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11	Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001 Williamson, Myra Elsie Jane Bell January 2007 (has links) The thesis examines the international law pertaining to the use of force by states, in general, and to the use of force in self-defence, in particular. The main question addressed is whether the use of force, which was purported to be in self-defence, by the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies against al Qaeda, the Taliban and Afghanistan, beginning on 7 October 2001, was lawful. The thesis focuses not only on this specific use of force, but also on the changing nature of conflict, the definition of terrorism and on the historical evolution of limitations on the use of force, from antiquity until 2006. In the six chapters which trace the epochs of international law, the progression of five inter-related concepts is followed: limitations on the resort to force generally, the use of force in self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, the use of forcible measures short of war, and the use of force in response to non-state actors. This historical analysis includes a particular emphasis on understanding the meaning of the 'inherent right of self-defence', which was preserved by Article 51 of the United Nations' Charter. This analysis is then applied to the use of force against Afghanistan which occurred in 2001. Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September, the US and the UK notified the United Nations Security Council of their resort to force in self-defence under Article 51. Each element of Article 51 is analysed and the thesis concludes that there are significant doubts as to the lawfulness of that decision to employ force. In addition to the self-defence justification, other possible grounds for intervention are also examined, such as humanitarian intervention, Security Council authorisation and intervention by invitation. This thesis challenges the common assumption that the use of force against Afghanistan was an example of states exercising their inherent right to self-defence. It argues that if this particular use of force is not challenged, it will lead to an expansion of the right of self-defence which will hinder rather than enhance international peace and security. Finally, this thesis draws on recent examples to illustrate the point that the use of force against Afghanistan could become a dangerous precedent for the use of force in self-defence. United Nations' Security Council United Nations' General Assembly opinio juris extradite or prosecute aut dedere aut judicare North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO preambular paragraphs operative paragraphs anticipatory self-defence preemptive self-defence pre-emptive self-defence preemption self-defense self defense conflict data Security Council Resolution 1368 (2001) Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) terrorism trends just war Pact of Paris Kellogg-Briand Treaty Treaty of Westphalia Covenant of the League of Nations definition of aggression changin nature of conflict President George W Bush Prime Minister Tony Blair Prime Minister John Howard international reaction to terrorism 9/11 11 September 2001 September 11.
12	An Introductory Course in the Reading of Simple Graphic and Statistical Material for Use in Junior High Schools McKenzie, Annie 01 January 1930 (has links) (PDF) In the stories of olden times and in those of our own American Indians, we learned of the picture writing of primitive peoples. It became an early method of recording people's thoughts. This was a very useful method at a time when the race was young. This in turn was the beginning of our alphabet, later the beginning of shaping letters into words, and then word into sentences and paragraphs. As our world has grown older, new idea have come into use and we are no longer content to live as our grandparents lived. We travel by fast express trains, high powered auto- mobiles, airplanes, or zeppelins. The radio gives us the news before our papers containing it are on the street. are not able to talk with people on the other side of the world. Business men find this a very valuable means of doing business when time means money. The motion pictures bring us the story of the book we have not had time to read and the characters from its pages talk to us from the screen. In short, we must have quicker ways of doing things. Writing Pictures high powered auto- mobiles airplanes Arts and Humanities Higher Education

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Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001

An Introductory Course in the Reading of Simple Graphic and Statistical Material for Use in Junior High Schools