Since the 1950s, men and women, mainly Rastafari from the West Indies, have moved as repatriates to Shashamane, Ethiopia. This is a spiritually and ideologically oriented journey to the promised land of Ethiopia (Africa) and to the land granted by His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie I. Although migration across regions of the global south is less common than migration from the global south to north, this move is even more distinct because it is not primarily motivated by economic concerns. This thesis - the first in-depth ethnographic study of the repatriate population - focuses on the conceptual and pragmatic ways in which repatriates and their Ethiopian-born children “rehome” this area of Shashamane that is now called Jamaica Safar (or village in the Amharic language). There is a simultaneous Rasta identification of themselves as Ethiopians and as His Majesty’s people, which is often contested in legal and civic spheres, with a West Indian social inscription of Shashamane. These dynamics have emerged from a Rastafari re-invention of personhood that was fostered in West Indian Creole society. These ideas converge in a central concern with the inalienability of the land grant that is shared by repatriates, their children and Rastafari outside Ethiopia as well. Accordingly, the repatriate population of Shashamane becomes the centre of international social and economic networks. The children born on this land thus demonstrate the success of their parents’ repatriation. They are the ones who will ensure the Rastafari presence there in perpetuity.

Située dans la partie occidentale de la République Centrafricaine, la zone d’étude (Fig.1 et 18), correspond à trois domaines géotectoniques : le domaine NW et SE, le domaine central et le domaine méridional. Le domaine NW et SE ou la nappe panafricaine des Gbayas (640 Ma), est caractérisé par une succession d’activités magmatiques et de granulites. Le mouvement tectonique affectant ce domaine est principalement latéral ( vers le S et SW). Le domaine central, constitué d’un socle éburnéen (2400-2200 Ma) et de sa couverture paléoprotérozoïque métasédimentaire à métavolcanite (1800 Ma environs), est dominé par des mouvements verticaux.Le dernier domaine comporte, une triade de roches (métatillite, cipolin, métasilexite) néoprotérozoïques, associées au dépôts du bassin de Bangui, est coiffée par une formation sédimentaire. S’agirait-il de deux domaines paléogéographiques (central et méridional) juxtaposés ? La lithologie et la lithostratigraphie de ces deux précédentes zones posent toujours des problèmes d’âges.). Les métatillites situés à la partie basale des dépôts du bassin de Bangui (domaine méridional), nous ont poussé à vérifier les traces de l’événement mondial qui est la glaciation néoprotérozoïque, en réalisant des analyses géochimiques au ∂18O et ∂13C. Ces trois domaines portent les empreintes de quatre à trois phases de déformation panafricaine. Des fortes valeurs d’aimentation (≤ 5 A/m ) mesurées sur certaines roches issues de cette zone pourraient être associées à la grande anomalie magnétique observée mondialement (satellitaire et au sol ) en République Centrafrique. / Located in the western part of the Central African Republic, the study area (Fig. 1 and 18), corresponding to three geotectonic areas: NW and SE area, central area and the southern area. The NW and SE domain or Pan Gbayas of water (640 Ma) is characterized by a succession of magmatic activity and granulites. The tectonic movement affecting this area is mainly lateral (to the S and SW). The central domain consists of a Eburnean basement (2400-2200 Ma) and its Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary to metavolcanic coverage (around 1800 Ma) is dominated by vertical movements.The latter area includes a triad of rocks (métatillite, cipolin, métasilexite) Neoproterozoic, associated with basin deposits Bangui, is capped by a Stack. Would it two paleogeographic domains (central and southern) side by side? Lithology and lithostratigraphy of the two previous areas still pose problems for ages.). The métatillites located at the basal part of Bangui Basin (southern area) deposits, we drove to check the traces of the global event that is Neoproterozoic glaciation, conducting geochemical analyzes ∂ 18O and ∂ 13C. These three areas are the fingerprints of four three-phase deformation of Pan. Strong values of magnetization (≤ 5 A / m) measured on some rocks from this area may be associated with high magnetic anomaly observed worldwide (satellite and ground) in the Central African Republic.

L’analyse des données magnétiques et gravimétriques de la partie nord de la ceinture trans-saharienne a permis de proposer une carte de compartimentalisation géophysique et rhéologique des structures crustales et de visualiser les terranes du bouclier Touareg sur plus de 1000 km au nord, sous les bassins sédimentaires sahariens et plusieurs aspects ont pu être discutés. Un pseudo réseau de quatre générations successives de paléovallées et incisions a été mis en évidence dans la succession glaciaire de l’Ordovicien supérieur au NE du bassin d’Illizi sur la base des données sismiques de haute résolution. Pour chaque incision, la géométrie ainsi que les faciès sismiques de leur remplissage ont été déterminés. Un parallélisme entre la distribution de certaines paléovallées et l'orientation des anomalies magnétiques a été observé, mais aucune relation stratigraphique entre ces structures n'a été identifiée sur les sections sismiques. Un réseau complexe de vallées tunnel glaciaires du Pléistocène en mer du Nord a été identifié sur la base de données aéromagnétiques à haute résolution. Une analyse magnétique détaillée a été réalisée en combinant plusieurs méthodes magnétiques. A la fin, des modèles magnétiques synthétiques 2D ont été calculés pour les incisions ordoviciennes, appliqué pour le cas du bassin d’Illizi. Les résultats obtenus montrent que leur détection magnétique est possible, si toutes fois un levé magnétique à haute résolution serait disponible. / The magnetic and gravimetric data analysis of the northern part of the trans-saharan belt allowed to propose a geophysical and rheological compartmentalization map of its crustal structures and to visualize the Tuareg shield terranes over 1000 km to the north, under the saharan sedimentary basins and several aspects have been discussed. A pseudo network of four successive generations of paleovalleys and incisions has been identified on the upper Ordovician glacial succession in the north-eastern part of the Illizi basin on the basis of high-resolution seismic data. For each incision, the geometry and seismic facies of their filling have been determined. Parallelism between the distribution of some paleovalleys and magnetic anomaly orientations has been observed, but no stratigraphic relationship between them has been identified on seismic sections. A complex network of Pleistocene glacial tunnel valleys in the North Sea has been identified on the basis of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. A detailed magnetic analysis was performed by combining several magnetic methods. Finally, 2D synthetic magnetic models were calculated for Ordovician incisions, applied in the case of the Illizi basin. The results obtained show that their magnetic detection is possible, if a high-resolution magnetic survey would still be available.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation constructs a social history of African women in Cape Town from the vantage point of their varied attempts over the last five decades to map 'home' in the urban setting: in the physical structures of their homes; the character of their social and kinship networks; and in the ways a notion of 'place' was re-worked. An historiographical examination of existing research has shown that, especially in the South African context, much scope remains for a regionally specific historical analysis of the urbanisation process, and African women's unique role in it. The use of oral histories and the adoption of a trans-generational interviewing strategy have helped fashion a textured account of African women's settlement strategies, and the underlying social and personal transformations that their design and use suggested. 'First-generational' women, who entered Cape Town at mid-century, led an uncertain and highly regulated urban existence, by virtue of their enforced marginalisation under apartheid. Until the late-1980s, Cape Town retained a distinctive demographic composition, and an historical association as the 'home' of the Coloured population. This made state and local efforts to control the entry and residence of the minority African populace more coercive and successful, at least in the first two decades of apartheid rule. Despite these restrictions, African women constructed and managed a dense set of strategies which affirmed their material livelihoods in the city and increasingly enmeshed their identities in the workings of a modern and commoditised world. However, first-generational women also actively contested these developments to some extent, evident particularly in their efforts to regulate the movement of and compel financial support from their increasingly mobile daughters and granddaughters. Evidence from second and third-generational respondents show a growing reluctance to utilise first-generational women's settlement strategies and the conceptual frameworks which underpinned them. For instance, associational links were increasingly organised along non-racialised lines. Third-generational women's desire to establish residence in other areas of the city, or in other cities entirely, was indicative of a similar dynamic. This was also reflective of their embrace of mobility as an expression of greater economic and social freedoms possible in a post-apartheid world. This dissertation constructs a social history of African women in Cape Town from the vantage point of their varied attempts over the last five decades to locate 'home' in the urban setting. It charts the experiences of a group of women who first moved to Cape Town in the 1940s and 50s, and their children and grandchildren. My focus is on the way in which succeeding generations of women developed differing strategies of settlement, in the context of sometimes dramatic social and political change. The social as well as the physical elements of locating home are key elements in the analysis, including the redefinition of kinship and associational networks, as well as the re-casting of identities and a sense of place. Until the late 1980s, Cape Town retained a distinctive demographic composition, and an historical association as the 'home' of the Coloured- population. This made state and local efforts to control the entry and residence of the minority African populace more coercive and successful, at least in the first two decades of apartheid rule. Rather than painting a comprehensive portrait of urban African life in the apartheid era (1948- 1994), this dissertation hopes to map a few significant dynamics which were manifest in the encounters between a select group of African women and the distinctive terrain of this city during the apartheid years.

This study critically explores the relationships amongst the global, national, continental and alternative news agencies in South Africa and in a changing global context of news. It revisits previous studies’ findings on imbalances in global flows with a view to extending and updating these case studies. An extended-case study approach employing in-depth, open-ended interviews with news agency participants based primarily in South Africa and with the Pan African News Agency in Senegal is undertaken. The study postulates that news agencies do not operate independently of the broader external social environment. News agencies are influenced by changes in the global news environment and impacted upon by socio-economic, political and cultural processes and relations amongst nations. The main findings include firstly, that “intermediary changes” described as “adaptive strategies” at news agencies result from internal and external pressures on their operations of news production, selection and distribution. Internal pressures are identified as changes in ownership, and the gate-keeping function in the selection and exchange of news. External pressures are associated with the processes and relations of market-based global capitalism, which, it is theorized, gives rise to changing conditions described as a new phase of neo-liberal globalisation. Another finding related to the first, describes the adaptive strategies at news agencies as signifying a crisis in the global capitalist order and a transition to a post-industrial society. This post-industrial society presents the space for further investigation of the phenomenon of global consciousness, which is a further finding of the study. The prevalence of an alternative form of news production, citizens’ journalism, is seen as an example of an emerging public realm of opinion making, or, the public sphere. The study concludes that explanations for the persistence of imbalances in global news flows in the relationships among news agencies needs revision and updating, and that a global phenomenon, “global consciousness”, presents a challenge to the extreme market forces and the statist government control over media systems worldwide.