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1- The ecology of a population of the tropical palm tree Euterpe edulis Mart. was studied at the Municipal Reserve of Santa Genebra, Campinas (Sao Paulo, Brazil). This palm has been intensively exploited due to the quality of its heart of palm (palmito). The heart of palm corresponds to the apical meristem of the plant together with the developing new leaves. 2- The indiscriminate exploitation that this palm has been subject to over recent years in southern Sao Paulo may result in it becoming extinct in many forest fragments. The biodiversity of large animals in these forests has declined as a consequence of hunting, and the overexploitation of E. edulis has also led to a decline in the number of large frugiverous birds. The financial benefits generated by the sustainable exploitation of palmito can exceed those from a single extraction or those from forest conversion to agriculture. 3- The seed and seedling ecology of the population of E. edulis was examined. On average each plant produced approximately 1500 fruits and, there was a tendency for plants of intennediate size to be slightly more fecund. Most seeds were found in close proximity to adult plants; the distance of dispersal could be described by a negative power curve. Five species of birds belonging to the Family Turdidae were observed to feed on the fruits of E. edulis while on the tree, while subsequent dispersal along the gro':lnd was found to occur by water. The probability of surviving and growing to the next Sl~ class was inversely related to the number of seedlings. The maximum survival of seedlIngs and growth to the next size class occurred approximately 4 m from adult plants, indicating that the survival and growth of seedlings was suppressed in the immediate vicinity of conspecific adults. 4- The spatial pattern of the population of E. edulis, in the Municipal Reserve of Santa Genebra, was significantly clumped. The data indicate that the spatial distribution of individuals becomes less clumped with time as individuals develop. 5- The transition matrix analysis of the population revealed that the population is increasing at a rate of 14% year-I. The highest sensitivity was observed in the transition from size-class 1 (0-10 mm diameter) to class 2 (10.1 - 20 mm). According to the elasticity analysis, most of the value of the finite rate of population increase is accounted for by the probability of surviving and remaining in the same size class. The results from the haryesting simulations, indicate that it is possible to harvest E. edulis sustainably when harvesting is restricted to size class 6 plants (Le. reproductive adults). 6- The density-dependence observed for survival and growth of plants in the smallest size class was s~ong enough to affect the population dynamics of E. edulis. Elasticity analysis of the transItion matrix shows that the position of populations of E. edulis in G-L-F space moves towards the L apex of the demographic triangle as the density of plants increases.

O trabalho foi realizado na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana (Núcleo Santa Virgínia - Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, situado entre 2317 a 2324S e 4503 a 4511W), com o objetivo de avaliar como as variações micro-ambientais de solo, liteira e topografia influenciam a composição e estrutura da comunidade de palmeiras. Em duas parcelas permanentes de um hectare, A e B, divididas em três transecções de 10x100 m e subparcelas de 10x10m, foram levantadas todas as palmeiras existentes com o propósito de conhecer a riqueza das espécies e estrutura das populações. Nas sub-parcelas amostras de solo foram coletadas para a determinação das propriedades química e física do solo; a espessura de liteira foi determinada em cinco pontos aleatórios; e a microtopografia de cada uma foi classificada em cume, vertente e vale. Nas duas parcelas (A e B) foram amostrados 3161 ind./0,6 ha e quatro espécies: Euterpe edulis, Geonoma gamiova, Geonoma pohliana e Geonoma schottiana. A fração dominante do solo ao longo de todos transectos foi a areia, em especial nos vales. A camada de liteira variou de espessura entre as classes topográficas. As variáveis K, P, Ca e Mg apresentaram baixos teores nas parcelas e conseqüentemente também foram baixos os teores da soma de bases. A saturação por bases foi baixa nas parcelas devido a alta concentração de Al e a baixa fertilidade do solo. A heterogeneidade micro-ambiental ocasionou variação na distribuição e composição de apenas algumas espécies de palmeiras, em especial o gênero Geonoma, apesar do maior número de indivíduos da E. edulis. A elevada densidade das espécies de palmeiras estudadas são indícios que as mesma estão adaptadas a condições de alta acidez, baixa fertilidade e umidade dolo, podendo ser indicadoras de alto potencial de seu emprego para recuperação de áreas degradadas em especial nas encostas e topos de morro. / The work was conducted in tropical montane rain forest (Núcleo Santa Virginia State Park of Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brazil, situated in 23172324S and 45034511W), in order to assess how the micro-environmental variations of soil, topography and litter affect the composition and structure of the palm community. In two one hectare permanent plots, A and B, divided into three transects (10x100 m) and subplots (10x10m), it were surveyed all existing palms with the purpose of to know the richness of species and population structure. In sub-plots soil samples were collected to determine the chemical and physical properties of soil, thickness of litter was determined in five random points, and microtopography of each one was classified into ridge, slope and valley. In the two plots (A and B) were sampled 3161 individuals/0.6 ha and four species: Euterpe edulis, Geonoma gamiova, Geonoma pohliana and Geonoma schottiana. The soil dominant fraction in all transects was the sand, especially the valleys. The thickness of the litter layer ranged in between topographic classes. The variables K, P, Ca and Mg showed low levels in the plots and consequently were also low the levels of the basis sum. The saturation basis was low in the plots due to high concentration of Al and low soil fertility. The micro-environmental heterogeneity caused variation in the distribution and composition of a few species of palms, especially the genus Geonoma, despite the larger number of individuals of E. edulis. The high density of palm species studied are indications that the same are adapted to conditions of high acidity, low fertility, and moisture soil, which could indicate a high potential for their use for restoration of degraded areas especially on hillsides and hilltops.

Orientador: João Nakagawa / Banca: Claudio Cavariani / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Marilene Leão Alves Bovi / Banca: Claudio José Barbedo / Resumo: No presente trabalho, estudou-se a maturação de frutos e sementes de piaçaveira, os efeitos da temperatura e período de tempo de aquecimento na pré-germinação e da temperatura na germinação de sementes, a comparação de métodos de preparo das sementes com diferentes estruturas e condições de armazenamento e tipos de embalagens visando a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes. Nos experimentos de maturação foram avaliados o comprimento e diâmetro do fruto, o teor de água e peso da matéria fresca e seca dos frutos e sementes e, no segundo experimento, acrescentado o teste de germinação de sementes e determinado o teor de ácidos graxos livres, nas três últimas colheitas. A maturidade fisiológica das sementes ocorreu a partir de 9 meses após a antese, observando-se 100% de germinação, permitindo recomendar a colheita dos frutos até três meses antes da dispersão. Em laboratório foram aplicadas as temperaturas de 25o, 30o e 35oC, como tratamento pré-germinativo, durante 20, 40 e 60 dias, resultando em pequeno aumento da germinação em função do tempo do aquecimento, além da maior duração do processo germinativo. Estudou-se o efeito das temperaturas 25o, 30o e 35oC em germinador, no teor de água, velocidade e germinação das sementes, resultando em 61% de germinação, na temperatura de 30oC, aos 45 dias da semeadura. Comparou-se tipos de preparo das sementes com diferentes estruturas. Os despontes simples ou duplos aplicados às sementes não facilitaram o processo de embebição e, consequentemente, não promoveram aumento na germinação. Durante o armazenamento, a viabilidade das sementes foi avaliada pelo teste de tetrazólio a 0,5%, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias, em câmara seca, câmara fria a 5 e 15oC e na temperatura ambiente e em embalagens porosa e impermeável, resultando a melhor conservação das sementes na temperatura ambiente e em sacos plásticos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: In the present work it was studied the maturation of the fruits and seeds of the piassava palm tree, the period of heating in pre-germination and the temperature effects in the germination of seeds, the comparison of seeds preparing methods with the different structures and conditions of storage and packages types, aiming for the maintenance and viability of the seeds. In the experiments of maturation it were evaluated the fruit length and diameter, water content, dry and fresh matter weight of the fruits and seeds and in the second experiment, it was added the seed germination test and was determined the free fatty acids content at the last three harvests. After the 9 months of the anthesis, occurred the physiological maturity of seeds and observed 100 % of germination, allowing to suggest the fruits harvest until three months before dispersion period. In laboratory, it were applied the temperatures of 25o, 30o and 35oC as pre-germination treatment, during 20, 40 and 60 days, resulting in small increase of germination, in relation to the heating time, besides the major period of the germination process. It was studied the temperature effects of 25o , 30o and 35o C in germinator, under the water content, rate and percentage of the seeds germination, resulting in 61 % of seeds germination, under temperature of 30o C, at the 45 days, after sowing. It was compared types of seeds preparation with different structures. The simple or double cutting, applied to the seeds did not facilitate the imbebition process and consequently did not carried out an increase in the germination. During the storage, the seeds viability were evaluated by the Tetrazolium's test at 0,5%, at the 30, 60 and 90 days, at dry chamber, cold chamber at 5o C and 15oC, and room temperature and in porous and impermeable packages, resulting in the best conservation of seeds, in room temperature and in locked plastic bags... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Palms are ecologically important and charismatic trees of the tropics. They are important to the livelihood of local communities and are key resources for the frugivore community in tropical forests. These frugivores are in turn hunted by humans for food. This ecological connection between human, palms, and frugivores provides a unique setting to study how cultural and ecological components within this multitrophic interaction influences palm populations. In chapter 1, I explored the traditional and ecological knowledge behind the cultivation of palm-weevil larvae for food. I found the Joti people, cultivated two species of weevil-larvae differently, which also determined whether palms were logged before or after reproductive maturity. The cultivation of each weevil-larvae species therefore had a differential impact on palm populations. In chapter 2, I investigated how frugivores mediate interactions between two dominant and co-occuring palms in the Peruvian Amazonia-- Attalea phalerata and Astrocaryum murumuru. I found frugivores codispersed seeds of the two palm species, which contributed to aggregated spatial patterns of their juveniles. Spatial patterns suggested associations between heterospecific palms experienced lower density-dependent mortality than associations between conspecifics and this likely contributes to the coexistence of the two palm species in their early life-history. These findings highlight the importance of dispersers to species coexistence and suggest over-hunting can lead to shifts away from species codominance. In chapter 3, I examined the contribution of dispersal, distance-and density-dependent to spatial ecology of Attalea phalerata. Using microsatellite-based parentage analysis, I found high levels of seed movement mediated by frugivore dispersers. Despite this, I found dispersal limitation remains strong enough to cause spatial aggregation between offspring and parents. As individuals grew towards maturity, distance and density dependent mortality contributed to increasingly disaggregated patterns between older offspring cohorts of parents, non-parent adults, and siblings. These results provide a foundation for assessing the impacts of hunting on the spatial ecology of palm populations. In chapter 4, we characterized 14 microsatellite loci for A. phalerata that were used in the parentage analysis of chapter 3. These loci amplified reliably and were sufficiently polymorphic and will be useful for future studies addressing population-level questions for this species. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_jrv_dr_botfca.pdf: 1493758 bytes, checksum: 8c348f2fc4b2e23ca48429a41e669497 (MD5) / No presente trabalho, estudou-se a maturação de frutos e sementes de piaçaveira, os efeitos da temperatura e período de tempo de aquecimento na pré-germinação e da temperatura na germinação de sementes, a comparação de métodos de preparo das sementes com diferentes estruturas e condições de armazenamento e tipos de embalagens visando a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes. Nos experimentos de maturação foram avaliados o comprimento e diâmetro do fruto, o teor de água e peso da matéria fresca e seca dos frutos e sementes e, no segundo experimento, acrescentado o teste de germinação de sementes e determinado o teor de ácidos graxos livres, nas três últimas colheitas. A maturidade fisiológica das sementes ocorreu a partir de 9 meses após a antese, observando-se 100% de germinação, permitindo recomendar a colheita dos frutos até três meses antes da dispersão. Em laboratório foram aplicadas as temperaturas de 25o, 30o e 35oC, como tratamento pré-germinativo, durante 20, 40 e 60 dias, resultando em pequeno aumento da germinação em função do tempo do aquecimento, além da maior duração do processo germinativo. Estudou-se o efeito das temperaturas 25o, 30o e 35oC em germinador, no teor de água, velocidade e germinação das sementes, resultando em 61% de germinação, na temperatura de 30oC, aos 45 dias da semeadura. Comparou-se tipos de preparo das sementes com diferentes estruturas. Os despontes simples ou duplos aplicados às sementes não facilitaram o processo de embebição e, consequentemente, não promoveram aumento na germinação. Durante o armazenamento, a viabilidade das sementes foi avaliada pelo teste de tetrazólio a 0,5%, aos 30, 60 e 90 dias, em câmara seca, câmara fria a 5 e 15oC e na temperatura ambiente e em embalagens porosa e impermeável, resultando a melhor conservação das sementes na temperatura ambiente e em sacos plásticos... . / In the present work it was studied the maturation of the fruits and seeds of the piassava palm tree, the period of heating in pre-germination and the temperature effects in the germination of seeds, the comparison of seeds preparing methods with the different structures and conditions of storage and packages types, aiming for the maintenance and viability of the seeds. In the experiments of maturation it were evaluated the fruit length and diameter, water content, dry and fresh matter weight of the fruits and seeds and in the second experiment, it was added the seed germination test and was determined the free fatty acids content at the last three harvests. After the 9 months of the anthesis, occurred the physiological maturity of seeds and observed 100 % of germination, allowing to suggest the fruits harvest until three months before dispersion period. In laboratory, it were applied the temperatures of 25o, 30o and 35oC as pre-germination treatment, during 20, 40 and 60 days, resulting in small increase of germination, in relation to the heating time, besides the major period of the germination process. It was studied the temperature effects of 25o , 30o and 35o C in germinator, under the water content, rate and percentage of the seeds germination, resulting in 61 % of seeds germination, under temperature of 30o C, at the 45 days, after sowing. It was compared types of seeds preparation with different structures. The simple or double cutting, applied to the seeds did not facilitate the imbebition process and consequently did not carried out an increase in the germination. During the storage, the seeds viability were evaluated by the Tetrazolium's test at 0,5%, at the 30, 60 and 90 days, at dry chamber, cold chamber at 5o C and 15oC, and room temperature and in porous and impermeable packages, resulting in the best conservation of seeds, in room temperature and in locked plastic bags... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Freires.pdf: 2001581 bytes, checksum: 9175dab7eab2065c034ec514e2244675 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer (Arecaceae), popularly known by tucumã, is a palm tree that occurs in the Amazon and presents a potential market of food and crafts. Has great economic importance, mainly the different products that it can be extracted and used. The specie is characterized by delay in germination, a fact that discourages their cultivation. Thus, information that enable methods and techniques that accelerate the seedlings production is important as a stimulus to the specie cultivation. The aimed of this study was to establish protocols for tucumã in vitro germination and development of zygotic embryos through tissue culture techniques. The tests were performed at the Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia. We evaluated the effects of different antioxidants (activated charcoal, ascorbic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone), the means were tested semi solid MS and Y3 with 0.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1 indolylacetic acid (IAA) in the elongation phase, while in the rooting phase, the treatments consisted of four concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg L-1). The cultures remained in a growth chamber with temperature set at 25 ± 1 ° C, light intensity of 30.0 μmols.m-2.s-1 and 16-hour photoperiod. During the acclimatization plants were kept in a greenhouse with intermittent misting system for 60 days. The substrates used were sand, coconut fiber, Vivato®, coconut fiber x sand, coconut fiber x Vivato®, sand and Vivato®, sand x coconut fiber x Vivato®, all in the same proportions. The antioxidant assay results showed that there is no need for the use of antioxidants as MS medium (control) showed 86% germination and absence of oxidation. In stretching phase, MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 IAA, was superior to other treatments, developing plants with an average height of 6.18 cm. For rooting, the treatment with 10.0 mg L-1 NAA was higher, with an average production of 9.0 roots per plant, with a rooting percentage of 75.0%. During the acclimatization phase, the substrate Vivato® showed superior results to the other, with an average increase in height of 10.25 cm and launch of five new leaves / Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer (Arecaceae), popularmente conhecido por tucumã, é uma palmeira que ocorre na Amazônia e apresenta potencial para o mercado de alimento e artesanato. Tem grande importância econômica, principalmente, pelos diferentes produtos que dela podem ser extraídos e usados. A espécie tem como característica a demora na germinação, fato que desestimula o seu cultivo. Deste modo, informações que viabilizem métodos e técnicas que acelerem a produção de mudas são importantes como estímulo para o cultivo da espécie. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer protocolos de germinação e desenvolvimento in vitro de embriões zigóticos de tucumã através da técnica de cultura de tecidos. Os ensaios foram realizados no Centro de Biotecnologia da Amazônia. Foi avaliada os efeitos de diferentes antioxidantes (carvão ativado, ácido ascórbico e polivinilpirrolidona); foram testados os meios semi sólidos MS e Y3 com 0,0 mg.L-1 e 2,0 mg.L-1 de ácido indolilacético (AIA), na fase de alongamento; já em fase de enraizamento, os tratamentos consistiram de quatro concentrações de ácido naftaleno acético (ANA) (0, 2,5, 5, 10 mg.L-1). As culturas permaneceram em sala de crescimento com temperatura ajustada em 25 ± 1ºC, intensidade luminosa de 30,0 μmols.m-2.s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Na fase de aclimatização as plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação com sistema de nebulização intermitente por 60 dias. Os substratos utilizados foram areia, fibra de coco, Vivato®, fibra de coco x areia, fibra de coco x Vivato®, areia x Vivato® e areia x fibra de coco x Vivato®, todos nas mesmas proporções. O ensaio com antioxidantes os resultados demonstraram que não há a necessidade de utilização de antioxidantes, pois o meio MS (controle) apresentou 86% de germinação e ausência de oxidação. Já na fase de alongamento o meio MS suplementado com 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIA apresentou superioridade aos demais tratamentos, desenvolvendo plantas com altura média de 6,18 cm. Para o enraizamento, o tratamento com 10,0 mg.L-1 de ANA, foi superior, com uma produção média de 9,0 raízes por planta, com um percentual de enraizamento de 75,0%. Na fase de aclimatização, o substrato Vivato® apresentou resultados superiores aos demais, com incremento médio em altura de 10,25 cm e lançamento de cinco novas folhas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T17:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_RICARDO ALVES DE ARAUJO.pdf: 895921 bytes, checksum: 5ea0e992d9b4feab62268bd96ada6926 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-29 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This work aimed to evaluate the animal performance, forage intake, behavior of grazing and the spatial distribution of bovine feces of growth, kept in silvopastoral systems formed by babassu and HAL. The experiment was carried out on the Farm Living Water, in the municipality of de Matinha-MA, region of Baixada Maranhense, in the period of April to October 2013.The treatments used were: monoculture Marandu palisadegrass and three densities of palm trees of babassu more Marandu palisadegrass (SSP), being: 0, 80, 131, 160 adult palms/ha, characterizing monoculture (Mono), low density of palm trees (BDP), average density of palm trees (MDP) and high density of palm trees (ADP), totaling four treatments. These were imposed on experimental units in a randomized design with arrangement in a split-plot, with the plots the periods rainy and dry seasons, already in the subplots densities of palm trees. The system used was the continuous manning, with five crossbred cattle Nelore x Guzera per experimental unit. Over time, steers were placed and removed from each paddock, according to need. The composition of the grass was equal in all pastoralist systems and there was no difference between the two periods, probably because of the extension of the PC. In relation to the consumption for the two periods difference was observed only in Mono and MDP (P>0.05), already among the systems there was no difference. he consumption of MS was between (2.6% LW) for the PC and (2.8 % LW) for the PS, and that these values are very close the tables of requirements of the National Research Council, which is (2.7 %LW) for animals in that category. The consumption values for the gains of weights obtained in the two periods are above the expected values.The rate of recovery of chromium in the feces for treatments Mono, BDP, MDP and ADP in PC was 92.35; 91,32; 90.78 and 91,00 %, with an average recovery of 91.36 %, already for the PS was 92,32 %. There was no significant difference for both periods as for densities. We observed a higher ADG in animals kept in pastures with BDP. The gain per area (GP, kg.ha-1) was also greater in BDP , getting around 84,37kg.ha-1.Animals kept in silvopastoral systems present a better gain in relation to maintained in Mono, being that the system of BD provided better daily weight gain of animals. On the PC the largest grazing time was observed in the animals of MDP and PS monoculture, already the time of rumination was greater in BDP and lowest in MDP during the PC, already in the dry season the monoculture.Activities such as drinking water and consume the mineral salt was greater in ADP and in monoculture for the PC and PS respectively. During the PC it was observed by the index of dispersion standardized that the distribution of plaques of feces within the paddocks was in aggregate form, except for the ADP that occurred in a uniform way. Already in PS MDP and ADP showed a distribution in a uniform way, the others were in aggregate form.It was observed that the behavior of grazing was influenced by sward structure mainly in SSP's due to shading provided by babaçuais. The silvopastoral systems formed by palm trees of babassu and palisadegrass can be used as a means to improve animal production and forage. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho animal, consumo de forragem, comportamento de pastejo e a distribuição espacial de fezes de bovinos em crescimento, mantidos em sistema silvipastoris formado por babaçu e capim-Marandu. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Água Viva, no município de Matinha-MA, região da Baixada Maranhense, no período de abril a outubro de 2013. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: monocultura de capim Marandu e três densidades de palmeiras de babaçu mais capim Marandu (SSP), ou seja: 0, 80, 131, 160 palmeiras adultas/ha, caracterizando monocultura (Mono), baixa densidade de palmeiras (BDP), média densidade de palmeiras (MDP) e alta densidade de palmeiras (ADP), totalizando assim quatro tratamentos. Estes foram impostos às unidades experimentais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, ficando nas parcelas as densidades, nas subparcelas o período chuvoso e seco. O método de pastejo utilizado foi o de lotação contínua, com cinco bovinos mestiços Nelores x Guzerá por unidade experimental. Ao longo do tempo, animais reguladores foram colocados e retirados de cada piquete, de acordo com a necessidade. A composição químico-bromatológica do capim foi igual em todos os sistemas pastoris e não houve diferença entre os períodos, provavelmente devido ao prolongamento do PC. Em relação ao consumo para os dois períodos observou-se diferença apenas na Mono e MDP (P<0,05), já entre os sistemas não houve diferença. O consumo de MS ficou entre (2,6%PV) para o PC e (2,8%PV) para o PS, sendo que esses valores estão bem próximos das tabelas de exigências do National Research Council, que é de (2,7%PV) para animais dessa categoria. Os valores de consumo para os ganhos de pesos obtidos nos dois períodos estão acima dos valores esperados. A taxa de recuperação do cromo nas fezes para os tratamentos Mono, BDP, MDP e ADP no PC foi de 92,35; 91,32; 90,78 e 91,00%, apresentando média de recuperação de 91,36 %, já para o PS foi de 92,32%. Não houve diferença significativa tanto para os períodos quanto para as densidades. Observou-se maior GMD nos animais mantidos em pastagens com BDP. O ganho por área também foi maior na BDP, ficando em torno de 84,37kg.ha-1. Os animais mantidos nos sistemas silvipastoris apresentam um maior ganho de peso em relação aos mantidos na Mono, sendo que o sistema de BD proporcionou maior ganho de peso diário aos animais. No PC o maior tempo de pastejo foi observado nos animais da MDP e no PS monocultivo, já o tempo de ruminação foi maior na BDP e menor na MDP durante o PC, já na época seca o monocultivo. Atividades como beber água e consumir o sal mineral foi maior na ADP e na monocultura para o PC e PS respectivamente. Durante o PC observou-se pelo índice de dispersão padronizado que a distribuição das placas de fezes dentro dos piquetes se deu de forma agregada, exceto para a ADP que ocorreu de forma uniforme. Já no PS a MDP e ADP apresentaram uma distribuição de forma uniforme, os demais foram de forma agregada. Observou-se que o comportamento de pastejo foi influenciado pela estrutura do pasto principalmente nos SSP‟s devido ao sombreamento proporcionado pelos babaçuais. Os sistemas silvipastoris formados por palmeiras de babaçu e capim-Marandu podem ser utilizados como meios de melhorar a produção animal e forrageira.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jane Karina Silva Mendonca.pdf: 3318033 bytes, checksum: c9b49c1165461842ca1fd7f1454ae286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This study regards the sustainable development of the types of palms from Protection Environment Area (APA) in Baixada Maranhense, in the handcraft production of geotextile that has been used in the rehabilitation of some degraded areas by erosion and helps to involve the local poor community, as well as those people who work with handcraft and extraction activities of those plants. It has been carried out bibliography and cartography surveys, questionnaires that were filled, in order to assess the extraction and production of mats and tests of the effectiveness of the geotextile, through an experimental station. The species selected: babaçu, buriti, carnauba, and tucum, are appropriate to this new way of use, observing the limits that those plants and their environment demand, to have an activity that has the goal of the social economic environmental sustainability. / O estudo aborda o uso sustentável de espécies de palmeiras da APA da Baixada Maranhense, na produção artesanal de geotêxteis utilizadas na recuperação de áreas degradadas por erosão, propondo o envolvimento de comunidades carentes das áreas degradadas, bem como daquelas que trabalham com atividades artesanais e extrativistas com essas plantas. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e cartográficos, elaboração e aplicação de formulários para avaliação da extração e produção das telas e testes de eficiência das geotêxteis, através de uma estação experimental. As espécies selecionadas: babaçu, buriti, carnaúba e tucum, cujas características são favoráveis a essa nova categoria de uso, desde que respeitados os limites impostos, pela planta e seu ambiente, para que se tenha uma atividade que vise a sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental e econômica.

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-04T23:01:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Guilherme Benelli de Azevedo.pdf: 3584121 bytes, checksum: a30f02bc468cdbe89b00be393af6604f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T12:43:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Guilherme Benelli de Azevedo.pdf: 3584121 bytes, checksum: a30f02bc468cdbe89b00be393af6604f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T12:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Guilherme Benelli de Azevedo.pdf: 3584121 bytes, checksum: a30f02bc468cdbe89b00be393af6604f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Localizada no nordeste do estado de Rondônia, a Reserva Biológica do Jaru esta situada em uma das áreas de grande diversidade e endemismo do bioma amazônico. Devido à finalidade desta Unidade de Conservação e a escassez de publicações sobre a flora dessa região na Amazônia Central, este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da estrutura fitossociológica e diversidade de espécies arbóreas nessa área. A coleta de dados foi obtida através da amostragem de 3 transectos com dimensões de 10 x 500 m, subdivididos em parcelas de 10 x 50 m e estabelecidos de maneira sistemática, onde foram registrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 10 cm. As espécies foram reconhecidas preliminarmente pelo nome vulgar e após a identificação taxonômica, tiveram os seus Parâmetros Fitossociológicos calculados. Foram registrados 862 indivíduos, distribuídos em 49 famílias botânicas, 144 gêneros e 298 espécies. As famílias mais bem representadas foram Fabaceae com 55 espécies, Sapotaceae com 23, Moraceae com 19, Annonaceae com 15, Malvaceae 14, Burseraceae com 13, Lauraceae com 13, Chrysobalanaceae com 12, Meliaceae com 10 e Myristicaceae com 9 espécies. A densidade encontrada foi de 574,67 indivíduos/ha e área basal foi 34,78 m²/ha, as espécies com maior valor de importância (%) em ordem decrescente foram: Attalea speciosa Mart. (4,75), Peltogyne excelsa Ducke (4,05), Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (3,02), Ficus capensis Thunb. (2,76), Euterpe precatoria Mart. (2,69), Theobroma microcarpum Mart. (2,37), Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (2,15), Cariniana decandra Ducke (1,74), Dialium guianense (Aubl.) Sandwith (1,68), Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A. Mori (1,61). A Diversidade pelo índice de Shannon encontrada foi de 5,10 nats/ind e a Similaridade de Sorensen máxima de 45,7%. Diante destes resultados, foi possível concluir que os transectos apresentaram características distintas, a fitofisionomia estudada corresponde a Floresta Ombrófila com Palmeiras, sendo encontrada uma elevada diversidade. / Located in the northeast of the State of Rondônia, Jaru Biological Reserve is located in one of the areas of great diversity and endemism of the Amazonian Biome. Due to the purpose of this conservation unit and the scarcity of publications on the flora of this region in the Central Amazon, this work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the phytosociological structure and tree species diversity in this area. The data were obtained by sampling of 3 transects with dimensions of 10 x 500 m, subdivided into plots of 10 x 50 m and established in a systematic way, where all individuals were registered with diameter breast height (dbh) ≥ 10 cm. The species have been recognized by the common name preliminarily and taxonomic identification, after they had their Phytosociological Parameters calculated. 862 individuals were recorded, distributed in 49 botanical families, 144 genera and 298 species. Most families well represented with 55 species were Fabaceae, Sapotaceae with 23, Moraceae with 19, Annonaceae with 15, Malvaceae 14, Burseraceae. with 13, Lauraceae with 13, with 12, Meliaceae Chrysobalanaceae with 10 and Myristicaceae with 9 species. The density was 574.67 individuals/ha and basal area was 34.78 m2/ha, the species with the highest importance value (%) in descending order were: Attalea speciosa Mart. (4.75), Peltogyne excelsa Ducke (4.05), Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (3.02), Ficus capensis Thunb. (2.76), Euterpe precatoria Mart. (2.69), Theobroma microcarpum Mart. (2.37), Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (2.15), Cariniana decandra Ducke (1.74), Dialium guianense (Aubl.) Sandwith (1.68), Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A. Mori (1.61). The diversity Shannon index was 5.10 nats/ind and the similarity of Sorensen of 45.7% maximum. The diversity using Shannon found was 5.10 nats/ind and Sorensen Similarity maximum of 45.7%. On these results, it was possible to conclude that the transects showed distinct characteristics, the study showed characteristics corresponds to palm ombrophilous rain forest, being found a high diversity.