Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_LeticiaHenn_M.pdf: 1733657 bytes, checksum: 6f5ab2ef9fb4ce3895f1988b72a70473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como escopo a aplicação da eletroflotação no tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de papel e a verificação de sua viabilidade técnica e econômica. Para isto, compararam-se eletrodos de alumínio e ferro, sendo este com densidade de corrente de 211 A/m2 e aquele com 169 A/m2 em um reator de 20 L e monitorou-se o comportamento dos parâmetros pH, condutividade, temperatura, turbidez, DQO, Sólidos Sedimentáveis e DBO. Para o eletrodo de alumínio testado, houve um aumento do valor do pH de 7,32 para 9,19, a condutividade diminuiu conforme esperado pelo diagrama de solubilidade de Al(OH)3 em função do pH, a temperatura aumentou de 23,6 para 31,5ºC em decorrência do efeito Joule, a turbidez reduziu 93%, a DQO 96%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 98% e a DBO 99%, além do efluente final não ter apresentado coloração residual. O eletrodo de ferro apresentou resultados satisfatórios mas não tão promissores quanto os do alumínio. Neste caso, também houve aumento do pH de 7,31 para 9,80, a condutividade diminuiu conforme os diagramas de solubilidade dos Fe(OH)2 e Fe(OH)3 em função do pH, a elevação da temperatura foi de 25,9 para 31,8ºC pelo mesmo motivo já citado, a turbidez reduziu 50%, a DQO 83%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 97 % e a DBO 84%. No final do tratamento, o efluente apresentou uma coloração amarela residual bastante forte, devido à oxidação dos íons Fe2+ a Fe3+. Alguns dos principais cálculos feitos foram em relação ao consumo de energia, que para ambos os materiais foi de 9,0 kWh/m3, consumo do eletrodo, tendo sido de 4,0 g para alumínio e 12,5 g para ferro, custo de operação de 7,01 R$/m3 para alumínio e 2,84 R$/m3 para ferro, além da quantidade de gases gerados, sendo, para ambos os materiais, de 4,9 L de hidrogênio e 2,51 L de oxigênio. Estes resultados indicam que a aplicação da eletroflotação em escala industrial deve ser mais pesquisada para que se diminua o custo de operação através de otimizações do sistema e para que se tenha total controle da quantidade de gases produzidos e do aumento da temperatura / Abstract: This work describes the application of electroflocculation in the effluent of a paper industry and its technical and economical feasible assessment. The aluminum and iron electrodes were compared, being the first tested with a current density of 211 A/m2 and the second with 169 A/m2 in a reactor of 20 L and the behavior of parameters pH, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, COD, Settling Solids and BOD were monitored. With the aluminum electrode tested, there was an increase in pH value from 7,32 to 9,19; conductivity decreased as expected by the Al(OH)3 solubility diagram according to pH; the effluent temperature rised from 23,6ºC to 31,5ºC due to the Joule effect; turbidity has decreased 93%, COD 96%, Settling Solids 98% and BOD 99%. After treatment the final effluent has exhibited no residual color. The iron electrode has showed satisfactory results but not so promising as that obtained with aluminum. In this case, there were also an increase in pH value from 7,31 to 9,80; conductivity has decreased as expected by the Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 solubility diagrams as function of pH; the effluent temperature increased from 25,9ºC to 31,8ºC by the same reason ever explained with the aluminum electrode; turbidity has decreased 50%, COD 83%, Settling Solids 97% and BOD 84%. At the end of treatment, the effluent exhibited a quite strong yellow residual color, due to oxidation of iron ions (Fe2+ to Fe3+). Some of the main calculus regarded the energy consumption, that for both materials was 9,0 kWh/m3. The electrode consumption was 9,0 g for aluminum and 12,5 g for iron. The operating cost was 7,01 R$/m3 for aluminum and 2,84 R$/m3 for iron. The quantity of gases produced was 4,9 L of hydrogen and 2,51 L of oxygen. These results indicated that the electroflotation application in a comercial scale must be more investigated to reach optimization and total control of the quantity of gases generated and temperature rise / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Abstract The Finnish chemical forest industry has undergone a profound structural change over the past two decades. The basic industry is increasingly focusing its product development investments on its own products and operations while the development of processes and process machinery is left to specialised companies. At the same time the purchases of the pulp and paper industry are becoming larger: there is a shift from single device purchases to larger functional units. This research studies the Finnish process machinery industry serving the needs of the pulp and paper industry and its product development environment and strategies, and evaluates the ability of selected case companies to design integrated process solutions. Particularly the role of measurement and automation technology in these solutions is under closer scrutiny. Aspects of product life cycles and technology management, together with various procedures and operating models for innovation and product development processes, are discussed on the basis of the literature. The empirical part of the research was carried out as a case study with several Finnish companies manufacturing machinery and equipment for the chemical forest industry. The results show that the strategies of the studied industry are still very much dominated by the traditional emphasis on machinery design and construction. The change in the customers' purchasing behaviour towards ever larger units and functions is reflected particularly as increasingly large delivery projects. The units required by the customers are put together in the project phase, using parts and components developed in isolation from each other. There is very little evidence of actual product development, design or producing of integrated process solutions. In those cases where the design work has explicitly aimed at an integrated functional unit, the result has been a process that the customer can easily purchase and where the supplier's expertise in processes and process control is already included in the package. Designing integrated process solutions takes more than technical expertise and capability: the strategy, organisation, and product development process of the supplier company must support the integration of different technologies and expertise areas in the product. Instead of the traditional serial product development it is imperative that the questions of process design, process machinery, and process control are treated and solved simultaneously. The in-house expertise and networking of research and development must be promoted in such a way that the capabilities necessary to include the required technologies and expertise areas in a product project are already available when the product is being specified and designed.

M.Tech. / This research project explores the use of visual arts-based methodologies as tools to create exposure, increase sales of products and enhance social networks for a small craft enterprise called Kutloano Papermaking. Visual strategies of Photovoice, resource mapping and mural-making have been widely used in different contexts. This research considers the benefit of combining these three tools in a series of interventions with participants from Kutloano Papermaking and Thabong township of Welkom, Free State Province, South Africa. This project emerges out of a multi-year research activity, Cultural Action for Change: a Ford Foundation-funded project investigating the role of visual arts and social change. The partnership between the University of Johannesburg, Artist Proof Studio, Phumani Paper and sixteen papermaking enterprises across South Africa uses visual tools such as Paper Prayers, Photovoice and resource mapping to explore issues of health, economic development and creativity. My research expands on the work of Cultural Action for Change, building on the successes of Photovoice and resource mapping. Participatory Action Research (PAR) principles of collaboration, participation, action and dialogue underpin this research project. PAR as the framework of this research attempts to create an environment of horizontal knowledge creation and sharing. Findings from this research demonstrate that culture can awaken the spiritual, material and emotional well-being of individuals and communities. This research supports the role of the arts in contributing to economic action and organizing communities that are socially and economically marginalised.

Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth and is an important commodity for industries such as the pulp and paper industry. Cellulose is deposited into the plant cell walls by a complex of membrane bound enzymes known as cellulose synthases. A number of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes, which encode for different cellulose synthase proteins, have been identified from plant species such as Eucalyptus, Populus and Arabidopsis. Mutant and expression profile analysis of the CesA genes indicated that a set of three CesA genes are associated with secondary cell wall formation, while a different set of CesA genes are associated with primary cell wall formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional regulation of the different members of the CesA gene family in Eucalyptus. The promoter regions were comparatively analysed with the orthologous regions in Arabidopsis and Populus using bioinformatics tools to identify putative regulatory motifs that playa role in CesA genes regulation. Six Eucalyptus CesA gene promoters were isolated using genome walking. The Eucalyptus promoter regions and the orthologous promoter regions from Populus and Arabidopsis were analysed using TSSP (Transcriptional start site plant promoter prediction) and NNPP (Neural network promoter prediction) software packages. The software packages predicted the transcriptional start sites of the genes and the core regulatory elements such as the TATA-box and initiator elements. The in silico results were compared among species and it was found that the predicted transcriptional start sites and the core elements of the CesA gene promoters showed substantial structural conservation. The promoter regions were used in a comparative in silico analysis with the orthologous promoter regions from Arabidopsis and Populus to identify putative regulatory motifs. This is the first study in which the promoters of the CesA gene family are characterized in Arabidopsis, Populus and Eucalyptus. Three software packages (Weeder, POCO and MotifSampler) were used to analyse the promoter regions and identify over-represented motif sequences. A number of key stem-specific and xylem-specific motifs such as the AC-motif and G-box motif were identified as well as a number of novel motifs. Although all of the predicted motifs identified here will have to be functionally tested, the results of this study provide a good map for directed deletion studies and functional testing of the CesA promoters. / Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Genetics / unrestricted

This study-investigated the use of cationic polymers, and a surfactant, EHDABr, in the color removal treatment of Kraft pulp and paper wastewater. Four polymers were evaluated for their color removal performance by jar test procedures. The polymers removed between 77 and 87% of the wastewater color. The affect of pH upon polymer performance varied with the polymer tested. Powdered activated carbon addition improved the performance of the polymers. The color removal ability of EHDABr was evaluated by jar test, and by continuous-flow foam flotation.. EHDABr removed 77% of the wastewater color by jar test and was relatively unaffected by pH variation. The addition of powdered activated carbon improved EHDABr performance in jar tests. EHDABr removed 90% of the wastewater color by continuous-flow, foam flotation. Color bodies were precipitated in the foaming system before being removed by flotation. Total suspended solids removal improved with increasing column detention time. / Master of Science

This dissertation examines the performance of China's pulp and paper industry under environmental regulations, and reflects on the implementation of the regulations, and especially on market-based instruments. The dissertation includes two empirical chapters: one uses a frontier production function model to examine the impact of China's environmental policy on paper mills' environmental as well as efficiency performance; the other derives shadow prices for pollutants for the same group of mills, based on a distance function model, to examine the efficiency performance of current pollution control policy and the degree of regional variation in the policy enforcement. The basic conclusion from the first empirical chapter is that the economic instrument-pollution levy system-can be an effective tool in inducing polluting mills to abate their pollution, and there is no strong evidence that the instrument adversely affected the mills' efficiency performance. The reason that the pollution problem is not lessening over time can be largely attributed to allocative inefficiency and regional disparity in policy enforcement, as is demonstrated by the second empirical chapter. These results should point future policy in the direction of better enforcement and/or the trial of a tradable permit system. / Ph. D.

Mini-study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this dissertation is to attempt to analyse and evaluate the successes and mistakes Sappi Limited made when global ising the organisation from the inception of the organisation to the end of the millennium. It is very unique for a South African company to globalise from a South African base and it is the aim of this dissertation to analyse the steps such a company would follow to have success. Only a limited number of South African case studies exist in the field of strategic management and the writer will aim to structure this case study in such a manner that it will serve South African students in the field of Strategic Management. The study will start with the inception of the organisation and will describe the events that led to the globalisation of Sappi Limited as well as the financial results due to these events. This will be followed by a number of questions and answers. The focus will fall on the time frame 1980 to 2000 seeing that this is the time frame during which the greatest number of globalisation activities took place. The writer will aim to evaluate, with the limited information at hand, the company from a strategic management point of view and construct these facts into a practical case study for fellow students in the field of strategic management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die strategiese suksesse en foute wat Sappi Beperk gemaak het tydens die globalisering van hierdie maatskappy vanaf die onstaan van hierdie maatskappy tot en met die einde van die millennium te evalueer. Dit is uiters uniek vir 'n Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappy om vanaf 'n Suid-Afrikaanse basis te globaliseer en die doel van hierdie werkstuk is om te ondersoek watter stappe hierdie maatskappy gevolg het ten einde sukses te behaal al dan nie. Daar bestaan slegs 'n beperkte aantal Suid-Afrikaanse gevallestudies in die veld van Strategiese Bestuur en dit is die doel van skrywer om te poog om die gevallestudie so te struktureer dat dit gebruik sou kon word vir Suid-Afrikaanse studente in die veld van Strategiese Bestuur. Die studie begin met die ontstaan van die maatskappy en vertel van die gebeure wat gelei het tot die globalisering van Sappi Beperk sowel as die finansiële resultate wat bereik is as gevolg van hierdie gebeure. Hierna is daar 'n aantal vrae gestel en beantwoord. Die fokus van die ontleding is vir die tydperk 1980 tot 2000 aangesien dit die tydperk is waarin die grootste globaliseringsprojekte geskied het. Dit is die doel van die skrywer om met die beperkte inligting beskikbaar, die maatskappy uit 'n strategiese oogpunt te evalueer en hierdie feite dan saam te voeg ten einde 'n praktiese gevallestudie daar te stel vir die gebruik van mede studente in hierdie veld van bestuur.

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This paper presents a model of the probability of price response to the previous periods inventory absolute and relative level for U.S. paper and paperboard industry. The initial part of the paper contains a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon. The proposed framework indicates that the inventory level plays an important leading role in the price adjustment. The model is then estimated with monthly data extending from 1980 to 1999. The LPM and Probit models are used to estimate the effect of absolute and relative inventory level on the probability of price variations. The estimated results are in agreement with the oligopolistic market condition of U.S. paper and paperboard industry, showing the price upward adjustment is sticker and rigid than the price downward adjustment while the output level is indifferent to the previous months inventory fluctuation.

Submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Management, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / It has become imperative for organisations to create family-friendly work-environments, where employees can effectively balance work and family life, in order to ensure employee satisfaction and increased productivity. A critical review of the quality of work life factors and organizational commitment literature was therefore conducted, in order to ascertain their psychometric applicability to knowledge workers within the Pulp and Paper industry in the greater eThekwini Metropolitan Area. A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed to employees in the pulp and paper industry within the eThekwini metropolitan area. The employees were randomly selected, while the organisations were stratified selected. A questionnaire was used to measure the different dimensions of quality of work life factors as well as the different dimensions of organisational commitment. The gathered data was processed through an SPSS program. A number of statistical tests were then performed on the collected data, where biographical variables were compared with the independent variables. The questionnaire was considered moderately reliable because the overall coefficient alpha was 0.525. The Pearson’s value indicated that there was a positive relationship at 0.01 level of significance between the majority of the quality of work factors (organizational climate, task characteristics, job satisfaction, role behaviour, utilization and future orientation) and the organisational commitment. No relationship was found between remuneration and organizational commitment. There was no significant difference in organizational commitment across the biographical variables of marital status, age, length of service and span of control. There was, however, a significant difference in organizational commitment across different levels of education. The Analysis of variance indicated that there was no significant difference in organizational commitment across marital status group. There was however a significant difference in organizational commitment across length of service. There was a significant difference I organizational commitment across supervisory span of control. The results from the hierarchical multiple regression indicated that with the exception of age, education and experience, all other demographics variables do not have an impact on affective commitment. The results also indicated that age, education and experience had an impact on continuance commitment. Similarly, age and education contribute significantly to normative commitment. The structural equation model comparative technique was performed to all constructed models and indicated that all models had a good fit in relation to the data based on the GFI. The best-fitting model for consequences demonstrated that organisational citizenship behaviour and procedural justice were important variables. Apart from that, affective, continuance and normative commitment were also found to be part of the model.