Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Entomology, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 30, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-165). Also issued in print.

This thesis examines the existence of colour preferences in butterflies. Two polymorphic species - the Mocker Swallowtail (Papilio dardanus) and the Silver-Washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) are used as study species. Both the basis of colour preferences in mate choice and flower choice during feeding, and the implications of the preferences for the evolution of the species and morphs are investigated. In the Silver Washed Fritillary a non-genetically determined preference exists for highly saturated orange coloration in both mate and flower choice. This is shown not to be due to a bias for orange in colour reception through the use of electroretinograms, measuring the electrical output of the retina when exposed to light of varying wavelengths. It has not been possible, however, to rule out the possibility that the preference for the most common, orange, female morph is learnt. The flower colour preferences of the Mocker Swallowtail are investigated, and it is demonstrated that individuals show an initial preference for blue flowers, and also learn rapidly to feed off flowers of other colours that prove profitable. Their decision to try flowers of other colours is shown to be influenced by the behaviour of other individuals. In previous mate choice experiments, experienced males of the species have been shown to have a preference for the most common, black and white, morph. The colours of the morphs and the spectral sensitivities of the butterflies are analysed quantitatively. The initial and subsequent preferences of naive males are investigated in behavioural experiments, and a possible influence of learning on their subsequent choices is discovered. No influence of female choice is found. This information is then used to create a mathematical model of the population structure, for which it is also necessary to determine the relative payabilities of the model and mimic, and the mating frequency of wild males. The model demonstrates how the observed population structures might arise through evolutionary time. Measurements of the morphology of males and females of Papilio dardanus, and one of its putative models, Danaus chrysippus, shows that in Papilio dardanus females the centre of gravity is positioned significantly further back than in males and in Danaus chrysippus. This positioning far from the wing base has already been shown to handicap an individual escaping from a predator due to decreased acrobatic ability. It has also already been shown that mimetic species tend to have centres of mass positioned further back than non-mimetic species, and hence it is possible that the position of a centre of mass of a butterfly (and its effect on agility) may be a factor in the evolution of mimicry in a species or (where females carry a large egg load) in females of a species only.

Papilio dardanus displays female-limited polymorphic mimicry of multiple model species. Butterfly wing shape is species-specific and can influence mimetic signaling, but has not been characterized in this species. We used elliptical fourier analysis to investigate whether mimetic P. dardanus female forms have converged on the wing shape of their respective models. Although both models and mimics varied in forewing and hind wing shape, we found no evidence of forewing shape convergence between them. Overall, forewings did not differ in shape between sexes in P. dardanus, nor in four non-mimetic Papilio used for comparison. Similarly, there were no hind wing differences between the sexes in the four non-mimetic Papilio. However, P. dardanus hind wings varied significantly between mimetic females and non-mimetic individuals suggesting that, in addition to wing color pattern, the evolution of mimicry has led to changes in hind wing shape in P. dardanus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:47:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaacLOF_DISSERT.pdf: 3023517 bytes, checksum: 930863884e5d8399f785c0579333da82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work will applied the technique of Differential Cryptanalysis, introduced in 1990 by Biham and Shamir, on Pap?lio s cryptosystem, developed by Karla Ramos, to test and most importantly, to prove its relevance to other block ciphers such as DES, Blowfish and FEAL-N (X). This technique is based on the analysis of differences between plaintext and theirs respective ciphertext, in search of patterns that will assist in the discovery of the subkeys and consequently in the discovery of master key. These differences are obtained by XOR operations. Through this analysis, in addition to obtaining patterns of Pap?ılio, it search to obtain also the main characteristics and behavior of Papilio throughout theirs 16 rounds, identifying and replacing when necessary factors that can be improved in accordance with pre-established definitions of the same, thus providing greater security in the use of his algoritm / Neste trabalho ser?a aplicada a t?cnica de Criptoan?lise Diferencial, introduzida por Biham e Shamir, sobre o algoritmo de criptografia Pap?lio, desenvolvido por Karla Ramos, a fim de testar e, principalmente, provar sua relev ancia em rela??o a outras cifras de blocos como DES, Blow- Fish e FEAL-N(X). Esta t?ecnica tem por base a an?alise das diferenc?as entre os pares de textos claros e a diferenc?a entre as suas respectivas cifras, em busca de padr oes que auxiliar?o nas descobertas das sub chaves e consequentemente na descoberta da chave mestra, na qual est?a a seguran?a da cifra. Estas diferenc?as s?o obtidas atrav?s de opera??es XOR. Busca-se, com esta an?lise, al?m da obten??o de padr?es do Pap?lio, obter-se tamb?m as principais caracter?sticas e o comportamento do Pap?lio durante seus 16 ciclos, identificando e substituindo quando necess?rio, os fatores que podem ser melhorados de acordo com as defini??es pr?e estabelecidas do mesmo, para oferecer maior seguran?a na utiliza??o de sua cifra

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20955号 / 理博第4407号 / 新制||理||1633(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 曽田 貞滋, 准教授 渡辺 勝敏, 教授 中川 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM