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In today¡¦s world of highly developed economies, the average yearly consumption of paper per person is usually considered as an index of living standard. The paper industry is one of the basic industries necessary to our daily lives and an indispensably important industry in the domestic economic development. Basically, paper is a cheap medium that can be used for a wide range of purposes. Compared with other media, it has strong competitiveness. And as the industry is growing more mature, it is necessary to further investigate how to expand the market and enhance manufacturer¡¦s profit, so as to reach the goal of sustainable management of an enterprise. In order to evaluate whether the salespersons in the paper industry are able to bring profit for the company, a systematic appraisal system has to be established. This study broke through the conventional performance evaluation method adopted in the paper industry and proposed to use the 4 constructs of Balanced Scorecard as the constructs for performance evaluation, in an attempt to develop a comprehensive appraisal system. Among these 4 constructs, except the ¡§finance¡¨ and ¡§customer¡¨ constructs that were evaluated with objective quantitative indices, ¡§internal workflow¡¨ and ¡§learning and growing¡¨ constructs were subjective qualitative indices. Literature review was first conducted to induce the items for evaluating salesperson¡¦s performance. Through a survey on expert¡¦s opinions, indices considered as more imperative were derived to build the hierarchical structure of performance evaluation. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was then applied to calculate the weight of each index. Finally, empirical verifications were conducted to gain the agreement of the paper industry, in hope of providing a reference for the managers of the industry. Regarding to the structure and weight of the performance index established in this study for salespersons in the paper industry, the conclusions were made as follows: 1.The establishment of a performance appraisal system: 19 evaluation indices were developed, based on the 4 major constructs of Balanced Scorecard. 2.Weight of performance evaluation indices: Among the 4 major constructs of Balanced Scorecard, ¡§customer¡¨ was the priority, followed by the ¡§finance¡¨ construct. The overall weight of the two construct accounted for 60%. And among the 19 other indices, ¡§integrity¡¨ had the highest weight, and the rest of the top 5 indices were: gross profit margin rate, concept of cost, customer satisfaction, and achievement of collection. 3.Empirical verifications: This study conducted empirical verifications on a paper manufacturer, and the analysis results were consistent with the subjective evaluations of the high-ranking supervisors in the company. It was believed that the performance indices proposed in this study possessed high objectivity and accuracy, and could be used as a reference for performance evaluations in the future.

The most common strategy for handling paper mill solid waste is typically disposal in landfills. However, several drawbacks are associated with this type of solid waste management, such as increasing costs due to oil price rise, governmental restrictions on land use, and environmental concerns such as leaching of disposed contaminants into groundwater, as well as methane generation of and release to the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming. An alternative to reduce solids prior to disposal and to recover methane as a renewable fuel is anaerobic digestion, but it is not yet clear whether such an approach is feasible in paper mills. In this study, the anaerobic digestion of paper mill waste streams was evaluated for a paper plant located in Belen, Costa Rica, to investigate up to what extent certain waste streams can be anaerobically digested, to what extent energy can be produced in the form of methane for implementation in a wastewater treatment plant and to evaluate the conditions that will favor methane generation from select waste streams. Batch assays were performed to evaluate the biodegradability of single and combined waste samples under ideal, laboratory conditions. Samples were obtained from the manufacturing plant as well as the wastewater treatment plant at the paper mill under study. The ultimate biodegradability ranged 25 to 85% in terms of volatile solids destruction, corresponding to the waste activated sludge (WAS) and Flotation Cell rejects, respectively. The COD destruction of single samples ranged from 45 to 63%, corresponding to WAS and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings, respectively. Methane generation ranged from 80 to 190 ml at 35oC/g COD added for all single samples (excluding underflows). In combination Feed 1 was reduced by 46 and 52% and Feed 2 by 27 and 38%, respectively. Two combinations of two single samples each (Feed 1 and 2), formulated according to plant operational data, and their solids and COD destruction as well as methane generation in semicontinuous flow anaerobic digesters were evaluated at different solids retention times (30, 20, 15, and 7 days). Nutrients (N, and P) availability as well as alkalinity in the plant waste streams were evaluated and minimum supplements were used to support an efficient anaerobic digestion process. The reactors reached stable operation at all retention times evaluated. Methanogenesis was the predominant, terminal metabolic process under anaerobic, mesophilic conditions, but the overall process rate was determined by the hydrolysis of the particulate substrate. Reactors fed with Feed 1 achieved the highest level of destruction, which amounted to 85% of phosphorus that is typically present in paper mill wastes. Alkalinity addition to the feed (3.5 mg NaHCO3/L) was necessary to maintain the reactors pH above 6.9.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1974. / Bibliography: leaves 122-124.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1964. / Bibliography: leaves 191-192.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1979. / Bibliography: leaves 138-142.