroxy-PAHs, which in turn had to be selectively retained by the polymer, imprinted for phenols, to provide a final eluate free from other polar compounds. It was demonstrated that those MIPs could selectively extract low and high molecular weight hydroxy-PAHs, but appropriate percolating solvents had to be chosen to avoid polymer damages. However, the main difficulty was to desorb hydroxy-PAHs strongly retained by the sediment matrix through hydrogen bonds. It could be achieved for light hydroxy-PAHs, using a mixture of eluting solvents with salting-out effect, but not for heavy hydroxy-PAHs which stayed strongly sorbed on the sediment matrix. Furthermore we needed to use high amounts of imprinted polymer because of the competition for recognition sites between hydroxy-PAHs and phenolic compounds.

Hydrocarbons, in particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been long discussed to be carriers of interstellar infrared (IR) emission and ultraviolet (UV) absorption features. Yet, their origin in dense phases of the interstellar medium (ISM), such as molecular clouds, remains unclear. In this work, growth mechanisms based on ion-molecule reactions between cationic PAHs/hydrocarbons and methyne (CH) were investigated. The reaction type and the precursor were derived and selected from known chemical and physical properties of the ISM. These chemical reactions were characterised by calculating branching ratios (based on cross sections) and capture rate coefficients, minimum reaction paths, reaction enthalpies, thermal equilibrium constants, and microcanonic isomerisation and radiative deactivation rate coefficients. In order to cope with the variety of reaction parameters, a hierarchic workflow scheme was set up. First, the reaction potential energy surface was sampled by molecular dynamics simulations. Then, minimum energy paths of the most probable reaction channels were investigated. Finally, molecular and kinetic properties of stationary points were calculated. The quantum chemical level of theory was increased at each step from DFTB (tight-binding density-functional), to DFT, and finally to post-Hartree-Fock methods. Results on CH based hydrocarbon growth showed the transition from non-cyclic hydrocarbons to cyclic and aromatic structures and from cyclic to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, the reactive collisions between hydrocarbons and CH were found to produce sufficient energy for isomerisation and fragmentation processes even at ultra low temperatures. In all, the results indicate that methyne might be a proper precursor for the formation of large interstellar PAHs. / Kohlenwasserstoffe, insbesondere polyzyklische Kohlenwasserstoffe (engl. PAHs), werden seit einigen Jahren als Mitverursacher interstellar IR-Emissions- und UV-Absorptionsbanden angesehen und diskutiert. Dabei ist die Herkunft dieser Moleküle in den dichten Phasen des interstellaren Mediums (ISM) aber noch nicht aufgeklärt. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher die Bildungsmechanismen, welche auf Ion-Molekül-Reaktionen zwischen kationischen PAHs und Kohlenwasserstoffen und dem Molekül CH beruhen, untersucht. Sowohl der Reaktionstyp als auch der Präkursor wurden anhand von bekannten physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des ISM abgeleitet und ausgewählt. Die Analyse der chemischen Reaktionen basierte auf Berechnungen zur Produktzusammensetzung und Einfangsratenkoeffizienten (welche wiederum aus berechneten Reaktionsquerschnitten hervorgingen) Minimumenergiepfade (MEP), Reaktionsenthalpien, thermische Gleichgewichtskonstanten und mikrokanonische Isomerisierungs- und Strahlungsdeaktivierungs-Ratenkoeffizienten. Um der Vielzahl an Reaktionsparameter gerecht zu werden, wurden die Berechnungsmethoden entsprechend eines hierarischen Fließschemas kombiniert. Hierzu wurden zuerst durch Molekulardynamik-Simulationen die Reaktionspotentialenergieflächen abgerastert. Auf der nächsten Stufe wurden statistisch bedeutsame Reaktionskanäle bezüglich ihrer Minimumenergiepfade untersucht. Den Abschluss bildete die Berechnung molekularer und kinetischer Charakteristika stationärer Punkte auf einem MEP. Entsprechend dieses Schemas wurde die quantenchemische Genauigkeit auf jeder Stufe von approximativer DFT über DFT zu post-Hartree-Fock verändert. Die Ergebnisse des CH-basierten Kohlenwasserstoffwachstums zeigten einen Übergang von nichtzyklischen zu zyklischen and aromatischen Strukturen, sowie von zyklischen zu polyzyklischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass reaktive Kollisionen zwischen Kohlenwasserstoffen und CH auch bei Tiefsttemperaturen immer ausreichend Energie für Isomerisierungs- und Fragmentationsprozesse liefert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen den Schluss zu, dass CH ein geeigneter Präkursor für die Bildung großer interstellarer PAH ist.

Les adduits exocycliques à l’ADN paraissent être la conséquence indirecte, sous la médiation de la peroxydation lipidique, du stress oxydant cellulaire induit par les composés aromatiques nitrés (CANs) de l’environnement. Ces derniers, formés le plus souvent in situ dans les environnements complexes sont un sujet de préoccupation croissante en santé environnementale. Le but étant de comprendre les mécanismes de formation et de dégradation de ces adduits afin d’en apprécier leur place dans la toxicité des CANs et leur intérêt en tant que biomarqueurs du stress oxydant induit par l’environnement.Nous avons réalisé la synthèse de deux adduits exocycliques : le 1,N²-éthéno-2’-déoxyguanosine (εdG) et le 1,N²-propano-2’-déoxyguanosine (pdG-HNE) et étudié leurstabilité en présence d’une oxydation radicalaire. Il est apparu que le pdG-HNE semble être lemeilleur candidat en tant que biomarqueur du stress oxydant.Pour approcher au mieux la chimie du vivant, nous nous sommes posés la question dela stabilité de ces adduits en milieu cellulaire. Une étude préliminaire de génotoxicité a étéréalisée et montre que seuls les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques nitrés présententune potentialité mutagène significative. Nous avons donc étudié le pyrène et ses dérivés nitrés(1-Nitropyrène/1,3-Dinitropyrène/1,6-Dinitropyrène/1,8-Dinitropyrène) afin d’étudier leurcapacité à générer des adduits dans les lymphocytes humains.Nos résultats montrent que le 1-Nitropyrène génère in vitro des adduits stables dans letemps ; ce qui pose la question de leur réparabilité par les systèmes cellulaires et de leurspotentialités cancérogènes pour l’homme. / Exocyclic DNA adducts seem to be the indirect consequence, mediated by lipidperoxidation, of oxidative stress induced by nitro aromatic compounds (NACs). The latterusually formed in situ in environmental complex mixtures are a matter of concern inenvironmental health. The aim is to understand the mechanisms of formation and degradationof these adducts to assess their place in toxicity of NACs and their importance as oxidativestress biomarkers induced by the environment.We synthesized two exocylic adducts: 1, N²-etheno-2’-deoxyguanosine (εdG) and 1,N²-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine (pdG-HNE) and studied their stability when a radicaloxidation is present. It appeared that pdG-HNE seems a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress.To come close to life chemistry, we were wondering whether these adducts are stablein cellular environment. A preliminary study of genotoxicity was carried out and showed thatonly nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a significant mutagenic potency. Thereforewe studied pyrene and nitropyrenes (1-Nitropyrene/1,3-Dinitropyrene/1,6-Dinitropyrene/1,8-Dinitropyrene) to examine their ability to produce adducts in human lymphocytes.Our results show that 1-Nitropyrene give rise to stable adducts in vitro, which raisesthe question of their repairability by cellular systems and their potential carcinogenic tohumans.

Le nombre croissant de sites affectés par la présence de matériaux technogéniques rend nécessaire l’étude du (bio)fonctionnement des Technosols, qui s’y développent. Un matériau technogénique, issu d’une ancienne friche industrielle de cokerie et présentant une multipollution en HAP et en métaux a été disposé dans des parcelles lysimétriques pour une étude in situ (site d’Homécourt, www.gisfi.fr). La caractérisation morphologique et analytique à différentes échelles du matériau initial nous a permis d’y définir, en analogie avec la classification pédologique standard, la présence (1) de constituants primaires tels que quartz, oxydes de fer, gypse et matières organiques anthropiques, (2) de pseudo-sables technogéniques, soit des laitiers, (3) d’agrégats technogéniques stables à l’eau (12% de la masse du sol) néoformés grâce au rôle agrégeant de la fraction fine (0-20µm). Matières organiques anthropiques et ETM (Zn Pb, Ba) contribuent à la formation de ces associations organo-minérales. Ce matériau d’origine anthropique, tout spécifique qu’il soit, contient des constituants minéraux et organiques capables de s’associer et donc susceptibles, au même titre que ceux des sols naturels, d’évoluer sous l’effet des facteurs pédogénétiques et former ainsi un technosol. Si les deux années d’expérimentation n’ont pas été suffisantes pour mettre en évidence une modification de la stabilité structurale de ce jeune Technosol, les résultats y soulignent l’impact des plantes colonisatrices et de la microflore rhizosphérique sur la formation d’associations organo-minérales. L’activité biologique est donc un facteur clef d’évolution de ces sols / The increasing number of sites affected by the presence of technogenic materials makes necessary the study of (bio)functioning of Technosols, developed there. A technogenic material, resulting from an old industrial coking plant and presenting a multipollution of HAP and metals was laid out in lysimetric pieces for an “in situ” study (site of Homécourt, www.gisfi.fr). The morphological and analytical characterization at different scales of initial material enabled us to define, in analogy with standard pedological classification, the presence (1) of primary constituents such as quartz, iron oxides, gypsum and anthropic organic matters, (2) of technogenic pseudo-sands, like slags, (3) of water-stable technogenic aggregates (12% of the soil mass), generated through the aggregating role of the fine fraction (0-20 µm). Anthropic organic matter and ETM (Zn Pb, Ba) contribute to the formation of these organo-mineral associations. This material of anthropic origin, while it is specific, contains mineral and organic components able to aggregate and is thus, as well as natural soils, able to develop under the influence of pedogenic factors to form a Technosol. If the two years of experimentation were not sufficient to highlight a modification of the structural stability of this young Technosol, the results underline there the impact of the colonizing plants and the rhizospheric microflora on the formation of organo-mineral associations. The biological activity is thus a key factor of evolution of these soils

O material particulado atmosferico é reconhecido como mutagênico. Embora vários compostos já tenham sido identificados nessa matriz, os mesmos não explicam o efeito observado na maioria dos bioensaios realizados. O ensaio de mutagenicidade Salmonella/microssoma tem sido amplamente utilizado para a avaliação de amostras atmosféricas o qual é muito sensível na detecção de vários tipos de mutágenos, pois é realizado com diferentes linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica exógena. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da utilização de combinações seletivas de linhagens S. typhimurium na caracterização da mutagenicidade de amostras de material particulado total de ar coletado em Limeira, uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo sob influência de intenso tráfego, emissões industriais e da agricultura, incluindo o plantio de cana de açúcar. Foram avaliados seis extratos orgânicos obtidos com diclorometano por ultrasonicação, utilizando o método Salmonella/microssoma em microssuspensão na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica (mistura S9) em experimentos de dose-resposta, com quantidade máxima de 50 µg de material orgânico extraído (MOE) por placa. Os pares de linhagens utilizados foram: YG1041/TA98, para verificar a presença de nitrocompostos, como 1- nitropireno e/ou aminas aromáticas; YG5161/TA1538, altamente sensivel aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) não substituídos como o benzo[a]pireno (BaP); e YG7108/TA1535, para a indicação de agentes alquilantes. Os resultados indicaram que os compostos que podem melhor explicar os efeitos observados são os nitro e/ou aminas aromáticas e não os HPA não substituídos como o BaP. O par YG7108/TA1535 forneceu respostas negativas para todas as amostras. As combinações seletivas de linhagens S. typhimurium (YG1041/TA98 e YG5161/TA1538) mostraram-se eficientes na caracterização da mutagenicidade de amostras de ar coletadas na cidade de Limeira, podendo ser utilizadas como uma importante ferramenta de auxílio do ensaio Salmonella/microssoma em microssuspensão em estudos de análises quimicas direcionadas pelo efeito biológico (ADEB). As potências mutagênicas observadas com a linhagem TA98 para a cidade de Limeira foram similares aquelas verificadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A comparação das respostas de mutagenicidade observadas para as amostras analisadas com o perfil de compostos puros, encontrados na literatura, não forneceu candidatos que podem representar a mistura. Mais estudos de mutagenicidade com compostos puros utilizando os pares de linhagens propostos (TA98/YG1041 e TA1538/YG5161) e análises quimicas de extratos fracionados são necessários para verificar se esta abordagem pode ser útil em estudos de ADEB, e consequentemente na descoberta de novos poluentes atmosféricos. / The atmospheric particulate matter is recognized as mutagenic. Although several compounds have been identified in this matrix, they do not explain the observed effect in most bioassays that have been performed. The Salmonella/microsome assay has been widely used for the evaluation of atmospheric samples, The assay is very sensitive in the detection of various types of mutagens, because it is performed with different strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. The main objective of this work was to verify the applicability of selective combination of strains in the characterization of mutagenicity of total airborne particulate matter collected in Limeira, a São Paulo State city in a site influenced by heavy traffic, industrial and agricultural emissions, including sugar cane plantations. We tested six extracts obtained with methylene chloride by ultrasonication using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension protocol in the presence and absence of rat liver S9 in dose response experiments, using 50 µg of extractable organic matter (EOM) as a maximum dose per plate. The following pairs of strains were used: YG1041/TA98, to verify the presence of nitro-compounds, as 1-nitropyrene and/or aromatic amines; YG5161/TA1538, highly sensitive to non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP); and YG7108/TA1535, for the indication of alkylating agents. The results indicated that the compounds that can better explain the observed effect are the nitro and/or aromatic amines and not nonsubstituted PAHs such as BaP. The pair YG7108/TA1535 provided negative responses for all the samples. Selective combinations of S. typhimurium strains (YG1041/TA98 and YG5161/TA1538) proved efficient in the characterization of mutagenicity of airborne samples collected in the city of Limeira and can be used as an important tool for the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay in effect directed chemical analysis (EDA) studies. The mutagenic potencies observed with TA98 strain for the city of Limeira were similar to those verified in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The comparison of the observed mutagenicity responses for the samples analyzed with the profiles of pure compounds found in the literature did not provide any candidates that could alone represent the mixture. More mutagenicity studies with pure compounds using the proposed pair of strains (TA98/YG1041 and TA1538/YG5161) along with chemical analysis of fractioned extracts are needed to verify if this approach can be useful in EDA studies, and consequently in the discovery of new air priority pollutants.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nitrados (nitro-HPAs) são potencialmente genotóxicos, por isso existe um grande interesse na determinação analítica desses compostos no material particulado no ar. Os nitro-PAHs são emitidos diretamente para a atmosfera pela combustão incompleta ou podem ser formados in situ a partir dos HPAs precursores. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de um método de análise de nitro-HPAs (1-nitronaftaleno, 2-nitronaftaleno, 1-nitropireno, 2-nitropireno, 2-nitrofluoranteno, 3-nitrofluoranteno, 1,3-dinitropireno, 1,6- dinitropireno, 2-nitrofluoreno, 6-nitrocriseno, 7-nitrobenzo(a)antraceno, 9- nitroantraceno e 9-nitrofenantreno) por GCxGC. A separação destes compostos por GCxGC pode simplificar a etapa de pré-tratamento do extrato orgânico oriundo do material particulado no ar. A GCxGC promove a separação em duas colunas com mecanismos de separação diferentes, conectadas em série, o que resulta em uma capacidade de separação maior. O sistema GCxGC empregado neste trabalho possui um injetor com programação de temperatura (PTV), um modulador criogênico de dois jatos de CO2 líquido (Dual Jet) e um detector por ionização em chama (FID). A separação foi feita empregando a fase estacionária apolar 5% fenil polisilfenilene siloxano na primeira coluna (30 m / 0,25 mm / 0,25 µm) e a semipolar 14% cianopropilfenil polisiloxano na segunda coluna (1 m / 0,10 mm / 0,10 µm). Diferentes condições cromatográficas foram testadas, como: programação de temperatura no PTV, de 40-90ºC até 350ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2,2 e 14,5ºC/s; programação de temperatura no forno, de 40-90ºC até 300ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2, 2,5 e 3ºC/min; períodos de modulação de 3, 4 e 5s. O volume injetado foi 2µL, no modo splitless; a vazão do gás de arraste (He) foi constante e igual a 1 mL/min e o detector FID foi operado em 120 Hz. As larguras de pico medidas em 10% da altura variaram de 167 a 350ms para 1- nitronaftaleno e 6-nitrocriseno, respectivamente, e a capacidade de pico para o conjunto de colunas de separação usado foi estimada em cerca de 9800. Parâmetros de validação, tais como os limites de detecção (200 a 500 ng/mL) e de quantificação (650 a 1600 ng/mL) para alguns nitro-HPAs foram determinados. Para a quantificação, foram testados os métodos por padronização interna e externa, sendo que, através dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se mostrar que a determinação de nitro-HPAs por GCxGC com o modulador empregado é possível se for feita através do método de padronização interna. O sistema GCxGC empregado causou dificuldades operacionais, principalmente na conexão das colunas e na modulação. Perdas de massa de analito foram detectadas nas análises por GCxGC, muito provavelmente causadas por uma conexão parcial das colunas. Isso poderia ser evitado se a conexão fosse feita pela fusão das colunas a um conector de vidro adequado a essa finalidade. Picos modulados divididos foram observados com frequência, o que comprometeu a precisão e exatidão dos resultados. A divisão dos picos ocorreu de modo aleatório dificultando a identificação da causa mais provável para a sua ocorrência. Cromatogramas GCxGC de extratos orgânicos não fracionados de particulados no ar, oriundos de queima direta de palha de cana-de-açúcar, de região afetada pela queima de cana-de-açúcar e de área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, mostraram a potencialidade do método / Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are potentially genotoxic, so there is a great interest in the analytical determination of these compounds in airborne particulate matter. The nitro-PAHs are emitted directly into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion or may be formed in situ from PAHs. In this work, results obtained from the development of an analytical method for nitro-PAHs by GCxGC are presented. The nitro-PAHs studied were: 1- nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitropyrene, 2- nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 2- nitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 7-nitrobenzo(a)anthracene, 9-nitroanthracene and 9- nitrophenanthrene. The separation of these compounds by GCxGC should simplify the pretreatment step of the airborne particulate organic extract. In GCxGC two capillary columns of different mechanisms of separation are coupled by an interface called modulator, which increase significantly the chromatographic resolution. The GCxGC system used in this work is equipped with a PTV injector, a dual-stage double jets CO2 cryogenic modulator and a flame ionization detector (FID). The separation was carried out using a nonpolar stationary phase 5% methyl phenyl polysiloxane in the first column (30 m / 0.25 mm / 0.25 µm) and a semipolar 14% cyanopropyl phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane in the second column. Different chromatographic conditions were tested: the PTV was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.2 and 14.5ºC/s; the oven was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0ºC/min; the modulation periods tested were 3, 4 and 5s. The injected volume was 2µL in splitless mode, the carrier gas (He) flow rate of 1 mL/min was constant and the FID detector was operated at 120 Hz. Validation parameters, such as the limit of detection (200 - 500 ng/mL) and quantitation (650 - 1600 ng/mL) were determined. For quantification, the internal and external standardization methods were tested, and through the results of this study, it can be shown that the determination of nitro-PAHs by GCxGC with the modulator used is possible if made by internal standardization method. The GCxGC system presented operational difficulties, particularly in the column connection and in the modulation zone. A partial connection of the columns resulted in mass loss of the analytes. The connection of the columns could be more effective if it was made by fusing the columns to a glass connector suitable for this purpose. Divided modulated peaks were frequently observed, which compromised the precision and accuracy of the results. The division of the peaks occurred randomly hindering the identification of the most likely cause for its occurrence. GCxGC chromatograms corresponding to unfractionated organic extracts of airborne particulate material from the sugarcane straw burning, from an area impacted by sugar cane burning emissions and from an urban area of São Paulo City showed the capability of the method.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nitrados (nitro-HPAs) são potencialmente genotóxicos, por isso existe um grande interesse na determinação analítica desses compostos no material particulado no ar. Os nitro-PAHs são emitidos diretamente para a atmosfera pela combustão incompleta ou podem ser formados in situ a partir dos HPAs precursores. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de um método de análise de nitro-HPAs (1-nitronaftaleno, 2-nitronaftaleno, 1-nitropireno, 2-nitropireno, 2-nitrofluoranteno, 3-nitrofluoranteno, 1,3-dinitropireno, 1,6- dinitropireno, 2-nitrofluoreno, 6-nitrocriseno, 7-nitrobenzo(a)antraceno, 9- nitroantraceno e 9-nitrofenantreno) por GCxGC. A separação destes compostos por GCxGC pode simplificar a etapa de pré-tratamento do extrato orgânico oriundo do material particulado no ar. A GCxGC promove a separação em duas colunas com mecanismos de separação diferentes, conectadas em série, o que resulta em uma capacidade de separação maior. O sistema GCxGC empregado neste trabalho possui um injetor com programação de temperatura (PTV), um modulador criogênico de dois jatos de CO2 líquido (Dual Jet) e um detector por ionização em chama (FID). A separação foi feita empregando a fase estacionária apolar 5% fenil polisilfenilene siloxano na primeira coluna (30 m / 0,25 mm / 0,25 µm) e a semipolar 14% cianopropilfenil polisiloxano na segunda coluna (1 m / 0,10 mm / 0,10 µm). Diferentes condições cromatográficas foram testadas, como: programação de temperatura no PTV, de 40-90ºC até 350ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2,2 e 14,5ºC/s; programação de temperatura no forno, de 40-90ºC até 300ºC, com taxa de aquecimento de 2, 2,5 e 3ºC/min; períodos de modulação de 3, 4 e 5s. O volume injetado foi 2µL, no modo splitless; a vazão do gás de arraste (He) foi constante e igual a 1 mL/min e o detector FID foi operado em 120 Hz. As larguras de pico medidas em 10% da altura variaram de 167 a 350ms para 1- nitronaftaleno e 6-nitrocriseno, respectivamente, e a capacidade de pico para o conjunto de colunas de separação usado foi estimada em cerca de 9800. Parâmetros de validação, tais como os limites de detecção (200 a 500 ng/mL) e de quantificação (650 a 1600 ng/mL) para alguns nitro-HPAs foram determinados. Para a quantificação, foram testados os métodos por padronização interna e externa, sendo que, através dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se mostrar que a determinação de nitro-HPAs por GCxGC com o modulador empregado é possível se for feita através do método de padronização interna. O sistema GCxGC empregado causou dificuldades operacionais, principalmente na conexão das colunas e na modulação. Perdas de massa de analito foram detectadas nas análises por GCxGC, muito provavelmente causadas por uma conexão parcial das colunas. Isso poderia ser evitado se a conexão fosse feita pela fusão das colunas a um conector de vidro adequado a essa finalidade. Picos modulados divididos foram observados com frequência, o que comprometeu a precisão e exatidão dos resultados. A divisão dos picos ocorreu de modo aleatório dificultando a identificação da causa mais provável para a sua ocorrência. Cromatogramas GCxGC de extratos orgânicos não fracionados de particulados no ar, oriundos de queima direta de palha de cana-de-açúcar, de região afetada pela queima de cana-de-açúcar e de área urbana da cidade de São Paulo, mostraram a potencialidade do método / Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are potentially genotoxic, so there is a great interest in the analytical determination of these compounds in airborne particulate matter. The nitro-PAHs are emitted directly into the atmosphere by incomplete combustion or may be formed in situ from PAHs. In this work, results obtained from the development of an analytical method for nitro-PAHs by GCxGC are presented. The nitro-PAHs studied were: 1- nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitropyrene, 2- nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene, 2- nitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 7-nitrobenzo(a)anthracene, 9-nitroanthracene and 9- nitrophenanthrene. The separation of these compounds by GCxGC should simplify the pretreatment step of the airborne particulate organic extract. In GCxGC two capillary columns of different mechanisms of separation are coupled by an interface called modulator, which increase significantly the chromatographic resolution. The GCxGC system used in this work is equipped with a PTV injector, a dual-stage double jets CO2 cryogenic modulator and a flame ionization detector (FID). The separation was carried out using a nonpolar stationary phase 5% methyl phenyl polysiloxane in the first column (30 m / 0.25 mm / 0.25 µm) and a semipolar 14% cyanopropyl phenyl dimethyl polysiloxane in the second column. Different chromatographic conditions were tested: the PTV was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.2 and 14.5ºC/s; the oven was programmed from 40-90ºC to 350ºC at 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0ºC/min; the modulation periods tested were 3, 4 and 5s. The injected volume was 2µL in splitless mode, the carrier gas (He) flow rate of 1 mL/min was constant and the FID detector was operated at 120 Hz. Validation parameters, such as the limit of detection (200 - 500 ng/mL) and quantitation (650 - 1600 ng/mL) were determined. For quantification, the internal and external standardization methods were tested, and through the results of this study, it can be shown that the determination of nitro-PAHs by GCxGC with the modulator used is possible if made by internal standardization method. The GCxGC system presented operational difficulties, particularly in the column connection and in the modulation zone. A partial connection of the columns resulted in mass loss of the analytes. The connection of the columns could be more effective if it was made by fusing the columns to a glass connector suitable for this purpose. Divided modulated peaks were frequently observed, which compromised the precision and accuracy of the results. The division of the peaks occurred randomly hindering the identification of the most likely cause for its occurrence. GCxGC chromatograms corresponding to unfractionated organic extracts of airborne particulate material from the sugarcane straw burning, from an area impacted by sugar cane burning emissions and from an urban area of São Paulo City showed the capability of the method.

O material particulado atmosferico é reconhecido como mutagênico. Embora vários compostos já tenham sido identificados nessa matriz, os mesmos não explicam o efeito observado na maioria dos bioensaios realizados. O ensaio de mutagenicidade Salmonella/microssoma tem sido amplamente utilizado para a avaliação de amostras atmosféricas o qual é muito sensível na detecção de vários tipos de mutágenos, pois é realizado com diferentes linhagens de Salmonella typhimurium na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica exógena. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade da utilização de combinações seletivas de linhagens S. typhimurium na caracterização da mutagenicidade de amostras de material particulado total de ar coletado em Limeira, uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo sob influência de intenso tráfego, emissões industriais e da agricultura, incluindo o plantio de cana de açúcar. Foram avaliados seis extratos orgânicos obtidos com diclorometano por ultrasonicação, utilizando o método Salmonella/microssoma em microssuspensão na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica (mistura S9) em experimentos de dose-resposta, com quantidade máxima de 50 µg de material orgânico extraído (MOE) por placa. Os pares de linhagens utilizados foram: YG1041/TA98, para verificar a presença de nitrocompostos, como 1- nitropireno e/ou aminas aromáticas; YG5161/TA1538, altamente sensivel aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) não substituídos como o benzo[a]pireno (BaP); e YG7108/TA1535, para a indicação de agentes alquilantes. Os resultados indicaram que os compostos que podem melhor explicar os efeitos observados são os nitro e/ou aminas aromáticas e não os HPA não substituídos como o BaP. O par YG7108/TA1535 forneceu respostas negativas para todas as amostras. As combinações seletivas de linhagens S. typhimurium (YG1041/TA98 e YG5161/TA1538) mostraram-se eficientes na caracterização da mutagenicidade de amostras de ar coletadas na cidade de Limeira, podendo ser utilizadas como uma importante ferramenta de auxílio do ensaio Salmonella/microssoma em microssuspensão em estudos de análises quimicas direcionadas pelo efeito biológico (ADEB). As potências mutagênicas observadas com a linhagem TA98 para a cidade de Limeira foram similares aquelas verificadas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A comparação das respostas de mutagenicidade observadas para as amostras analisadas com o perfil de compostos puros, encontrados na literatura, não forneceu candidatos que podem representar a mistura. Mais estudos de mutagenicidade com compostos puros utilizando os pares de linhagens propostos (TA98/YG1041 e TA1538/YG5161) e análises quimicas de extratos fracionados são necessários para verificar se esta abordagem pode ser útil em estudos de ADEB, e consequentemente na descoberta de novos poluentes atmosféricos. / The atmospheric particulate matter is recognized as mutagenic. Although several compounds have been identified in this matrix, they do not explain the observed effect in most bioassays that have been performed. The Salmonella/microsome assay has been widely used for the evaluation of atmospheric samples, The assay is very sensitive in the detection of various types of mutagens, because it is performed with different strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. The main objective of this work was to verify the applicability of selective combination of strains in the characterization of mutagenicity of total airborne particulate matter collected in Limeira, a São Paulo State city in a site influenced by heavy traffic, industrial and agricultural emissions, including sugar cane plantations. We tested six extracts obtained with methylene chloride by ultrasonication using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension protocol in the presence and absence of rat liver S9 in dose response experiments, using 50 µg of extractable organic matter (EOM) as a maximum dose per plate. The following pairs of strains were used: YG1041/TA98, to verify the presence of nitro-compounds, as 1-nitropyrene and/or aromatic amines; YG5161/TA1538, highly sensitive to non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP); and YG7108/TA1535, for the indication of alkylating agents. The results indicated that the compounds that can better explain the observed effect are the nitro and/or aromatic amines and not nonsubstituted PAHs such as BaP. The pair YG7108/TA1535 provided negative responses for all the samples. Selective combinations of S. typhimurium strains (YG1041/TA98 and YG5161/TA1538) proved efficient in the characterization of mutagenicity of airborne samples collected in the city of Limeira and can be used as an important tool for the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay in effect directed chemical analysis (EDA) studies. The mutagenic potencies observed with TA98 strain for the city of Limeira were similar to those verified in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The comparison of the observed mutagenicity responses for the samples analyzed with the profiles of pure compounds found in the literature did not provide any candidates that could alone represent the mixture. More mutagenicity studies with pure compounds using the proposed pair of strains (TA98/YG1041 and TA1538/YG5161) along with chemical analysis of fractioned extracts are needed to verify if this approach can be useful in EDA studies, and consequently in the discovery of new air priority pollutants.

Analytical Characterization of complex mixtures, such as crude oil, environmental samples, and biological mixtures, is challenging because of the large diversity of molecular components. Mass spectrometry based techniques are among the most powerful tools for the separation of molecules based on their molecular composition, and the coupling of ion mobility spectrometry has enabled the separation and structural elucidation using the tridimensional structure of the molecule. The present work expands the ability of analytical chemists by furthering the development of IMS-MS instrumentation by coupling Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). The TIMS-FT-ICR MS platform combines the high-resolution separation of TIMS, which has mobility resolving powers up to 400, and ultra-high mass resolution of FT-ICR MS, with mass resolving power over 1,000,000. This instrumentation allows the assignment of exact chemical composition for compounds in a complex mixture, as well as measurement of the collision cross-section of the molecule. Herein, the principles of the TIMS separation and its coupling to FT-ICR MS are described, as well as how the platform can be applied to targeted analysis of molecules, and untargeted characterization of complex mixtures. Molecular standards were analyzed by TIMS-MS in order to develop a computational workflow that can be utilized to elucidate molecular structure, using the measured collision cross-section of the ion. This workflow enabled identification of structural, cis/trans isomers, and chelated molecules and provides the basis for unsupervised structural elucidation of a complex mixture, and in particular for the elucidation of hydrocarbons from fossil fuels. In summary, this work presents the coupling of TIMS-FT-ICR MS and provides examples of applications as a proof of concept of the potential of this platform for solving complex analytical challenges.

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>