The world desperately seeks alternative fuels to eradicate its reliance upon unsustainable oil extraction; however, emerging biofuel technology is contingent on a more precious natural resource: water. Essential in all stages of biofuel production, including growing, processing, and refining oil feedstocks, water still represents a vital necessity for the surrounding population. This research assesses the immediate and long-term impacts of the expanding palm oil biodiesel industry on local water availability and privatized water management in San Pedro Sula, Honduras and the surrounding Sula Valley. Analyzing regional changes in water accessibility and quality caused by the palm oil commerce, the report also explores the reasons behind the impending water scarcity in San Pedo Sula. Finally, the study examines the potential consequences of these transforming water realities on future water provision as well as possible service adaptations required of the privatized company.

Doctor of Philosophy / The apparent increase in market concentration and vertical integration in the Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) industry has led to concerns about the presence of market power. For the Indonesian CPO industry, such concerns attract more attention because of the importance of this sector to the Indonesian economy. CPO is used as the main raw material for cooking oil (which is an essential commodity in Indonesia) and it contributes significantly to export earnings and employment. However, dominant producers argue that the increase in economies of scale and scope lead to an increase in the efficiency, which eventually will be beneficial for the end consumers and export earnings. This research seeks to examine whether the dominant producers do behave competitively and pass the efficiency gains to the end consumers, or they enhance inefficiency through market power instead. In order to identify the most suitable model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry, different market power models are explored. These models can be divided into static and dynamic models. In general, all of them accept the price–cost margins as a measure of market power. However, static models fail to reveal the dynamic behaviour that determines market power; hence the dynamic models are likely to be more appropriate to modelling market power. Among these dynamic models, the adjustment model with a linear quadratic specification is considered to be a more appropriate model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry. In the Indonesian CPO industry, producers can be divided into three groups, namely the public estates, private companies and smallholders. However, based on their ability to influence market price, smallholders are not considered as one of the dominant groups. By using the adjustment cost model, the market power of the dominant groups is estimated. The model is estimated using a Bayesian technique annual data spanning 1968–2003. The public estates and private companies are assumed to engage in a noncooperative game. They are assumed to use Markovian strategies, which permit firms to respond to changes in the state vector. In this case, the vector comprises the firms and their rivals’ previous action, implying that firms respond to changes in their rivals’ previous action. The key contribution of this thesis is the relaxation of the symmetry assumption in the estimation process. Although the existence of an asymmetric condition often complicates the estimation process, the different characteristics of the public estates and private companies lead to a need for relaxing such an assumption. In addition, the adjustment system—which can be seen as a type of reaction function—is not restricted to have downward slopes. Negative reaction functions are commonly assumed for a quantity setting game. However, the reverse may occur in particular circumstances. Without such restrictions, the analysis could reveal the type of interaction between the public estates and private companies. In addition, it provides insights into empirical examples of conditions that might lead to the positive reaction function. Furthermore, the analysis adds to the understanding of the impact of positive reaction functions to avoid the complicated estimation of the asymmetric case. As expected, the public estates act as the leader, while the private companies are the follower. Interestingly, results indicate that as well as the private companies, public estates do exert some degree of market power. Moreover, the public estates enjoy even higher market power than the private companies, as indicated by market power indices of -0.46 and -0.72, respectively. The exertion of market power by both the public estates and the private companies cast some doubts about the effectiveness of some current policies in the Indonesian CPO industry. With market power, the underlying assumption of a perfectly competitive market condition—that serves as the basis for the government interventions—is no longer applicable. Hence, many government interventions are unlikely to have the desired effect. The Indonesian competition law that has been imposed since 1999 might be effective in preventing firms to sign collusive contracts. In fact, even without such an agreement, firms in the CPO industry are likely to exert some degree of market power. As an alternative, eliminating the ‘sources’ of market power might be a better solution. If the public estates have the aim of maximising welfare, privatisation might improve their efficiency, hence they have ability to suppress the private companies’ market power. However, if in fact, the public estates deliberately reduce output to gain higher profit, privatisation might increase the degree of market power of both groups of companies even further. In such a condition, addressing the long term barriers of entry stemming from the requirement of high investment might be a better alternative to address the market power problem in the CPO industry.

Orientador: José Carlos Barbosa / Coorientador: Ivan Carlos Fernandes Martins / Banca: Wilson Itamar Maruyama / Banca: Júlio César Guerreiro / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Banca: Francisco Jorge Cividanes / Resumo: Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) é uma das mais importantes pragas da palma de óleo (Elaeis guineenses Jacq.) devido ao seu significativo impacto econômico, principalmente por ser vetor do nematoide Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) causador da doença Anel vermelho. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica populacional de adultos de R. palmarum na cultura da palma de óleo, determinar a distribuição espacial de machos, fêmeas e total e elaborar um plano de amostragem sequencial. O experimento foi conduzido em três áreas do Grupo Agropalma S/A durante o período de janeiro de 2014 a maio de 2015, com amostragens realizadas quinzenalmente, onde foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo balde, tendo como isca atrativa toletes de cana-de-açúcar e feromônio de agregação rincoforol, visando a captura dos insetos adultos. Foram construídos gráficos para estudar a dinâmica populacional de R. palmarum associada a dados meteorológicos, sendo que a influência dos fatores meteorológicos sobre a população dos insetos foi analisada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Para o estudo da dispersão foram calculados os seguintes índices de dispersão: razão variância/média (I), índice de Morisita (Iδ), coeficiente de Green (Cx), expoente k da distribuição binomial negativa, lei da potência de Taylor e estimativa do expoente k comum para cada data de amostragem. Para o estudo do padrão espacial de R. palmarum foram realizados os testes de ajuste às distribuições de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most important pests of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) due to its significant economic impact, mainly because of the nematode vector Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) that causes "red ring" disease. The aim of the present work was to study the population dynamics of adult R. palmarum in oil palm cultivation, determine the spatial distribution the population, including the same determination with respect to males and females and, in addition, elaborate a sequential sampling plan. The experiment was conducted in three areas of Agropalma Group S/A from January 2014 to May 2015, employing bi-weekly samplings. Bucket traps baited with sugarcane stems and the aggregation pheromone Rhynchophorol were used with the objective of capturing adult insects. Additionally, correlative graphics were used to study the population dynamics of R. palmarum associated with meteorological data. The influence of the meteorological factors on insects' population was analyzed using Pearson's coefficient of correlation. For the dispersion study, the following indices of dispersion were calculated: variance/ mean relationship (I), Morisita's index (Iδ), Green's coefficient (Cx), k exponent of negative binomial distribution, Taylor's power law and an estimation of the common exponent k for each sample. To study the spatial pattern of R. palmarum, tests of adjustment were done to the Poisson and negative binomial distributions. A sequenti... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources / Jeffrey Skibins / Amid rapidly increasing anthropogenically caused wildlife extinctions, zoos are often expected to embrace the role of proactive conservation organizations. Many are leading the way through innovations in the development of engaging visitor experiences. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the new and cutting-edge immersive interpretation within the TigerTrek Exhibit at Taronga Zoo (Sydney, Australia), for its ability to influence visitors to engage in pro-conservation behaviors related to certified sustainable palm oil advocacy and consumerism. Survey data were collected from zoo visitors prior to entering the Sumatran Tiger Trek exhibit (n = 514), upon exiting the exhibit (n = 509), and by email at six-week (n = 106) and six-month (n = 18) intervals post-visit to investigate the immediate and long-term impacts of the exhibit on visitors’ pro-conservation behavioral intentions and actual behaviors. Results indicate an increase in post-visit respondents’ levels of awareness (χ2 = 65.26 (1), p < .001), motivation (t = -6.976 (1029), p < .000) and behavior intentions (t = -5.256 (1042), p < .000), however, post-visit respondents also reported increased levels of concern that all palm oil is grown unsustainably (χ2 = 9.09 (1), p < .01), which runs contrary to interpretive messaging. Follow up surveys revealed after both six-weeks and six-months post-visit; 29.2% of respondents purchased a product because it contained Certified Sustainable Palm Oil, however, 50% of six-week respondents had actively avoided buying a product because it contained palm oil. By understanding how visitors perceive the interpretive messaging within an exhibit and appreciating the types of conservation behaviors visitors are willing and able to engage in, zoos can more effectively achieve their conservation campaign goals.

Novos materiais poliméricos foram desenvolvidos utilizando como uma das matérias-primas o óleo de palma (OP). Para tanto, um novo monômero de norborneno, denominado norbornenil óleo de palma (NOP), foi obtido a partir da inserção de norborneno substituído com grupo carboxílico nos triglicerídeos do óleo da palma. O óleo de palma, assim como os produtos de cada etapa de síntese do NOP foram caracterizados por RMN-1H. Foi determinado um teor de 52% de ácidos graxos insaturados no OP, resultando no NOP com 1,0 norborneno por triglicerídeo. Reações de ROMP de NOP com norborneno, na presença de catalisador de Grubbs de segunda geração, resultaram em materiais insolúveis em uma diversidade de solventes polares e apolares. Testes de inchamento em clorofórmio extraíram frações solúveis dos materiais, compostas por poliNBE e unidades NOP não polimerizadas. Dados obtidos por TGA sugerem a presença de cis e trans poliNBE, além de uma etapa de degradação desconhecida, atribuída ao copolímero poli(NOP-co-NBE) o qual seria o componente insolúvel resultante dos experimentos de inchamento. Assim, os materiais desenvolvidos foram classificados como blendas poliméricas de poliNBE e poli(NOP-co-NBE). Foram avaliados os tempos de gelificação de amostras com diferentes concentrações de catalisador e combinações NOP/NBE através de RMN em baixo campo magnético, obtendo-se comportamentos regulares que podem permitir a previsão do tempo de gelificação de outras amostras. A análise da distribuição dos valores de T2 mostrou aumento na rigidez dos materiais finais ao se aumentar o teor inicial de NOP. / New polymeric materials have been developed using palm oil as a raw material. For this, a new monomer of norbornene, called norbornene palm oil (NPO) was obtained from insertion of norbornene containing the carboxylic group in the palm oil triglycerides. Palm oil as well as products of each step NPO synthesis were characterized by 1H-NMR. It was determined 52% unsaturated fatty acids content in the OP, resulting in NPO with 1.0 norbornene per triglyceride. ROMP reactions of norbornene with NPO, in the presence of the Grubbs second generation catalyst, resulting insoluble materials in a variety of polar and nonpolar solvents. Soluble fractions were extracted in swelling, containing polyNBE and unpolymerized NPO units. TGA data suggests the presence of cis and trans polyNBE, plus an unknown degradation step, attributed to poly(NPO-co-NBE) copolymer which would be insoluble component resulted from the swelling experiments. Thus, the developed materials were classified as polymer blends of polyNBE and poly(NPO-co-NBE). The gelation times of samples having different catalyst concentrations and NPO/NBE combinations were evaluated by low magnetic field NMR, obtaining regular behaviors that may allow the gelation time prediction of other samples. The analysis of T2 values distribution showed increased in the stiffness of the final material by increasing the initial NPO content.

Introdução A hipovitaminose A é reconhecida mundialmente como um dos problemas nutricionais mais importantes, causando impacto negativo na saúde pública por afetar alguns setores da população e pelas sérias conseqüências à saúde. Seus efeitos deletérios justificam o compromisso do governo brasileiro no controle e erradicação da deficiência desta vitamina. Objetivo Comparar o teor de vitamina A de alimentos comuns para a população brasileira com aqueles desenvolvidos com a substituição parcial do óleo/gordura utilizados na sua preparação por azeite de dendê, e avaliar suas características sensoriais e sua aceitação. Metodologia Foram desenvolvidas as seguintes preparações: sequilho salgado, sequilho doce e biscoito de polvilho. Para a caracterização das amostras dos produtos desenvolvidos, com e sem dendê, foram realizadas análises de umidade, atividade de água, composição centesimal, estabilidade oxidativa, cor, textura e perfil de ácidos graxos. A vitamina A foi determinada pela quantificação de -caroteno presente nas amostras. Todas as análises foram realizadas quando o alimento foi elaborado (T0) e após 30 dias (T30). As preparações desenvolvidas foram submetidas à análise sensorial. Resultados Os resultados das análises de umidade, atividade de água, composição centesimal e estabilidade oxidativa dos biscoitos sem dendê não diferiram significativamente das amostras com dendê, excetuando-se o biscoito de polvilho, onde possivelmente uma vedação deficitária da embalagem alterou algumas destas variáveis no T30. Quanto à cor, à textura e ao perfil de ácidos graxos, observou-se que as alterações ocorridas nos biscoitos com dendê foram em função da composição do próprio azeite. Com relação ao teor de vitamina A, todos os produtos com dendê apresentaram concentrações significativas deste nutriente quando comparados aos biscoitos sem dendê. No T30, o biscoito de polvilho não apresentou boa retenção da vitamina A, provavelmente em função da tecnologia adotada, que promoveu a aeração do produto, e pela vedação deficitária. Mesmo assim o produto pode, de acordo com a ANVISA, ser considerado fonte de vitamina A e, portanto, capaz de atender parcela importante das necessidades nutricionais. Todos os produtos tiveram boa aceitação no T0, porém foram rejeitados no T30. Conclusão- o azeite de dendê é uma potencial fonte de vitamina A e pode ser utilizado no enriquecimento de alimentos visando o controle da hipovitaminose A. / Introduction Vitamin A deficiency is recognized as one of the most important nutritional problems, and its causing negative effects in public health because it affects some population sections as well as the serious consequences to health. Its deleterious effects justify the Brazilian government commitment to control and vitamin deficiency eradication. Objective Compare the vitamin A content from the brazilian population ordinary foods with those developed with partial substitution of the oil/fat normally used for palm oil, and assess its sensorial characteristics and acceptance. Methodology The follow prepares were developed: salt starchy biscuit, sweet starchy biscuit and cookies made from cassava flour. To describe the samples of the developed products with and without palm oil, moisture, water activity, centesimal composition, oxidative stability, color, texture and fatty acids profile were performed. The vitamin A was determined by -carotene quantification in samples. All analysis were done when the food was made (T0) and after 30 days (T30). All the developed prepares were submitted to a sensorial analysis. Results The biscuits with no palm oil, contents of moisture, water activity, centesimal composition, oxidative stability, results were not significantly different from biscuits with palm oil. It has excepted the cookies made from cassava flour, a possible pack defective seal changed some of these variables during T30. The color, texture and fatty acids profile changes on biscuits with palm oil happened because of the own oil composition. All products with palm oil have shown significantly vitamin A content concentrations compared with biscuits with no palm oil. The cookies made from cassava flour didnt show a good vitamin A retaining during T30. It happened probably because of the technology used that organized the product aeration and by the defective seal. According to ANVISA the product could be considerate vitamin A source anyway, and, therefore it is able to reach important part of nutritional necessities. All products had good acceptation during T0, however they were rejected during T30. Conclusion- The palm oil is a vitamin A powerful source and can be used to foods fortification aimed at vitamin A deficiency control.

Orientador: Chiu Chih Ming / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T00:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_ValeriadaSilva_M.pdf: 3049907 bytes, checksum: 1109df7b1b40d3d3bafcc40093d87208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O óleo de palma (PO) destaca-se por ser uma matéria-prima com grande potencial de aplicação em diversos produtos. Porém, quando aplicado de maneira isolada, apresenta cristalização lenta, gerando problemas para a indústria de alimentos. A fim de acelerar a cristalização utilizam-se compostos que podem, além de contribuir para a redução do período de indução, atuar como agentes estruturantes, atual foco em desenvolvimento na área de óleos e gorduras. Este estudo tem por objetivos avaliar o efeito da adição de óleo de palma totalmente hidrogenado - hardfat de palma (HP) e lecitina de soja desengordura (SL) como agentes estruturantes em óleo de palma, em misturas de óleo de palma com oleína palma e respectivas emulsões A/O. Os parâmetros avaliados foram a cinética de cristalização, o perfil de sólidos, consistência das gorduras puras e emulsionadas, a estabilidade das emulsões e a microestrutura. A incorporação de HP ao óleo de palma refinado e em misturas do óleo de palma com oleína de palma induziu mudanças significativas no comportamento de cristalização tanto nas gorduras como nas emulsões, quando comparado à adição de SL. Foi possível verificar que o comportamento de cristalização de gorduras puras e emulsionadas é diferente, a presença de água no sistema retarda o inicio da cristalização. Algumas emulsões com HP apresentaram-se estáveis após 8 dias de ciclização, mesmo sem o emprego de emulsificante (SL). Os resultados indicam que o HP atua como núcleo preferencial de cristalização e o sinergismo entre a SL e o HP foi evidenciado, ambos atuando positivamente como agentes estruturantes. A SL promoveu interações entre os cristais de gordura, conferindo maior consistência às amostras e características favoráveis quanto ao parâmetro espalhabilidade / Abstract: Palm oil (PO) stands out being a raw material with great potential for application in many products. However, when applied alone, has slow crystallization, causing problems for the food industry. In order to accelerate palm oil crystallization some compounds are they can, besides contributing to the reduction of the induction period, act as structuring agents, this is a current focus on development in the fats and oils area. This study aims to evaluate the adding effect of fully hydrogenated palm oil (palm hardfat - HP) and de-oiled soy lecithin (SL) as structuring agents in palm oil, blends of palm olein and palm oil and their A/O emulsions. We evaluated the kinetics of crystallization, the solid fat content profile (SFC) and consistency of pure and emulsified blends of fats, it was also verified the stability of emulsions and microstructure. The incorporation of HP in refined palm oil and blends with palm olein induce significant changes in crystallization behavior in both fats and emulsions when compared to only SL adding. It can be seen that the crystallization behavior of pure and emulsified was different, the presence of water in the system slows the onset of crystallization. Some emulsions were stable for 8 days after cyclization, even without the use of emulsifier (SL). HP acts as preferential crystallization nuclei and synergism between SL and HP was evidenced, both positively acting as structuring agents. SL promoted interactions between fat crystals, giving greater consistency to the samples and interesting features about the spreadability parameter / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represents a recent manifestation of the shifting of Role of Business in Society (RBiS). This thesis aims to study the development of and negotiation of various RBiS among various governance actors as manifested in CSR practices. In so doing, it reveals the heterogeneity of CSR practices over time as a contrast to the rigid and simplistic delineation of CSR practices; the institutionalisation of CSR into business strategy that so far has been perceived as a black box in the CSR literatures; and the co-constructed dynamic exchanges between perspectives of RBiS and their respective supporters, which I have called a relational perspective on governance and RBiS.This research employs a single case study research strategy with a qualitative multi-methods design as the synthesis of multiple instruments each pertain to particular level of analysis i.e. institutional, organisational, and individual. The research methodology is intentionally designed to operationalise a multilevel analysis of CSR and longitudinal insights on CSR. As such, the research methodology is offered as one of contributions in this research.The thesis finds that longitudinal insights matter, in order to understand various CSR practices as responses to external crises and situations, which at the same time, serve as an arena for negotiating interests between related parties in particular political-economic-social-environmental contexts. The thesis reveals processes of incorporating CSR into business strategy. Particularly, it demonstrates how businesses mobilise external resources and internal resources to meet shifting domains of responsibility through various investment inputs, to achieve a range of CSR outcomes. CSR practices, as situated within changing understandings of RBiS, reflect the negotiation between various interests, in relational perspective, linked to the perceived effectiveness of government as the guardian of wider public interests. The thesis argues that a simplistic view of CSR and RBiS as suggested by much of the available literature is partial and provides inadequate accounts and explanations of the burgeoning of CSR practices; in particular in appreciating the various competing interests and perspectives which are brought to bear during processes which continually shape and (re-) shape CSR practices; as well as the variety of mechanisms and practices through which CSR is incorporated into business strategy.I conclude the research by offering a proposition to examine and understand CSR. I propose to see CSR as a dynamic heterogeneous temporal and contextual tool incorporated by businesses through multi-avenues into corporate strategy as a result of negotiation of interests of various alliances of governance actors.

(1) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H. & Sato, K. Promotional effects of new types of additives on fat crystallization. J. Oleo Sci. 63(4), 333–345, © 2014 Japan Oil Chemists’ Society, Tokyo., (2) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H. & Sato, K. Fat crystallization with talc particles is influenced by particle size, concentration, and cooling rate. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117(6), 858–868, © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim., (3) Yoshikawa, S., Kida, H., Matsumura, Y. & Sato, K. Adding talc particles improves physical properties of palm oil-based shortening. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500283 (in press), © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13044号 / 論農博第2837号 / 新制||農||1044(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5008(農学部図書室) / 33036 / (主査)教授 松村 康生, 教授 裏出 令子, 教授 安達 修二 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24305号 / 地環博第236号 / 新制||地環||45(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 晶寿, 教授 竹内 憲司, 教授 西前 出, 教授 水野 広祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM