Orientador: Lauro Tatsuo Kubota / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Passos_RafaelaFernandaCarvalhal_D.pdf: 3256536 bytes, checksum: 0fc4c2467e2c741531641a57e7a10925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o esforço dispendido na construção e caracterização de transdutores eletroquímicos sobre poliéster e papel, e também demonstra o emprego destas células eletroquímicas descartáveis no desenvolvimento de um biossensor para análises rápidas de salicilato em sangue, bem como a criação de um dispositivo de separação associado à detecção eletroquímica em papel. Cada célula eletroquímica é composta por um conjunto de três eletrodos de filmes finos construídos em ouro sobre poliéster ou papel cromatográfico por meio das técnicas de sputtering e electron-beam, respectivamente. Foi realizada a caracterização voltamétrica dos sistemas eletródicos empregando sondas redox como hexacianoferrato(II) de potássio, hexacianoferrato(III) de potássio e ácido ferrocenomonocarboxílico em meio eletrolítico, a fim de verificar a eletroatividade dos mesmos. Foi possível verificar que mesmo apresentando maior área eletroativa, os eletrodos de filmes finos construídos sobre papel apresentam uma menor densidade de corrente para as sondas redox em comparação com a célula eletroquímica construída em poliéster. Isto se deve à retenção das espécies eletroativas na fibra de celulose, fato que diminui a disponibilidade da espécie na superfície eletródica. Foi desenvolvido um biossensor amperométrico para a determinação de salicilato em sangue. O biossensor se baseia no emprego da enzima Salicilato hidroxilase imobilizada sobre a célula eletroquímica plástica. As condições experimentais otimizadas consistem em utilizar uma solução eletrolítica de tampão fosfato em pH 7,6 com 0,5 mmol L de NADH e 300 mV vs. Au como potencial aplicado durante as medidas. O biossensor apresentou adequada sensibilidade (97,4 nA/mmol L de salicilato) e faixa linear de resposta para o analito (1,25 10 to 1,0 10 mol L). O desempenho do biossensor foi verificado na determinação de salicilato em amostras de sangue dopadas com o analito e os resultados foram estatisticamente equivalentes àqueles obtidos com o método espectrofotométrico de Trinder em um nível de confiança de 95%. O dispositivo de separação cromatográfica em papel associado à detecção eletroquímica foi desenvolvido empregando a célula eletroquímica plástica e a célula eletroquímica sobre papel. O desempenho dos dispositivos foi avaliado na separação e quantificação de ácido úrico e áscórbico presentes em mistura. O método desenvolvido é uma alternativa para a determinação de compostos eletroativos em que o baixo custo e a simplicidade são essenciais / Abstract: This paper presents the efforts to the construction and characterization of electrochemical transducers on polyester and paper, and also demonstrates the use of these disposable electrochemical cells in the development of a biosensor for rapid analysis of salicylate in blood as well as the creation of a separation device associated electrochemical detection on paper. Each electrochemical cell consists of a set of three electrodes made of gold thin films on polyester or chromatographic paper using sputtering and electron-beam techniques, respectively. The electrochemical characterization of the systems with redox probes as potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid was performed in the electrolyte solution in order to evaluate the electroactivity of them. It was verified that even with higher electroactive area, the electrodes of thin films built on paper have a lower current density for the redox probes in comparison with the electrochemical cell constructed on polyester. This is due to retention of electroactive species in the cellulose fiber, a fact that reduces the availability of those species on the transducer surface. We developed an amperometric biosensor for the determination of salicylate in blood. The biosensor is based on the use of the salicylate hydroxylase enzyme immobilized on plastic electrochemical cell. The determined optimized experimental conditions are: an electrolyte solution of phosphate buffer at pH 7.6 with 0.5 mmol L of NADH and 300 mV vs. Au as the applied potential during the measurements. The biosensor showed adequate sensitivity (97.4 nA / mmol L salicylate) and linear response range for the analyte (1.25 10 to 1.0 10 mol L). The performance of the biosensor was found in the determination of salicylate in blood samples spiked with the analyte and the results were statistically equivalent to those obtained with the Trinder¿s spectrophotometric method, with a 95% confidence level. Prototypes of microfluidic paper-based separation devices with amperometric detection were developed and evaluated. The chromatographic separation on paper associated with electrochemical detection was developed using the plastic electrochemical cell and the gold electrochemical cell on paper. The performance of both devices was evaluated for separation and quantification of uric acid and ascorbic acid presented in the mixtures. The method is an alternative for the determination of electroactive compounds when low cost and simplicity are essential / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Os imunoensaios e os ensaios bioquímicos são amplamente utilizados em clinica médica. Os dispositivos fabricados em papel devido ao seu baixo custo, portabilidade, todas as etapas serem realizadas em temperatura ambiente, e possibilidade da produção local dos dispositivos, tornam-se ideais para serem aplicados em regiões carentes. Assim, desenvolvemos um ensaio imunocromatográfico que permitiu a detecção de IgG de coelho em um dispositivo com uma única camada de papel impressa por cera, mostrando que esse protótipo tem potencial de ser aplicado em diferentes ensaios imunológicos. Pela primeira vez foi utilizado um teste enzimático colorimétrico (sarcosina oxidase, peroxidase e o indicador redox (ABTS) em plataforma de papel, impressa por cera, para detecção de sarcosina, o qual detectou um potencial marcador de tumor de câncer de próstata, a sarcosina, com limite de detecção (LD) = 0,21 mmol L-1 e limite de quantificação (LQ) = 0,61 mmol L-1, constatando que a intensidade da cor formada foi proporcional a concentração de sarcosina presente na amostra. Os imunoensaios em papel se mostraram extremamente versáteis, capazes de detectar diferentes analitos. O primeiro dispositivo foi capaz de detectar toxoplasmose (IgG contra T. gondii presente nas amostras). A avaliação da performance do teste nos forneceu um cut-off =21,73 U.A, sensibilidade = 0,96, especificidade = 0,87, AUC = 0,97, além de uma criação de uma zona cinza utilizando uma tolerância em porcentagem sobre a o cut-off de 15%. Desenvolvemos também uma macro no excel qye calcula a acurácia, m-Acuraccy, a qual nos forneceu um valor de 0,88 U.A. O segundo dispositivo permitiu a detecção do marcador tumoral CEA, através de um ensaio do tipo sanduíche, com um cut-off =68,28 U.A, sensibilidade = 0,86, especificidade = 1, AUC = 0,97. A tolerância em porcentagem sobre a o cut-off para a criação da zona cinza foi de 12%, e a m-Acuraccy calculou uma acurácia de 0,90 U.A. Pela primeira vez, foi aplicada essa completa avaliação estatística em testes em papel. Mais do que isso, trazemos com a m-Acuraccy uma nova forma de calcular a acurácia, com grande inovação na clínica médica. Portanto, torna-se evidente o grande potencial que os dispositivos fabricados em papel possuem para ser aplicados como ferramentas diagnósticas. / Immunoassays and bioassays are broadly used in clinical medicine. Paper-based devices are ideal to be used in remote regions due to their low-cost, portability and the possibility of in loco manufacture. Paper-based immunoassays are extremely versatile, capable of detecting distinct analytes: initially we have developed an immunochromatographic assay to detect rabbit IgG in a paper-based device fabricated using wax printing technology, and we have shown that this prototype has potential to be applied in distinct immunoassays. The second developed paper-based device was an enzymatic colorimetric assay for the detection of a potential prostate cancer biomarker - sarcosine (sarcosine oxidase, peroxidase and redox indicator (ABTS)), obtaining good figures or merit (LOD = 0.21 mmol L-1; LOQ = 0.61 mmol L-1, r² = 0.890). The third developed paper-based device was capable of detecting toxoplasmosis (IgG against Toxoplasma gondii in human serum samples). The performance evaluation showed a cut-off = 21.73 A.U., sensitivity = 0.96, specificity = 0.87, AUC = 0.97, besides defining the gray zone as the zone comprehended in-between 15% over the cut-off value. We also have developed a Microsoft Excel® macro to calculate diagnostic test\'s accuracy - m-Accuracy - that is a new way to calculate accuracy with great innovation for clinical medicine, which resulted in an accuracy of 0.88. for toxoplasmosis assay. The fourth developed paper-based device was used to detect CEA tumor biomarker using a sandwich ELISA assay, with a cut-off = 68.28 A.U., sensitivity = 0.86, specificity = 1.0, AUC = 0.97. The defined gray zone to this test was the zone comprehended in-between 12% over the cut-off value, with an accuracy of 0.90. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete statistical evaluation of paper-based diagnostic devices, which showed the great potential of this technology to be used as a new point-of care diagnostic tool.

Military work-practice is a difficult area of research where paper-based approaches are still extended. This thesis proposes a solution which permits the digitalization of information at the same time as workpractice remains unaltered for soldiers working with maps in the field. For this purpose, a mobile interactive paper-based platform has been developed which permits the users to maintain their current work-flow. The premise of the solution parts from a system consisting of a prepared paper-map, a cellular phone, a desktop computer, and a digital pen with bluetooth connection. The underlying idea is to permit soldiers to take advantage of the information a computerized system can offer, at the same time as the overhead it incurs is minimized. On one hand this implies that the solution must be light-weight, on the other it must retain current working procedures as far as possible. The desktop computer is used to develop new paper-driven applications through the application provided in the development framework, thus allowing the tailoring of applications to the changing needs of military operations. One major component in the application suite is a symbol recognizer which is capable of recognizing symbols parting from a template which can be created in one of the applications. This component permits the digitalization of information in the battlefield by drawing on the paper-map. The proposed solution has been found to be viable, but still there is a need for further development. Furthermore, there is a need to adapt the existing hardware to the requirements of the military to make it usable in a real-world situation.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for sensing applications due to their distinctive electrical and optical properties, and we have explored the development of methods that enable the incorporation of these nanomaterials into new and improved sensing devices. As a means for fabricating simple, low-cost and fast detection platforms for various applications, we have developed paper-based electrochemical detection platforms based on CNTs or platinum nanoparticle (PtNP)-CNT composite materials. We describe the use of a paper-based, low density, a three-dimensional thin film of interconnected CNTs as an electrode material. We studied the electrochemical properties of these paper-based CNT electrodes and demonstrated their use as an electrochemical sensor for the sensitive detection of guanine-based nucleotides. We further describe the functionalization of this paper-based electrode by fabricating a PtNP-SWCNT hybrid film via a vacuum filtration-based method. The interconnected PtNP structure formed on top of the CNT-coated paper was directly used as an electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. Compared to paper-based PtNP-SWCNT hybrid films formed by electrochemical deposition, hybrid films formed by vacuum filtration showed a higher electrochemical surface area and enhanced electrocatalytic response to methanol oxidation. We have also developed methods based around DNA-modified AuNPs, which offer an excellent colorimetric platform for target detection. The DNA density on the surface of modified AuNPs affects enzymatic activity, colloidal stability of AuNPs, the orientation of the probe DNA and its hybridization efficiency. The combination of all these factors ultimately dictates the reaction time and sensitivity of colorimetric assays. We demonstrate the use of DTT as a modulator to control DNA surface coverage on the surface of AuNPs. Using this DTT treatment and a novel probe for exonuclease III activity, we have developed a colorimetric assay based on DTT-treated, DNA-modified AuNPs that can achieve more sensitive and rapid detection of DNA and enzymes relative to existing sensor platforms.

O objetivo principal desta tese foi o de se desenvolver uma biocélula a combustível enzimática em microfluídica, utilizando a glicose como combustível e o oxigênio como oxidante. Foram utilizadas as enzimas Glicose Oxidase ou Glicose Desidrogenase em um bioânodo, de forma a promover reações bioeletrocatalíticas de oxidação da glicose e as enzimas Lacase ou Bilirrubina Oxidase, de forma a promover reações bioeletrocatalíticas de redução do oxigênio molecular. O trabalho se procedeu por tentativas de imobilizar estas enzimas, de forma a promover o mecanismo de transferência eletrônica direta com um eletrodo. Nas situações as quais isso não foi possível, foram utilizados mediadores eletrônicos, de forma a promover o mecanismo de transferência eletrônica mediada. O melhor par de sistemas de bioeletrodos e mediadores foi escolhido para serem aplicados em uma biocélula a combustível. O trabalho se procedeu em adaptar este par de bioeletrodos desenvolvidos para um sistema de microfluídica em papel, sendo ambos biocátodo e bioânodo em papel. Como as condições de concentração de combustível e de cofatores foram otimizadas para o bioânodo, foi necessário trabalhar com os biocátodos, de forma a apresentar as características de um biocátodo respirador, para melhor utilizar o oxigênio presente no ar e a apresentar um desempenho tão bom quanto o dos bioânodos. A biocélula a combustível em papel possibilitou a geração de energia elétrica por até 18 dias, utilizando uma resistência de 1.7 kΩ, nas condições experimentais ideais. De forma a provar o conceito da tecnologia para aplicações reais, a biocélula a combustível em papel foi demonstrada a ter a capacidade de geração de energia elétrica suficiente para fazer um relógio funcionar por pelo menos 36 horas, utilizando a bebida isotônica Gatorade®, como combustível. / The main objective of this thesis is to develop a microfluidic biofuel cell using glucose as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant. The enzymes Glucose Oxidase or Glucose Dehydrogenase were used in a bioanode to promove the bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of glucose and the enzymes Laccase or Bilirubin Oxidase to promove the bioelectrocatalytic reduction of the molecular oxygen. The work was conducted by attempts to immobilize these enzymes in order to promote the mechanism of direct electron transfer with the electrode. For the situations where this was not observed, mediators were used in a way to promote the mechanism of mediated electron transfer. The best pair of bioelectrodes and mediatores was chosen to be applied in a biofuel cell. The work was carried out to adapt this par of developed bioelectrodes to a paper based microfluidic system, using both biocathode and bioanode in a paper-like design. As the conditions for concentration of fuel and cofactors were optimized for the bioanode, it was necessary to work on these biocathodes so as to have the characteristics of an air-breathing biocathode for a better use of the oxygen present in the air and to work with a performance as good as the bioanode. The paper based biofuel cell enabled the generation of electricity for up to 18 days using a resistance of 1.7 kΩ within the optimum experimental conditions. In order to prove the concept of this technology for real applications, the paper based biofuel cell was demonstrated to have the capacity for generation of enough electrical energy to power up a clock for at least 36 hours using the isotonic drink Gatored® as fuel.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way healthcare processes are being documented. This results in better quality and ethical vigilance to ensure a more accurate form of data recordkeeping (Stevenson, Nilsson, Petersson & Johansson, 2010). Health care in South Africa, is facing major issues relating to patient care, such as delays in patients receiving medical care. According to the national Department of Health, the improvement of public healthcare facilities is crucial (McIntyre & Ataguba, 2017). Information and communication technology (ICT) has the ability to significantly alter the status of healthcare services in the Western Cape, which can be achieved through the role of an electronic healthcare record (EHR).

No description available.

In this study, traditional Japanese washi paper was sandwiched with poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) in order to produce a paper-based composite material that can be biologically degraded. Specimens were prepared using a hot press, and the mechanical properties of the washi paperand the new composite material were investigated by tensile tests. The cross-sections of specimens were then observed with a digital microscope as well as by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The microscope images indicated that therelatively hollow washi provides a structure for the polymer to settle into, which could contribute to the improved strength of the composite material. Specimens made from three layers of washipaper and combined with two layers of PBS film had remarkable mechanical propertiesincluding a UTS of 95 MPa.The composite material was incubated in compost and a MODA C-S (Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer) was used to evaluate its biodegradability. The material showed good biodegradability with significant losses of mass (-32 %) as well as major loss of mechanical strength after four weeks of incubation. The biodegradability of the material will be further investigated.

The purpose of this thesis was to demonstrate device functionality of 3-D paper-based, multiplex platforms, µPADs, without the use of coupling agents between layers. Previously, these platforms were fabricated with double-sided tape and cellulose powder to try to augment proper fluid routing, but difficulties with this method occurred. An acrylic housing unit with strategically placed pressure tabs was designed to aid horizontal and vertical fluid routing through the platform, thus eliminating the inconsistencies associated with coupling agents. Channel characterization studies, a COMSOLTM simulation, and development time studies were performed to aid device design and demonstrate device functionality. The implementation of this µPAD platform as a diagnostic instrument was validated via lateral flow immunoassays utilizing both biotinylated antibodies and biotinylated aptamers as capture reagents. Successful detection of the target analyte, IgE, as well as successful fluid routing through multiple layers of membrane was demonstrated by immunoassays performed on 3-D, multiplex platforms. Another important result determined the aptamers’ ability to detect IgE to be statistically the same as the antibodies’ ability; thus confirming aptamers as viable capture reagent alternatives to antibodies in lateral flow assays. Overall, this research project was performed to develop and validate via experiment a prototype paper-based microfluidic diagnostic device, µPAD, with the capability to detect multiple biomarkers on one platform.

No description available.