Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

Pain can be a warning sign, but in surgery it is associated mainly with medical procedures. The aim of the research survey was to map out the pain rating scales that are used in practice in surgical patients, to determine the opinion of surgical nurses on these scales and patient experience. Furthermore, the paperwas aimed at the creation of a recommended procedure for evaluation of pain in surgical patients. In the empirical part of the thesis, quantitative and qualitative research was used. In the quantitative research, two questionnaires were created - for nurses (a non-standardized questionnaire) and for surgical patients (a combination of a non-standardized and standardized questionnaire). The focus group method with surgical patients and nurses was used as a qualitative method. The research survey shows that the most commonly used scale in practice is the visual analogue scale and verbal evaluation. Although these methods are widely used, our results suggest that they are not entirely sufficient. Respondents from the groups of nurses and patients wanted to add more accurate verbal description to the evaluation and increase the frequency of pain evaluation by a doctor and nurse. The most frequent symptoms of pain from the perspective of patients included: limited mobility and self-sufficiency, emotional lability, and verbal manifestations. And from the perspective of nurses: limited mobility, non-cooperation, limited self-sufficiency and verbal manifestations. Among the methods that are used most often by patientsto relieve painare medicinesprescribed by the doctor, relief positions, sleep and rest. More than 90% of patients are satisfied with the cooperation with the nurse and the doctor in the evaluation and treatment of pain. Based on the data analysis, a procedure for assessing pain in surgical patients has been proposed. Its clarity and usability were verified using the focus group method with surgical nurses and patients. Both the nurses and the patients assessed the recommended procedure quite positively. Possible pitfalls were perceived in the necessity of sufficient nurse-patient cooperation and enough time to implement the proposed assessment. The research survey was carried out in the territory of the South Bohemian region and is processed as part of thesolution of the GAJU team grant project - Use of Measuring Instruments in Nursing Practice (059/2018/S).

Durante muito tempo a dor nos animais foi subestimada, pensando-se que não sentiam dor ou que seu limiar era alto. As manifestações de dor eram mal interpretadas ou ignoradas, e por este motivo não existia uma justificativa para a prevenção ou tratamento adequado da dor. Existem sinais de dor nos animais que podem passar desapercebidos, como sons e mudanças comportamentais ou gestuais que necessitam ser tomado em conta. Devemos observar tanto as variações de conduta como as fisiológicas, que nos indicam dor, para conseguir tratá-la adequada e oportunamente. Neste estudo foram utilizados 20 eqüinos encaminhados para cirurgia artroscópica junto ao Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais da FMVZ/USP, estabelecendo-se protocolos de avaliação de dor dos pacientes associados a tratamento da dor pós-operatória. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que no grupo 1 foi aplicada morfina na dosagem 0,1 mg/kg, por via intra-articular ao término do procedimento artroscópico, e no grupo 2 administrou-se fenilbutazona na dose de 4.4 mg/kg, uma vez ao dia, durante três dias, sendo a primeira aplicação realizada imediatamente antes ao procedimento cirúrgico. Dez eqüinos, pertencentes aos Departamentos de Clínica Médica e de Cirurgia da FMVZ / USP, formaram o grupo controle para valores séricos de cortisol, que também foi mensurado nos grupos 1 e 2. Nestes animais não foi realizado procedimento artroscópico. Os animais operados que apresentaram dor acentuada, não controlada com o protocolo do experimento, receberam terapia analgésica adicional e foram então retirados da avaliação nos momentos seguintes. Os parâmetros observados para avaliação da dor foram: grau de claudicação, resposta à palpação local, escala numérica visual (ENV), escala facial de dor e mensuração de freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e cortisol sérico. Onze momentos foram avaliados durante cinco dias pela manhã e à tarde, e as duas, quatro e seis horas após o procedimento cirúrgico. A análise dos resultados baseou-se na comparação entre os grupos e entre os diferentes momentos. Os resultados analisados demonstraram que a avaliação comportamental e a mensuração da concentração de cortisol foram essenciais para complementar o exame habitualmente realizado através dos parâmetros fisiológicos, como freqüência cardíaca e respiratória. Para esta avaliação comportamental é necessário o uso de escalas que permitam fazer uma avaliação mais especifica para a espécie, portanto, a escala numérica visual e em especial a escala de dor pela face são uma boa maneira de avaliar a dor em cavalos e podem ser utilizadas rotineiramente para a determinação clínica de dor na espécie eqüina.Também pudemos observar que a utilização de fenilbutazona sistêmica foi mais efetiva no tratamento da dor após cirurgia artroscópica que a administração de morfina intra-articular, nas doses empregadas. / For a long time the pain in animals was underestimated, thought that they didnt feel pain or that its threshold was high. Demonstrations of pain were misinterpreted or ignored, for that reason there wasnt a justification for its prevention or adequate treatment. There are signs of pain in animals that can pass unnoticed, like sounds and behavioral or gesture changes that most be taken into account. We must to observe behavioral and physiological variations that would indicate existence of pain in animals in order to manage and treat it adequate and opportunely. In this study were used 20 horses referred for arthroscopic surgery to the Veterinary Hospital at FMVZ/USP, and were established protocols for the patient evaluation and treatment of postoperative pain. Horses were divided randomly in two groups: in the group 1, it was performed the intra-articular administration of morphine in a dose of 0,1mg/kg at the end of the arthroscopic procedure and in the group 2 It was administered phenilbutazone in a dose of 4.4mg/kg once a day for three days, being carried out the first application immediately before the surgical procedure. Ten horses, which belong to the Departments of Clinics and Surgery at FMVZ/USP, formed the control group for the seric cortisol levels determination that was also measured in groups 1 and 2. In these animals wasnt carried out any arthroscopic procedure. In specific cases when the horse presented intense pain that couldnt be controlled with the experimental protocol, it was instituted additional analgesia and the animal withdrawn of the subsequent evaluations. Parameters observed for pain evaluation were: degree of lameness, response to local palpation, numeric rating scale (NRS), scale of pain determined by the facial expression, measurement of respiratory and cardiac rate, and seric cortisol measurement. Eleven moments were evaluated during 5 days, in the morning and in the afternoon and at two, four and six hours after the surgical procedure. Results analysis was based on the comparison between the groups and among the different moments. Results of analysis showed that the behavioral evaluation and measurement of cortisol concentrations were essential to complement the routine exam carried out to obtain physiological parameters, as respiratory and cardiac rate. For the behavioral testing it is necessary the use of scales that allow to perform a more specific pain evaluation for the specie, for that purpose the visual analog scale and especially the scale of pain determined by the facial expression are a good way to evaluate the level of pain in horses, and they can be used in a routine way for the clinical pain assessment in horses. Also we could observe that the use of systemic phenilbutazone was more effective in the pain control after arthroscopic surgery that intra-articular administration of morphine at the end of the arthroscopic procedure in the doses used in the present study.

Skausmo malšinimas yra nenauja ir iki šiol aktuali problema visame pa¬saulyje, o oligoanalgezijos reiškinys, deja, yra taip pat dažnas. Mokslininkai atliko ne viena studiją ir pasiūlė būdus, kaip galima būtų išgyvendinti šį reiškinį, tačiau skausmo gydymo rekomendacijų diegimas neduoda reikiamo efekto. Tikėtina, kad nusi¬stovėjusios vietos tradicijos ar žmonių požiūris gali lemti, tai, kad įrodymais grįstos rekomendacijos yra nepilnai pritaikomos praktikoje. Todėl šiame tyrime ieškoma svarbių ūminio nediferencijuoto pilvo skausmo, klinikinių skausmo charakteristikų ir veiksnių, lemiančių ūminio pilvo skausmo efektyvų gydymą universitetinės ligo¬ninės skubios pagalbos skyriuje. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti pacientų, patiriančių ūminį nediferencijuotą pilvo skausmą, klinikines skausmo charakteristikas atvykstant ir išvykstant iš universitetinės ligoninės skubios pagalbos skyriaus. 2. Įvertinti ūminio pilvo skausmo malšinimo tendencijas universite¬tinės ligoninės skubios pagalbos skyriuje ir palyginti jas su šalyje galiojančiomis rekomendacijoms. 3. Nustatyti skirtumus tarp paciento subjektyvaus pilvo skausmo stip¬ru¬mo vertinimo ir slaugytojų bei gydytojų paciento patiriamo skaus¬mo stiprumo vertinimo. 4. Ištirti stipriųjų analgetikų (morfino) poveikį neaiškios kilmės ūminio pilvo skausmo malšinimui skubios pagalbos skyriuje ir paly¬ginti jo efektyvumą su nesteroidinių vaistų nuo uždegimo (diklo¬fenako) ar placebo. / The problem of pain is not new, it remains an important global issue, and a phenomenon of oligoanalgesia, unfortunately, is also common. Different researchers conducted studies and suggested different ways to eradi¬cate this phenomenon. However, the question why patients with acute abdominal pain are treated inadequately, even with clear evidence that the treatment will not cause any adverse effects so far remains unanswered. Researchers of this study have hypothesis that the well-established local tradition or people's attitudes can lead to the fact that evidence-based guidelines are not fully applied in practice. This study investigates clinical characteristics of pain in patients with acute undifferentiated abdominal pain and to identify the factors influencing effective management of acute abdominal pain in the ED at university hospital. Objectives of the study 1. To investigate clinical characteristics of pain in patients with acute undifferentiated abdominal pain upon arrival and departure from the ED at university hospital. 2. To evaluate the trends of acute abdominal pain relief in the ED at university hospital and to compare them with current guidelines. 3. To identify differences in subjective pain intensity rating between patients with abdominal pain and assessment of nurses and doctors. 4. To investigate effect of strong analgesic drugs (morphine) for acute abdominal pain management in the ED and compare their efficacy versus NSAIDs (diclofenac) or placebo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar através de questionários de escalas visuais analógicas a percepção da dor após a inserção do primeiro arco ortodôntico, comparando-se o efeito analgésico de ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno, placebo e goma de mascar. Este trabalho também partiu da hipótese de que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e gomas de mascar seriam mais eficazes que placebo no controle da dor de origem ortodôntica e que gomas de mascar poderiam ser uma alternativa ao uso de ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno no manejo da dor dentária de origem ortodôntica. Neste estudo, tomaram parte 41 pacientes da Clínica de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco diferentes grupos: placebo, acetaminofeno 500 miligramas, ibuprofeno 400 miligramas, goma de mascar e controle. Todos os indivíduos tiveram bráquetes com slots .022" colados em seus dentes e molares bandados em uma das arcadas. Os grupos placebo, ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno foram orientados a tomar 01 cápsula do respectivo composto logo após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e, se a dor persistisse, a cada 6 horas por uma semana.O grupo goma de mascar foi orientado a mascar um tablete de goma por 5 minutos imediatamente após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e a cada 6 horas por 5 minutos durante uma semana, caso a dor persistisse. O grupo controle recebeu nenhum método de controle da dor. Os indivíduos foram orientados a marcar nas escalas visuais analógicas nas primeiras 24 horas, às 09:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00 a percepção de dor espontânea e durante a mastigação. Do terceiro até o vigésimo primeiro dia as marcações foram feitas somente em dois tempos às 09:00 e 21:00. Através da análise estatística descritiva, concluiu-se que o placebo foi mais eficiente que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e goma de mascar no controle da dor ortodôntica, tanto em dor espontânea quanto em dor durante a mastigação. O grupo goma de mascar foi tão eficiente quanto o acetaminofeno no controle da dor espontânea 24 horas após a inserção do arco inicial. Para alívio da dor durante a mastigação, a goma de mascar pode ser uma alternativa à atuação medicamentosa no controle da dor ortodôntica. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the pain perception after orthodontics adjustment by visual analogue scale questionaires. Thus, were compared the analgesic effect of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, placebo and chewing gum. The initial hypothesis was that ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum would be more effective than placebo in controlling orthodontic pain and that chewing gum could be an effective alternative to the use of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the management of dental pain of orthodontic origin. Patients were randomly assigned to one of five groups: placebo, acetaminophen 500 milligrams, ibuprofen 400 mg, chewing gum and control. All subjects had brackets with slots .022 bonded to their teeth and banded molars in one of the arches. The placebo, ibuprofen and acetaminophen groups were instructed to take 1 capsule of the respective compound shortly after the insertion of the initial .014" nickel-titanium arch and every 6 hours for a week if the pain persisted, the chewing gum group was instructed to chew a stick of gum for 5 minutes immediately after insertion of the initial arch of nickel-titanium .014 dimension and every 6 hours for 5 minutes for a week if the pain persisted and the control group received no method of pain control. The subjects were instructed to mark the visual analogue scales in the first 24 hours, at 9am, 1pm, 5 pm and 9 pm their perception of spontaneous pain and pain during chewing. From the third to the twenty-first day the markings were made only at two times: 9:00 and 21:00. According to the descriptive statistics analysis, placebo was more effective than ibuprofen, acetaminophen and chewing gum in the control of orthodontic pain in both spontaneous pain and in pain during masticatory function. Chewing gum was as effective as acetaminophen in the control of spontaneous pain 24 hours after initial arch insertion. For pain relief during masticatory function, the chewing gum can be an alternative to ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the control of orthodontic pain.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar através de questionários de escalas visuais analógicas a percepção da dor após a inserção do primeiro arco ortodôntico, comparando-se o efeito analgésico de ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno, placebo e goma de mascar. Este trabalho também partiu da hipótese de que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e gomas de mascar seriam mais eficazes que placebo no controle da dor de origem ortodôntica e que gomas de mascar poderiam ser uma alternativa ao uso de ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno no manejo da dor dentária de origem ortodôntica. Neste estudo, tomaram parte 41 pacientes da Clínica de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco diferentes grupos: placebo, acetaminofeno 500 miligramas, ibuprofeno 400 miligramas, goma de mascar e controle. Todos os indivíduos tiveram bráquetes com slots .022" colados em seus dentes e molares bandados em uma das arcadas. Os grupos placebo, ibuprofeno e acetaminofeno foram orientados a tomar 01 cápsula do respectivo composto logo após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e, se a dor persistisse, a cada 6 horas por uma semana.O grupo goma de mascar foi orientado a mascar um tablete de goma por 5 minutos imediatamente após a inserção do arco inicial de liga de níquel-titânio de dimensão .014 e a cada 6 horas por 5 minutos durante uma semana, caso a dor persistisse. O grupo controle recebeu nenhum método de controle da dor. Os indivíduos foram orientados a marcar nas escalas visuais analógicas nas primeiras 24 horas, às 09:00, 13:00, 17:00, 21:00 a percepção de dor espontânea e durante a mastigação. Do terceiro até o vigésimo primeiro dia as marcações foram feitas somente em dois tempos às 09:00 e 21:00. Através da análise estatística descritiva, concluiu-se que o placebo foi mais eficiente que ibuprofeno, acetaminofeno e goma de mascar no controle da dor ortodôntica, tanto em dor espontânea quanto em dor durante a mastigação. O grupo goma de mascar foi tão eficiente quanto o acetaminofeno no controle da dor espontânea 24 horas após a inserção do arco inicial. Para alívio da dor durante a mastigação, a goma de mascar pode ser uma alternativa à atuação medicamentosa no controle da dor ortodôntica. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the pain perception after orthodontics adjustment by visual analogue scale questionaires. Thus, were compared the analgesic effect of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, placebo and chewing gum. The initial hypothesis was that ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum would be more effective than placebo in controlling orthodontic pain and that chewing gum could be an effective alternative to the use of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the management of dental pain of orthodontic origin. Patients were randomly assigned to one of five groups: placebo, acetaminophen 500 milligrams, ibuprofen 400 mg, chewing gum and control. All subjects had brackets with slots .022 bonded to their teeth and banded molars in one of the arches. The placebo, ibuprofen and acetaminophen groups were instructed to take 1 capsule of the respective compound shortly after the insertion of the initial .014" nickel-titanium arch and every 6 hours for a week if the pain persisted, the chewing gum group was instructed to chew a stick of gum for 5 minutes immediately after insertion of the initial arch of nickel-titanium .014 dimension and every 6 hours for 5 minutes for a week if the pain persisted and the control group received no method of pain control. The subjects were instructed to mark the visual analogue scales in the first 24 hours, at 9am, 1pm, 5 pm and 9 pm their perception of spontaneous pain and pain during chewing. From the third to the twenty-first day the markings were made only at two times: 9:00 and 21:00. According to the descriptive statistics analysis, placebo was more effective than ibuprofen, acetaminophen and chewing gum in the control of orthodontic pain in both spontaneous pain and in pain during masticatory function. Chewing gum was as effective as acetaminophen in the control of spontaneous pain 24 hours after initial arch insertion. For pain relief during masticatory function, the chewing gum can be an alternative to ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the control of orthodontic pain.

Durante muito tempo a dor nos animais foi subestimada, pensando-se que não sentiam dor ou que seu limiar era alto. As manifestações de dor eram mal interpretadas ou ignoradas, e por este motivo não existia uma justificativa para a prevenção ou tratamento adequado da dor. Existem sinais de dor nos animais que podem passar desapercebidos, como sons e mudanças comportamentais ou gestuais que necessitam ser tomado em conta. Devemos observar tanto as variações de conduta como as fisiológicas, que nos indicam dor, para conseguir tratá-la adequada e oportunamente. Neste estudo foram utilizados 20 eqüinos encaminhados para cirurgia artroscópica junto ao Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais da FMVZ/USP, estabelecendo-se protocolos de avaliação de dor dos pacientes associados a tratamento da dor pós-operatória. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que no grupo 1 foi aplicada morfina na dosagem 0,1 mg/kg, por via intra-articular ao término do procedimento artroscópico, e no grupo 2 administrou-se fenilbutazona na dose de 4.4 mg/kg, uma vez ao dia, durante três dias, sendo a primeira aplicação realizada imediatamente antes ao procedimento cirúrgico. Dez eqüinos, pertencentes aos Departamentos de Clínica Médica e de Cirurgia da FMVZ / USP, formaram o grupo controle para valores séricos de cortisol, que também foi mensurado nos grupos 1 e 2. Nestes animais não foi realizado procedimento artroscópico. Os animais operados que apresentaram dor acentuada, não controlada com o protocolo do experimento, receberam terapia analgésica adicional e foram então retirados da avaliação nos momentos seguintes. Os parâmetros observados para avaliação da dor foram: grau de claudicação, resposta à palpação local, escala numérica visual (ENV), escala facial de dor e mensuração de freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e cortisol sérico. Onze momentos foram avaliados durante cinco dias pela manhã e à tarde, e as duas, quatro e seis horas após o procedimento cirúrgico. A análise dos resultados baseou-se na comparação entre os grupos e entre os diferentes momentos. Os resultados analisados demonstraram que a avaliação comportamental e a mensuração da concentração de cortisol foram essenciais para complementar o exame habitualmente realizado através dos parâmetros fisiológicos, como freqüência cardíaca e respiratória. Para esta avaliação comportamental é necessário o uso de escalas que permitam fazer uma avaliação mais especifica para a espécie, portanto, a escala numérica visual e em especial a escala de dor pela face são uma boa maneira de avaliar a dor em cavalos e podem ser utilizadas rotineiramente para a determinação clínica de dor na espécie eqüina.Também pudemos observar que a utilização de fenilbutazona sistêmica foi mais efetiva no tratamento da dor após cirurgia artroscópica que a administração de morfina intra-articular, nas doses empregadas. / For a long time the pain in animals was underestimated, thought that they didnt feel pain or that its threshold was high. Demonstrations of pain were misinterpreted or ignored, for that reason there wasnt a justification for its prevention or adequate treatment. There are signs of pain in animals that can pass unnoticed, like sounds and behavioral or gesture changes that most be taken into account. We must to observe behavioral and physiological variations that would indicate existence of pain in animals in order to manage and treat it adequate and opportunely. In this study were used 20 horses referred for arthroscopic surgery to the Veterinary Hospital at FMVZ/USP, and were established protocols for the patient evaluation and treatment of postoperative pain. Horses were divided randomly in two groups: in the group 1, it was performed the intra-articular administration of morphine in a dose of 0,1mg/kg at the end of the arthroscopic procedure and in the group 2 It was administered phenilbutazone in a dose of 4.4mg/kg once a day for three days, being carried out the first application immediately before the surgical procedure. Ten horses, which belong to the Departments of Clinics and Surgery at FMVZ/USP, formed the control group for the seric cortisol levels determination that was also measured in groups 1 and 2. In these animals wasnt carried out any arthroscopic procedure. In specific cases when the horse presented intense pain that couldnt be controlled with the experimental protocol, it was instituted additional analgesia and the animal withdrawn of the subsequent evaluations. Parameters observed for pain evaluation were: degree of lameness, response to local palpation, numeric rating scale (NRS), scale of pain determined by the facial expression, measurement of respiratory and cardiac rate, and seric cortisol measurement. Eleven moments were evaluated during 5 days, in the morning and in the afternoon and at two, four and six hours after the surgical procedure. Results analysis was based on the comparison between the groups and among the different moments. Results of analysis showed that the behavioral evaluation and measurement of cortisol concentrations were essential to complement the routine exam carried out to obtain physiological parameters, as respiratory and cardiac rate. For the behavioral testing it is necessary the use of scales that allow to perform a more specific pain evaluation for the specie, for that purpose the visual analog scale and especially the scale of pain determined by the facial expression are a good way to evaluate the level of pain in horses, and they can be used in a routine way for the clinical pain assessment in horses. Also we could observe that the use of systemic phenilbutazone was more effective in the pain control after arthroscopic surgery that intra-articular administration of morphine at the end of the arthroscopic procedure in the doses used in the present study.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether or not the Good Samaritan Pain Evaluation Clinic can be considered a success.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1145808 bytes, checksum: b5728162a868498b33d833fb18168ba3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic effect of opioids morphine and methadone by intramuscular and epidural, with or without the association of lidocaine, seeking to identify if the route of administration as well as the addition of epidural local anesthetic, can interfere with analgesia and sedation without postoperative cardiovascular and respiratory changes. Thirty female dogs with indication for unilateral radical mastectomy were anesthetized with isoflurane and propofol. The animals were randomly assigned to six treatment: methadone (0.5 mg.kg-1) or morphine (0.5 mg.kg-1) intramuscular (MET-IM and MORF-IM, respectively), methadone (0.3 mg.kg-1) or morphine (0,1 mg.kg-1) epidural (MET-EP and MORF-EP, respectively), methadone (0.3 mg.kg-1) or morphine (0.1 mg.kg-1) combined with lidocaine epidural (METL and MORFL, respectively), The volumes administered epidural and intramuscular were adjusted to 0.2 mL.kg-1 with the use of 0.9% NaCl solution or lidocaine, when this group was present. Equal volume of saline was administered in the opposite route of administration of drugs for blinded evaluation of treatments used. We evaluated the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during the pre-and intraoperative. The evaluation of pain and post-operative sedation was performed for 24 hours. The supplemental analgesia was administered whenever the pain score was equal or higher 13 points (total 27 points) according to the University of Melbourne Scale of Pain (UMPS). The group MET-IM had lower mean FC in M6, as well as the group METL had lower SBP in M3, M4 and M5. The group MORF-EP showed higher sedation score in MP4. The MORF-IM group had higher pain scores in MP0, MP1, MP2, MP12 and MP24 and the group MORF-IM and METL in MP4 and MET-EP in MP6 and MP8. Methadone promoted greater cardiovascular depression than morphine however, neither of treatments tested has altered respiratory function. Both groups of the morphine and methadone produced postoperative sedation of mild to moderate. Morphine intramuscular results in inadequate postoperative analgesia compared to epidural administration with or without lidocaine, and also when compared with methadone intramuscular and epidural. Methadone epidural no produced better analgesia when compared to intramuscular administration. The epidural morphine, with or without lidocaine and the methadone combined with lidocaine produced effective analgesia without the need for supplemental analgesia for 24 hours. / Objetivou-se neste estudo comparar os efeitos analgésicos da morfina e metadona, procurando identificar se a via de administração, bem como se a adição do anestésico local pela via epidural, podem interferir na analgesia e sedação pós-operatória de cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. Trinta cadelas com indicação de mastectomia radical unilateral foram anestesiadas com propofol e isofluorano. Os animais receberam aleatoriamente metadona (0,5 mg.kg-1) ou morfina (0,5 mg.kg-1) intramuscular (grupo MET-IM e MORFIM, respectivamente); metadona (0,3 mg.kg-1) ou morfina (0,1 mg.kg-1) epidural (grupo MET-EP e MORF-EP, respectivamente); metadona (0,3mg.kg-1) ou morfina (0,1 mg.kg-1) associada à lidocaína epidural (grupo METL e MORFL, respectivamente). Os volumes injetados pelas vias epidural e intramuscular foram ajustadas para 0,2 ml.kg-1 com o emprego de solução de NaCl 0,9% ou lidocaína 2%, quando esta estava presente no grupo. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cardiovasculares e respiratórios durante o período pré e transoperatório. A avaliação da dor e sedação pós-operatória foi realizada durante 24 horas. A suplementação analgésica foi administrada sempre que o escore de dor fosse igual ou superior a 13 pontos (total de 27 pontos) de acordo com a Escala de dor da Universidade de Melbourne (EDUM). O grupo MET-IM apresentou menores médias de FC em M6, assim como o grupo METL apresentou menores médias de PAS em M3, M4 e M5. O grupo MORF-EP apresentou maior escore de sedação em MP4. O grupo MORF-IM apresentou maiores escores de dor em MP0, MP1, MP2, MP12 e MP24 assim como o grupo MORF- IM e METL em MP4 e MET-EP em MP6 e MP8. A metadona intramuscular promoveu maior diminuição da frequência cardíaca que a morfina, no entanto, nenhum tratamento promoveu alteração na função respiratória. Tanto a morfina quanto a metadona promoveram sedação pós-operatória discreta à moderada. A morfina administrada por via intramuscular resulta em inadequada analgesia pós-operatória quando comparada a administração epidural, associada ou não à lidocaína, e também quando comparada à metadona por via intramuscular e epidural. A metadona por via epidural não promoveu melhor analgesia quando comparada a administração intramuscular. Tanto a morfina epidural, associada ou não à lidocaína quanto à metadona associada à lidocaína promoveram eficaz analgesia sem a necessidade de suplementação analgésica por 24 horas.

El dolor es un síntoma muy común y la práctica asistencial diaria nos muestra que, a pesar de todas las herramientas que tenemos para combatirlo, aún somos incapaces de controlarlo adecuadamente en muchos pacientes. La evaluación del dolor es de vital importancia para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades que cursan con éste síntoma y, aún más, cuando el síntoma se convierte en la enfermedad. En el presente trabajo se describen varios estudios en los cuales se valoraron la prevalencia y características del dolor, y en el que se ha desarrollado un instrumento para la valoración del dolor hospitalario y la satisfacción de los pacientes. Posteriormente lo hemos utilizado para evaluar si el dolor en los pacientes hospitalarios está bien controlado y, de no ser así, intentar establecer las razones por las cuales no lo está. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron la construcción de un instrumento para evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes con el tratamiento analgésico. Posteriormente se determinó la prevalencia y las características del dolor en una muestra de pacientes hospitalizados, así como los métodos de valoración del mismo. Inicialmente se realizó una prueba piloto con el nuevo instrumento en 255 pacientes, la cual mostró que las puntuaciones de dolor en los pacientes hospitalizados eran elevadas. Además, la intensidad del dolor era incongruente con la satisfacción de los pacientes con el tratamiento recibido, ya que ésta estaba más relacionada con el trato recibido por los profesionales sanitarios que con el alivio del dolor. Posteriormente se utilizó el mismo instrumento en 1675 pacientes de 15 hospitales catalanes, para confirmar y ampliar los resultados de la primera investigación. Al principio se confirmó que la prevalencia del dolor era elevada y que inclusive era mayor durante el ingreso y al alta que a la llegada al hospital. Para analizar las causas de este hallazgo se valoró la utilización de analgésicos en los hospitales. El estudio demostró que, a pesar del alto número de prescripciones analgésicas, de que el tipo de analgésico era el adecuado y de x que las dosis utilizadas eran las correctas, la mayoría de los pacientes presentaba valoraciones de intensidad de dolor más altas de lo deseable ya que solamente el 1% de los pacientes tenían prescritas dosis de rescate analgésicas y que las pautas analgésicas no se cumplían rigurosamente. Posteriormente se valoró el registro de la intensidad del dolor, y se observó que más de la mitad de los pacientes carecían de un registro de la intensidad del dolor y que esta práctica, valorada como indicador de calidad asistencial, no se cumplía de manera rutinaria. En conclusión, hemos observado que los pacientes hospitalizados presentan unas puntuaciones de dolor elevadas, que las recomendaciones para el tratamiento analgésico hospitalario no se cumplen rigurosamente y que no se registra la intensidad del dolor en las historias clínicas de forma sistemática. Sorprendentemente, a pesar de esos hallazgos, los pacientes refieren estar satisfechos con el alivio del dolor. Por esta razón continuamos con la investigación con el propósito de estimar si es la valoración del dolor, la falta de rigor en el seguimiento de las pautas analgésicas hospitalarias o bien las creencias y experiencias previas de los pacientes las que nos llevan a tener esta alta prevalencia de dolor en los pacientes hospitalizados. / Pain is a common symptom and many evidences show us that, in spite of all the tools we have to manage it, we are unable to do so. Pain evaluation is of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment of patients, and even more when the pain symptom becomes the disease. Within the present work, several studies have been conducted in order to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the hospital setting. We also have developed a tool for the evaluation of pain and patient satisfaction. Subsequently we have used this tool to appraise if pain is adequately handled and if otherwise, try to establish the main reasons for this finding. The main objective of this work was the construction of an instrument to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with the management of pain, and to assess the prevalence and characteristics of pain in a sample of patients in a hospital setting, as well as the methodology used to assess them. Initially a pilot test of the tool was performed in 255 patients, which showed that the pain scores in inpatients were too high. Moreover, pain intensity was incongruent with patients’ satisfaction with pain relief. Yet, it had a higher correlation with satisfaction with health workers than with satisfaction with the received treatment. Next, the same tool was used with three additional questionnaires in 1675 admitted patients into 15 hospitals in Catalonia, in order to look deeper into the results of the first study. For starters, it was confirmed that pain prevalence was too high and higher during hospitalization and at discharge than before admittance. To analyze the cause of these findings the analgesic use in the hospital was examined. The results showed that, in spite of the high number of analgesic prescriptions and the use of the correct type of analgesic, most of the patients had high pain intensity scores; only 1% of the patients had rescue analgesia prescribed and the analgesic regimes were not properly administered. Subsequently, pain intensity registration in the medical record was xii evaluated, showing that that more than half of patients did not have their pain intensity registered on the medical chart. This practice is valued as an indicator of medical assistance quality, and even though it was not followed as a routine in the hospitals. In conclusion, we have observed that hospital inpatients show high pain intensity scores, the recommendations for analgesic use in a hospital setting are not rigorously followed, and pain intensity scores are not systematically registered in the medical charts. Surprisingly, in spite of theses findings, patients seem to be satisfied with the analgesic treatment. In consequence, we are continuing with the research with the aim of figuring out if the high prevalence of pain in Catalonian hospitals is due to pain evaluation, the absence of rigor in following the analgesic prescriptions or maybe the patients’ previous experiences and beliefs.