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Nature has inspired chemists to develop complex assemblies that perform functions in biologically relevant solutions. Yet this is not a trivial task. Not only does water act as a competitive medium but the salts that are inevitably present hamper supramolecular hosts from properly binding and carrying out their programmed function. This work was inspired by a serendipitous discovery of water-soluble functionalized calix[4]arenes that self-assemble into homodimers in salty water, mock serum and real urine. This thesis aims to explore this homodimerizing motif to learn more about self-assembly in salty water and to develop useful supramolecular tools. First the structural limits of the calixarene motif was explored by the transformation into a clip-like host that assembled similarly in water. NMR titrations revealed that the homodimers responded to hydrophobic cationic guests by dissociating to form new host-guest complexes. The resilience of the self-assembling motif was then tested against extreme co-solute conditions. In this part of the study, reversible covalent bonds were introduced within the dimer scaffold to afford a dynamic library of exchangeable hosts. Quantitative NMR was used to monitor each host in response to molar concentrations of urea and salt. This work also reports on a new class of salt-tolerant supramolecular chemosensors, called DimerDyes. These sensors form quenched homodimers in water but dissociate in the presence of hydrophobic cations to form new emissive complexes. Its mode of action was characterized by DOSY, 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. DimerDyes successfully monitored enzymatic reaction in real-time despite the presence of competitive salts and co-factors. The DimerDye concept was quickly expanded by the parallel synthesis of crude DimerDyes and efficient testing for illicit drugs without the need for purification. “Hit” dimers were then purified, characterized and were able to detect multiple different drug classes in real saliva. / Graduate / 2020-09-19

Le squelette 1,3,5-triazépane-2,6-dione est un hétérocycle à sept chainons dérivé de dipeptides et accessible en quatre étapes en solution. Une voie de synthèse en parallèle sur support solide de cet hétérocycle a été élaborée. Cette synthèse, qui repose sur les principes de "catch and release" et de cyclo-clivage, a permis la création d’une chimiothèque de plus d’une centaine de composés. Pour augmenter la diversité du squelette 1,3,5-triazépane-2,6-dione, des modifications post-cyclisation peuvent avoir lieu telles que des réactions de N-mono-alkylation ou de N,N-di-alkylation de l’urée, des réactions d’acylation ou bien des réactions de thionation des fonctions carbonyles. De même, la synthèse des cycles analogues aux 1,3,5-triazépane-2,6-diones des tailles plus importantes a été examinée conduisant à l’obtention de plusieurs macrocycles.Les 1,3,5-triazépane-2,6-diones présentent un fort potentiel pour la recherche de molécules d’intérêt thérapeutique puisque le cycle est rigide, non-planaire et possède une bonne capacité de distribution des pharmacophores dans l’espace. Des molécules de cette famille présentent une activité inhibitrice modérée mais spécifique sur les phospholipases A2 secrétées humaines de type V et X. La recherche de nouveaux inhibiteurs de sPLA2 par une étude de relation structure/activité, par création d’une pince à calcium ou par simulation moléculaire a conduit à l’identification de nouveaux composés actifs. / The 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione scaffold is a seven membered heterocycle derived from dipeptides and accessible in a four steps synthesis in solution. A parallel solid phase synthesis of this heterocycle was developed. This strategy, based on "catch and release" and cyclo-cleavage processes, had created a library containing more than one hundred compounds. To increase the diversity of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione moieties, some post-cyclisation modifications were performed, e.g. urea N-mono-alkylation or N,N-di-alkylation, acylation, and carbonyl thionation. Synthesis of larger cycles was also investigated and several macrocycles were obtained.The 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones have a strong pharmacological interest, because their cycle is rigid, non-planar and can allow multiple presentation of pharmacophores in space. Some 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones have shown a small but specific activity on the groups V and X of the human secreted phospholipases A2. Structure/activity relationships, clamp synthesis to bind calcium or virtual screening were the strategies used to identify new active compounds.

Malária, doença de Chagas e leishmaniose, consideradas doenças negligenciadas, e tuberculose, infecção bacteriana reemergente, que grassa em diversas regiões do mundo, constituem-se grandes desafios médico-sociais para os países acometidos. Nitroderivados são substâncias utilizadas na terapêutica como antimicrobianos de amplo espectro. O mecanismo de ação proposto para estes compostos engloba a redução do grupo nitro por nitrorredutases inespecíficas, levando à produção de radicais livres. Estes, altamente reativos, reagiriam, por sua vez, com macromoléculas, organelas, membranas e mesmo ácidos nucléicos danificando-os irreversivelmente e levando o microrganismo - bactérias e parasitos -- à morte. No caso particular da doença de Chagas, a redutase envolvida na redução seria a tripanotiona redutase, que poderia ser inibida por estes compostos. Compostos 5-nitro-2-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos são derivados estudados como antibacterianos e antiparasitários. Sabe-se que alterações na posição 2 dos anéis 5-nitrofurânicos interferem com o potencial redox do grupo nitro e, assim, com a atividade biológica destes compostos. Com base nesta informação e supondo que a estrutura destas moléculas seja completamente ressonante, propôs-se a síntese de série de derivados 5-nitro-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos variando-se a estrutura dos análogos em dois pontos principais: substituições no anel benzênico da estrutura e o tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado diretamente ao grupo nitro. Com relação ao tipo de anel ligado ao grupo nitro foram propostos derivados 5-nitrofurânicos e 5-nitrotiofênicos. Quanto aos substituintes no anel benzênico propuseram-se derivados mono e dissubstituídos nas posições meta e para de acordo com suas contribuições eletrônicas e hidrofóbicas para o sistema. Para tanto foram utilizados os parâmetros físico-químicos π e σ. Para analisar o efeito das modificações na atividade biológica destes compostos aplicou-se a metodologia de Topliss como ponto de partida para a análise quantitativa, QSAR-2D, pelo método misto de Hansch-Free Wilson. A biblioteca planejada foi obtida por síntese paralela em solução, empregando-se sintetizadores paralelos automatizados. Foram obtidos 56 derivados, que foram purificados, caracterizados estruturalmente e, então, analisados frente a quatro microrganismos: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruz e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os estudos de QSAR-2D revelaram importância significativa do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro para a atividade destes compostos. Não foi possível, entretanto, obter correlação das atividades com as substituições realizadas no anel aromático, o que levou ao arrolamento de diferentes hipóteses, incluindo aquelas relativas à deslocalização eletrônica nas estruturas estudadas. Estas hipóteses, bem como os resultados sobre a influência do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro nas atividades biológicas estudadas fornecem subsídios para novos projetos de pesquisa dedicados à exploração das informações obtidas neste trabalho. / Malaria, Chagas\' disease and leishmaniasis, considered as neglected diseases, and tuberculosis, reemerging bacterial infection disseminated worldwide, are medical-social challenges for the countries involved. Nitroderivatives are therapeutic compounds used as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. The most accepted mechanism of action of these compounds is based on nitro group reduction by unspecific nitroreductases or, in case of Chagas\' disease, inhibition of tripanotiona redutase. Free radical species are formed from this reduction, which can react with macromolecules, organelles, membranes and nucleic acids of microorganisms leading them to death. The 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives are nitrofuran analogs that have been tested as antibacterial and antiprotozoal drugs. As already known, modifications in position 2 of 5-nitroheterociclic rings can interfere with nitro group redox potential and then with their biological activities. Based on this information and considering these compound structures are completely conjugated structures, we suggested the synthesis of a library of 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives with two main points of structural modification: the substituents in benzenic ring and the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. The former was achieved by suggesting mono and dissubstituted analogs based on their hydrophobic and electronic contributions whose values were obtained from physico-chemical parameters π and σ. Nitrofurans and nitrothiophenes were elected to study the influence of the heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. Topliss methodology was used as a starting point to 2D-QSAR mixed quantitative method through Hansch-Free Wilson analysis. The designed library was synthesized by solution phase parallel synthesis using automated parallel synthesizers. Fifty-six analogs were synthesized, purified, characterized and biologically analyzed against four microorganisms: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 2D-QSAR studies provided information about the significative influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring on the biological activity of the series. Nevertheless, it was not possible to obtain information about the influence of different substitutions on benzene ring and different hypothesis were advanced to explain the electronic distribution in the structures herein studied. These hypotheses as well as the data about the influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group on the biological activities studied deserve to be tested and explored in future researches.

Malária, doença de Chagas e leishmaniose, consideradas doenças negligenciadas, e tuberculose, infecção bacteriana reemergente, que grassa em diversas regiões do mundo, constituem-se grandes desafios médico-sociais para os países acometidos. Nitroderivados são substâncias utilizadas na terapêutica como antimicrobianos de amplo espectro. O mecanismo de ação proposto para estes compostos engloba a redução do grupo nitro por nitrorredutases inespecíficas, levando à produção de radicais livres. Estes, altamente reativos, reagiriam, por sua vez, com macromoléculas, organelas, membranas e mesmo ácidos nucléicos danificando-os irreversivelmente e levando o microrganismo - bactérias e parasitos -- à morte. No caso particular da doença de Chagas, a redutase envolvida na redução seria a tripanotiona redutase, que poderia ser inibida por estes compostos. Compostos 5-nitro-2-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos são derivados estudados como antibacterianos e antiparasitários. Sabe-se que alterações na posição 2 dos anéis 5-nitrofurânicos interferem com o potencial redox do grupo nitro e, assim, com a atividade biológica destes compostos. Com base nesta informação e supondo que a estrutura destas moléculas seja completamente ressonante, propôs-se a síntese de série de derivados 5-nitro-heterocíclicos benzidrazídicos variando-se a estrutura dos análogos em dois pontos principais: substituições no anel benzênico da estrutura e o tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado diretamente ao grupo nitro. Com relação ao tipo de anel ligado ao grupo nitro foram propostos derivados 5-nitrofurânicos e 5-nitrotiofênicos. Quanto aos substituintes no anel benzênico propuseram-se derivados mono e dissubstituídos nas posições meta e para de acordo com suas contribuições eletrônicas e hidrofóbicas para o sistema. Para tanto foram utilizados os parâmetros físico-químicos π e σ. Para analisar o efeito das modificações na atividade biológica destes compostos aplicou-se a metodologia de Topliss como ponto de partida para a análise quantitativa, QSAR-2D, pelo método misto de Hansch-Free Wilson. A biblioteca planejada foi obtida por síntese paralela em solução, empregando-se sintetizadores paralelos automatizados. Foram obtidos 56 derivados, que foram purificados, caracterizados estruturalmente e, então, analisados frente a quatro microrganismos: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruz e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Os estudos de QSAR-2D revelaram importância significativa do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro para a atividade destes compostos. Não foi possível, entretanto, obter correlação das atividades com as substituições realizadas no anel aromático, o que levou ao arrolamento de diferentes hipóteses, incluindo aquelas relativas à deslocalização eletrônica nas estruturas estudadas. Estas hipóteses, bem como os resultados sobre a influência do tipo de anel heterocíclico ligado ao grupo nitro nas atividades biológicas estudadas fornecem subsídios para novos projetos de pesquisa dedicados à exploração das informações obtidas neste trabalho. / Malaria, Chagas\' disease and leishmaniasis, considered as neglected diseases, and tuberculosis, reemerging bacterial infection disseminated worldwide, are medical-social challenges for the countries involved. Nitroderivatives are therapeutic compounds used as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. The most accepted mechanism of action of these compounds is based on nitro group reduction by unspecific nitroreductases or, in case of Chagas\' disease, inhibition of tripanotiona redutase. Free radical species are formed from this reduction, which can react with macromolecules, organelles, membranes and nucleic acids of microorganisms leading them to death. The 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives are nitrofuran analogs that have been tested as antibacterial and antiprotozoal drugs. As already known, modifications in position 2 of 5-nitroheterociclic rings can interfere with nitro group redox potential and then with their biological activities. Based on this information and considering these compound structures are completely conjugated structures, we suggested the synthesis of a library of 5-nitro-2-heterocyclic benzhydrazide derivatives with two main points of structural modification: the substituents in benzenic ring and the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. The former was achieved by suggesting mono and dissubstituted analogs based on their hydrophobic and electronic contributions whose values were obtained from physico-chemical parameters π and σ. Nitrofurans and nitrothiophenes were elected to study the influence of the heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group. Topliss methodology was used as a starting point to 2D-QSAR mixed quantitative method through Hansch-Free Wilson analysis. The designed library was synthesized by solution phase parallel synthesis using automated parallel synthesizers. Fifty-six analogs were synthesized, purified, characterized and biologically analyzed against four microorganisms: Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi e Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 2D-QSAR studies provided information about the significative influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring on the biological activity of the series. Nevertheless, it was not possible to obtain information about the influence of different substitutions on benzene ring and different hypothesis were advanced to explain the electronic distribution in the structures herein studied. These hypotheses as well as the data about the influence of the kind of heterocyclic ring directly linked to the nitro group on the biological activities studied deserve to be tested and explored in future researches.