An understanding of characteristics of sheep and goat producers across the Southeast United States is crucial for the development and vitality of the small ruminant industry. The state of Mississippi (MS) is rich in animal agriculture, and sheep and goats display the potential to become an integral part of the state’s agricultural livelihood. However, sheep and goat producers are constantly combatting the negative effects gastrointestinal nematodes inflict upon their animals. With the anthelmintic resistance status rising across the globe, sustainable methods to control parasites in small ruminants are crucial. Therefore, small ruminant producers must develop an accurate targeted selective treatment (TST) for their herd or flock. The following studies sought to identify the demographic status of current small ruminant producers in the Southeast, as well as identify the most accurate parasitic indicators (FAMACHA© or body condition scoring, namely) that will contribute significantly to the development and use of TST in MS herds and flocks.

This study was designed to provide the foundation for future work on the ecology and evolution of Necturus-parasite systems by providing vital parasite survey information for the aquatic salamander Necturus alabamensis. During this study 115 N. alabamensis were collected from north Florida. Hosts yielded the cestode Proteocephalus loennbergi, monogeneans from the genus Sphyranura, digeneans from the genus Gorgoderina, and what appears to be several nematode species. Nematodes, digeneans, and cestodes were abundant while monogeneans were rare. Monogenean and cestode parasites were categorized as specialists (parasites specific to one species or the species of a single genus), and digenean and nematode parasites were categorized as generalists (infecting numerous, possibly distantly related hosts). Statistical analysis did not indicate a parasite load difference between sites for digeneans and cestodes but did indicate a difference for nematodes. Helminth populations appear to be overdispersed (the majority of the parasites are found in only a few hosts). This study provides insight into some aspects of the ecological relationships of N. alabamensis and its helminths. However, parasite surveys of the other members of Necturus are necessary for the evaluation of evolutionary relationships within this system.

The host-parasite interface between the branchiobdellid Cambarincola vitrea Ellis and its crayfish host is investigated along ecological, ultrastructural, serological, and endocrinological lines of evidence. Monthly analysis of a natural branchiobdellid from a vernal habitat demonstrates the annelid to be particularly sensitive to changes involving both the physical habitat as well as the host crayfish.

Host-parasite relationships are one of the most common symbiotic relationships present in a diverse array of ecosystems. There are numerous factors that impact the dynamics of these relationships. Major factors that can influence the degree of parasitism include host sex, hormonal state, reproductive condition, and behavior. It has been observed in several vertebrate taxa that males have higher ectoparasite intensities than females and males with increased testosterone have increased ectoparasite intensities. One potential reason for these observations is that testosterone concentrations are elevated in males, particularly during the breeding season, and when circulating concentrations increase males become more vulnerable to ectoparasitism. Here I first tested the hypothesis that higher circulating testosterone concentrations in male western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) induce higher tick intensities. To examine this hypothesis I implanted male lizards with either testosterone or blank implants in the field. The testosterone-implanted males had significantly higher tick intensities compared to the control males. However, in contrast, control males had significantly higher mite intensities compared to testosterone-implanted males. These results are consistent with other studies suggesting that testosterone impacts certain aspects of host-parasite relationships. However, the exact mechanism for how testosterone influences parasite intensities remains unclear. There are two major current hypotheses for how testosterone influences ectoparasite intensities on males, the first involving immunosuppression and the second involving behavioral patterns and movement. However, another potential reason for why male lizards, particularly those with high circulating testosterone, have higher ectoparasite intensities than female and low testosterone male lizards is that the parasites preferentially choose their host. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that vitellogenic female lizards have diminished immune function and this could potentially lead to increased ectoparasitism in much the same way that testosterone does in male lizards. Therefore, it is possible that a host preference is also present with vitellogenic versus non-vitellogenic female lizards. Although there have been a few interspecific studies done on this topic there have been no such studies on parasite host preference in reptiles to date. Here I tested three hypotheses: 1. Ticks prefer male lizards to female lizards. 2. Ticks prefer male lizards with high testosterone concentrations to male lizards with normal testosterone concentrations. 3. Ticks prefer vitellogenic female lizards to non-vitellogenic female lizards. All three experiments demonstrated no preference of host by ticks, which suggests they will attach to any suitable host they come across. However, during the male versus female host choice experiment ticks fed faster on vitellogenic female lizards than male lizards and non-vitellogenic female lizards. These results, taken together with previous studies showing higher tick intensities on male lizards, lizards with experimentally elevated testosterone, and reproductive female lizards, provide evidence that ticks do not preferentially choose their host, but instead are found in higher numbers on certain hosts due to some other reason. Other potential explanations include differences in immune function, microhabitat use, and behavioral patterns. One of the major hypotheses as to why male lizards, particularly those with high testosterone concentrations, have higher ectoparasite intensities than female lizards and male lizards with low testosterone concentrations is that these lizards perform more territorial behaviors, have increased movements, and larger home range sizes, thus exposing them to more parasites. Several studies have shown testosterone to increase the frequency of behaviors, movement, and home range size in lizards, but few, if any, have related it to ectoparasite intensities. Here I tested two hypotheses: 1. High testosterone male lizards have larger home ranges than male lizards with lower testosterone concentrations and female lizards. 2. High testosterone male lizards perform a higher frequency of territorial behaviors than male lizards with lower testosterone concentrations and female lizards. To test these hypotheses I implanted male lizards with either testosterone or blank-control implants, left female lizards unaltered, and performed behavioral observations in the field for 25 days. At the end of this time period, home range sizes were calculated as minimum convex polygons and ectoparasite intensities were quantified. Results of this study revealed no significant difference in ectoparasite intensities between high and low testosterone male lizards, but male lizards did have significantly higher ectoparasite intensities than female lizards. Furthermore, home range size and frequencies of territorial behaviors were not significantly different between high and low testosterone male lizards. However, male lizards did have larger home ranges and performed more territorial behaviors and movements than female lizards. These results suggest that home range, movement, and territorial behavior frequency contribute to higher ectoparasite intensities on male lizards, particularly those on males with high circulating testosterone. However, future studies need to address the behavioral and physiological mechanisms responsible for the observed effects of testosterone on parasitism, including parasite intensity, immunosuppression, and parasitic effects on host fitness.

No description available.

Plasmodium falciparum, the primary causative agent of malaria in humans, is responsible for life-threatening infections and disease in many tropical regions of the world. In 2018, there were over 228 million cases and 405,000 deaths due to malaria infection, according to World Health Organization estimates. While there has been recent progress in decreasing mortality rates attributed to malaria, the emergence of widespread antimalarial drug resistance in recent decades has endangered such progress. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antimalarial drugs with a novel mechanism of action. Plasmodium kinases could serve as attractive drug targets due to their essential functions in all stages of the parasite’s life cycle. Plasmodium falciparum Aurora-related kinases (PfArks) have essential regulatory roles in all stages of the parasite’s asexual intraerythrocytic life cycle. As a result, it is hypothesized that PfArks are excellent potential molecular targets for novel antimalarial development. The intent of this study was to identify potent and selective inhibitors of Plasmodium from an Aurora kinase-focused commercial inhibitor library of 3,000 compounds. An initial phenotypic screen was performed at a fixed inhibitor concentration of one micromolar to identify novel compounds with potency against the P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain. From this library, we have identified multiple compounds with submicromolar antiplasmodial activity in asexual intraerythrocytic life cycle stages and adequate selectivity. Additionally, this project aimed further to characterize the cellular mechanism of action of hit compounds. Multiple compounds were found to exhibit inhibitory effects against early intraerythrocytic asexual life cycle stages as well as liver stages. At this time, one hit compound (DC-6275) was found to inhibit asexual intraerythrocytic as well as liver stage parasites in addition to PfArk1 amongst other Plasmodium protein kinases tested. Overall, we believe that these identified compounds have great potential to serve as scaffolds for future antimalarial drug development.

Planorbella trivolvis, a snail routinely found in catfish ponds, is an intermediate host in the life cycle of Bolbophorus damnificus, a digenetic trematode responsible for mortalities in catfish. This research generated information on the life cycle and the population dynamics of P. trivolvis in catfish ponds which could be implemented to control P. trivolvis. Research indicated that: P trivolvis is present year-round; survives overwintering at water temperatures of 5°C; reproduces year-round; is found in vegetation, sediment and water in ponds year-round; lays eggs two months post-hatch; and has a life span of at least one year. Planorbella trivolvis infected with Bolbophorus spp. were found in 0.8% of the snails examined; found in juvenile snails (4 mm), and could shed 3,200 cercariae/day, and shed these cercariae for up to 21 days. This data indicated that constant snail monitoring and persistent snail control is imperative to control P. trivolvis in catfish ponds.

Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the most common morbidities affecting shelter animals across the United States. High intake volumes, low staffing numbers, and limited resources within shelter systems encourage empirical deworming therapy during routine care. Empirical therapy may contribute to irresponsible resource management and anthelmintic resistance, reducing the reliability of anthelmintic products when treating diagnosed shelter animals, owned pets, and humans. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate common gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in cats and dogs entering Mississippi shelters and discuss the utility of pyrantel pamoate as an anthelmintic therapy in dogs. The first chapter discusses historical prevalence, pyrantel pamoate therapy, and potential development of resistance in companion animals. The second chapter evaluates regional prevalence in cats and dogs along with risk factors for parasitism. The last chapter assesses pyrantel pamoate’s efficacy and apparent parasite population response after an animal’s first week in the shelter.

For vector-borne parasites such as malaria, how within- and between-host processes interact to shape transmission is poorly understood. In the host, malaria parasites replicate asexually but for transmission via mosquitoes to occur, specialized sexual stages (gametocytes) must be produced. Once inside the mosquito vector, gametocytes immediately differentiate into male and female gametes, and motile male gametes must swim through the hostile environment of the bloodmeal to find and fertilise female gametes. Despite the central role that gametocytes play in disease transmission, explanations of why parasites adjust gametocyte production in response to in-host factors remain controversial. Furthermore, surprisingly little is known about the mating behaviour of malaria parasites once inside the mosquito. Developing drugs and/or vaccines that prevent transmission by disrupting sexual stages are major goals of biomedicine, but understanding variation in gametocyte investment and male gamete behaviour is key to the success of any intervention. First, I propose that the evolutionary theory developed to explain variation in reproductive effort in multicellular organisms provides a framework to understand gametocyte investment strategies in malaria parasites. I then demonstrate that parasites appear to change their reproductive strategies in response to environmental cues and in a manner consistent with our predictions. Next, I show how digital holographic microscopy can be used to characterise the morphology and motility of male gametes. I then provide evidence for non-random movement of male gametes and that gamete interactions with red blood cells appear to hinder mating success in a bloodmeal. Finally, I discuss the variation in gametocyte differentiation and fertilisation success when exposed to a number of factors implicated in gametocyte activation. The data presented here provides important information on the basic biology of malaria parasite reproductive stages and demonstrates considerable variation in parasite traits and behaviours in response environmental changes; both in the host and in the mosquito vector.

La compréhension des processus microévolutifs ayant lieu dans la nature nécessite la quantification des principales forces sélectives s'exerçant sur les populations sauvages. Ces 10 dernières années, les études à long terme et l'écologie de la résurrection (qui fait revivre des stades en dormance) ont été les principales approches pour étudier l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie sur plusieurs générations dans les populations sauvages. Mon travail consiste à comprendre comment des facteurs écologies simples (p. ex. la température) et des interactions interspécifiques ou intraspécifiques plus complexes (p. ex. les interactions antagonistes hôte-parasite ou mâle-femelle) façonnent le processus évolutif des populations sauvages. Dans cette optique, j'ai utilisé l'Artémia comme un organisme modèle, en combinant des études sur le terrain et en laboratoire. Premièrement, j'ai étudié l'évolution de la niche thermique avec une approche d'écologie de la résurrection, en utilisant une série temporelle d'œufs de dormance d'une population d' introduite à partir de marais salants de régions tempérées dans des marais salants tropicaux dans les années 80. Cette étude montre que la survie aux températures élevées (caractéristiques du nouvel environnement) a augmenté linéairement au cours du temps à partir de l'introduction, suggérant un taux d'adaptation constant sur plus de 100 générations. Deuxièmement, j'ai utilisé une approche similaire pour étudier l'adaptation entre males et femelles dans une autre population d'Artémia. Cette étude suggère que les conflits sexuels provoquent une dynamique de coévolution fluctuante dans la nature sur une échelle d'environ 100 générations. Troisièmement, j'ai étudié les impacts respectifs de différents parasites (une espèce de cestode et deux espèces de microsporidie) sur la compétition entre une espèce d'hôte autochtone asexuée et une espèce d'hôte invasive sexuée. Chacun des trois parasites étaient soit spécialiste d'une espèce ou de certains génotypes d'hôte. De plus, l'espèce de cestode dont l'effet castrateur chez l'hôte est bien connu infectait uniquement l'espèce autochtone, suggérant que ce parasite joue un rôle majeur dans la compétition entre les espèces d'hôte autochtones et invasives. Par ailleurs, les trois espèces de parasite semblaient manipuler le comportement d'agrégation de leur hôte, très probablement pour augmenter leur transmission à de nouveaux hôtes. Enfin, j'ai réalisé des études de génétiques des populations d'espèces asexuées diploïdes et polyploïdes d'Artemia et d'espèces sexuées asiatiques proches. Les espèces asexuées diploïdes produisent des mâles rares et il semblerait que ceux-ci permettent une faible fréquence de reproduction sexuée. De plus, l'hybridation d'espèces d'Artémia éloignée phylogénétiquement a donné naissance à au moins trois lignées polyploïdes indépendantes. / Getting a comprehensive understanding of microevolution in natural populations requires proper quantification of the important selective forces exerted on these populations. Over the last decade, long-term studies and resurrection-ecology (revival of resting stages) have been the main approaches to study life history trait evolution over many generations in the wild. My work aims at understanding how simple ecological factors (e.g. temperature) and complex interactions between and within species (host-parasite and male-females antagonistic interactions) shape evolutionary processes in natural populations. To this end, I used the brine shrimp Artemia as a model system and combined laboratory and field studies. First, I investigated thermal niche evolution with a resurrection ecology approach, using dormant-egg time series from an Artemia population introduced from temperate to tropical salterns in the mid-80's. This experiment shows that survival at the high temperatures typical of the new environment increased linearly through time after the introduction, suggesting a sustained rate of adaptation over more than 100 generations. Second, I used the same approach to study adaptation between sexes in another Artemia population. I found that sexual conflicts result in fluctuating male-female coevolutionary dynamics in natura, over a time scale of ~100 generations. Third, I studied the relative role of one cestode and two microsporidian parasites in mediating the competition between a native asexual host and an invasive bisexual host. I found that all three parasites were either host- or genotype-specific and that the castrating cestode parasite specifically infected the native species, suggesting that this parasite actually played a major role in the competition between native and invasive hosts. Interestingly, all three parasites manipulated the swarming behavior of their host, most likely to increase their transmission. Fourth, I performed population genetic studies of diploid and polyploid Artemia parthenogenetica and their Asian bisexual close relatives. Diploid asexual Artemia produce rare males and I found indication that these males allow some rare sex in this otherwise parthenogenetic species. In addition, hybridization between divergent Artemia species has led to the origin of at least three independent polyploid lineages.