• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An?lise filogen?tica de Gymnophiona M?ller, 1832 (Amphibia)

Souza, Camila Camargo de 30 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-09T17:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_CAMILA_CAMARGO_DE_SOUZA_COMPLETO.pdf: 3948791 bytes, checksum: c827f34181e47b84d2dc6c25fa596df9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-09T17:46:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_CAMILA_CAMARGO_DE_SOUZA_COMPLETO.pdf: 3948791 bytes, checksum: c827f34181e47b84d2dc6c25fa596df9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T17:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_CAMILA_CAMARGO_DE_SOUZA_COMPLETO.pdf: 3948791 bytes, checksum: c827f34181e47b84d2dc6c25fa596df9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Gymnophiona M?ller, 1832?with 206 currently recognized species?is the least studied order within Amphibia. The phylogenetic relationships among its members have been historically unstable, with frequent taxonomic changes at the family level due to the recurrent presence of paraphyletic taxa. However, an increase of studies based on morphological and molecular data has built a scaffold of information about the evolutionary relationships among caecilians; even though, a phylogenetic classification of the order has remained a challenge. In 2011 a new taxonomy of Gymnophiona was proposed, where genera were arranged in nine families supposedly monophyletic. This taxonomy was not based on a phylogenetic analysis but on a consensus of the understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the group as inferred by previous studies. However, important conflicts exits among the results and type of analyses performed on these studies. Furthermore, only one study has included the known fossil taxon of Gymnophiona, which despite being fragmented is a valid source of evidence. Due to several and continuous efforts to generate data on caecilians, there is a wealth of hereditary characters available for phylogenetic studies. Thus, it has become crucial to perform a combined analysis of all these data (complete mitochondrial genomes, nuclear DNA sequences, phenotypic characters of extant and fossil taxa) to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis that maximizes explanatory power. The objective of this study is to infer the evolutionary relationships of Gymnophiona based on a total evidence analysis using parsimony and dynamic homology to evaluate the current taxonomy of the group. Additionally, we also evaluate the effect of different types of alignment (tree versus similarity approaches), the influence of phenotypic characters on a dataset dominated by molecular characters, and the effect of coding indels as missing data. We compiled previously published phenotypic characters, DNA sequences available from GenBank of 47 nuclear and mitochondrial genes of all available taxa, and produced 42 new sequences. When comparing the results obtained from the tree-alignment analysis in POY with those of the similarity alignment in TNT, both recover Rhinatrematidae as sister of Ichthyophiidae + Teresomata. Within Rhinatrematidae, Epicrionops is paraphyletic in all analyses and the relationships within Ichthyophis are unsolved (a polytomy in the strict consensus). POY does not recovered Scolecomorphidae as the sister taxon of all other Teresomata but Typhlonectidae + Caeciliidae. Caecilia is paraphyletic with respect to Oscaecilia and Typhlonectes in relationship to Potamotyphlus. Scolecomorphidae is sister of Herpelidae + Chikilidae. The results of TNT recover a paraphyletic Herpelidae, with Herpele squalostoma sister of Chikilidae. Also, Siphonopidae is non-monophyletic. Indotyphlidae is non-monophyletic in both analyses and Idiocranium is consistently recovered as sister taxon of Dermophiidae. Dermophis is recovered as paraphyletic in the POY analysis, while both Dermophis and Gymnopis are paraphyletic in the TNT analysis. The strict consensus of the molecular dataset is highly congruous with that of the total evidence dataset; however, the former is better resolved (less polytomies), mainly within Indotyphlidae. The analysis of the phenotypic data alone resulted in a complete polytomy, illustrating the need of more research in this avenue. Coding indels as missing data did not cause important topological changes. The main conclusions derived from this study are: (i) the type of alignment of DNA sequences have an evident impact on the phylogenetic hypotheses of Gymnophiona; (ii) the apparent resolution on the evolutionary relationships of the extant supraspecific taxa of Gymnophiona and their monophyly presented in other studies are dependent on the exclusion of relevant evidence?taxa and characters?or the partial presentation of the optimal hypotheses; (iii) only a total evidence analysis allowed us to discover some of the potential cases of paraphyly or misidentification of vouchers; (iv) the phenotypic data currently used in the study of the evolutionary relationships of Gymnophiona contain important levels of non-congruent information and are not sufficient to place the fossil Eocaecilia micropodia within caecilians. This study reveals the need of detailed revision of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Gymnophiona. / Gymnophiona M?ller, 1832 ? a ordem menos estudada dentro de Amphibia, com 206 esp?cies conhecidas. As rela??es filogen?ticas do grupo permaneceram inst?veis por muito tempo, sofrendo com mudan?as no n?mero de fam?lias, devido ? constante presen?a de t?xons parafil?ticos. Uma crescente de estudos com produ??o de evid?ncias moleculares e morfol?gicas tem formado um arcabou?o de informa??es sobre as rela??es evolutivas do grupo. Mesmo assim, uma classifica??o filogen?tica de toda a ordem n?o representava uma tarefa f?cil. Em 2011, foi proposta uma classifica??o ao n?vel de fam?lia, onde os g?neros foram distribu?dos em nove fam?lias supostamente monofil?ticas. Essa proposta n?o foi baseada em uma an?lise filogen?tica, mas sim em um consenso do entendimento das rela??es filogen?ticas inferidas em estudos pr?vios, sendo muitos deles discordantes, tanto em tipos de an?lises, quanto em resultados. Apenas um estudo incluiu um t?xon f?ssil, que apesar de ser pouco representativo em quantidade, representa uma fonte v?lida de evid?ncia. Devido ao grande esfor?o para gerar dados e obter informa??es acerca dos Gymnophiona, existem in?meros caracteres heredit?rios dispon?veis. Dessa forma, percebe-se uma import?ncia em unir todos esses dados (genomas mitocondriais completos, sequ?ncias de genes nucleares, caracteres fenot?picos dos t?xons viventes e f?ssil) para compor uma nova proposta filogen?tica com o maior poder explicativo. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi inferir as rela??es evolutivas da ordem Gymnophiona em um contexto de evid?ncia total, sob an?lises de parcim?nia e homologia din?mica e avaliar a taxonomia atual de Gymnophiona com base na(s) ?rvore(s) mais parcimoniosa(s). Adicionalmente, avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de alinhamento, a influ?ncia de caracteres fenot?picos em um dataset dominado por dados gen?ticos e o efeito de codificar os indels como dados faltantes. Para isso foram compilados caracteres morfol?gicos de estudos pr?vios, sequ?ncias dispon?veis no GenBank, referentes a 47 genes (nucleares e mitocondriais) de todas as esp?cies dispon?veis, al?m da produ??o de 42 novas sequ?ncias. Comparando os resultados gerados a partir do alinhamento por ?rvore (POY) e do alinhamento por similaridade (TNT) encontramos Rhinatrematidae como grupo-irm?o de Ichthyophiidae + Teresomata. Dentro de Rhinatrematidae, Epicrionops foi recuperado parafil?tico em todas as an?lises e as rela??es dentro de Ichthyophiidae s?o uma politomia. A an?lise do POY n?o recupera Scolecomorphidae como t?xon-irm?o dos demais Teresomata, e sim Typhlonectidae + Caeciliidae. Caecilia ? parafil?tica a Oscaecilia, assim como Typhlonectes com rela??o a Potamotyphlus. Na an?lise via TNT, Herpelidae foi recuperada parafil?tica, com Herpele squalostoma agrupado com Chikilidae. Na an?lise do TNT, Siphonopidae n?o foi recuperada monofil?tica. A fam?lia Indotyphlidae foi n?o-monofil?tica em ambas as an?lises e Idiocranium foi recuperado como o t?xon-irm?o de Dermophiidae. Dermophis surge parafil?tico na an?lise do POY, enquanto que pelo TNT tanto Dermophis quanto Gymnopis surgen parafil?ticos. A topologia da ?rvore constru?da apenas com sequ?ncias de DNA, mostrou-se altamente semelhante ao consenso gerado pelo TNT, embora com alguns poucos clados melhor resolvidos, principalmente em Indotyphlidae. J? a an?lise unicamente morfol?gica restringiu-se a uma politomia total, o que pode ser justificado pela falta de caracteres morfol?gicos ?teis, e que tamb?m pode ser um reflexo da falta de conhecimento acerca deste tipo de evid?ncia. Quanto ? codifica??o de indels como quinto estado ou como dados faltantes, n?o foi observada vantagem sobre nenhum dos testes em rela??o ? topologia do consenso estrito. As principais conclus?es derivadas dos resultados obtidos s?o: (i) o tipo de alinhamento das sequ?ncias de DNA tem um impacto evidente nas hip?teses filogen?ticas; (ii) a aparente resolu??o da hist?ria evolutiva dos atuais t?xons supraespec?ficos de Gymnophiona e sua monofilia, apresentada em outros estudos, dependem da exclus?o de evid?ncia relevante das an?lises ou da apresenta??o parcial das hip?teses ?timas; (iii) s? a an?lise de evid?ncia total permitiu descobrir casos potenciais de parafilia ou identifica??o errada de terminais; (iv) os dados fenot?picos atualmente usados no estudo das rela??es evolutivas de Gymnophiona t?m altos n?veis de informa??o n?o congruente e n?o s?o suficentes para a inclus?o do t?xon f?ssil Eocaecilia micropodia dentro de Gymnophiona. O presente estudo revela a necessidade de uma revis?o detalhada da taxonomia e filogen?tica de Gymnophiona.
2

An?lise de evid?ncia total da Tribo Harttiini sensu Isbr?cker, com uma revis?o taxon?mica de Sturisomatichthys Isbr?cker & Nijssen, 1979

Londo?o-Burbano, Alejandro 28 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Zoologia (zoologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-09T12:41:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Verison final tesis PhD AL-B.pdf: 3324681 bytes, checksum: d5bc7da0e28bc84652f553dfee2bc55c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-14T14:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Verison final tesis PhD AL-B.pdf: 3324681 bytes, checksum: d5bc7da0e28bc84652f553dfee2bc55c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T14:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verison final tesis PhD AL-B.pdf: 3324681 bytes, checksum: d5bc7da0e28bc84652f553dfee2bc55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / A total evidence analysis of the Harttiini sensu Isbr?cker is presented. Ten genera historically included in the tribe are assumed as ingroup in the present analysis, which comprises: Aposturisoma, Cteniloricaria, Farlowella, Harttia, Harttiella, Lamontichthys, Metaloricaria, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma and Sturisomatichthys. The ingroup encompasses 78 terminal taxa plus 22 belonging to the outgroup which were chosen from other subfamilies of the Loricariidae and genera of the Loricariini. Seven molecular markers were included for the phylogenetic analysis, the mitochondrial Cytb, nd2, 12S and 16S, and the nuclear MyH6, RAG1 and RAG2. Additionally, 216 morphological characters are included, which encompasses characters proposed by previous authors and new characters proposed herein including both osteology and external morphology. A Maximum Parsimony analysis and a Bayesian Inference analyses were carried out using the concatenated matrix which is comprised by 6,839 characters. Thirty most parsimonious trees were found with a length of 18.254 steps, consistency index (CI) of 0.37 and retention index (RI) of 0.59, a consensus tree was obtained and showed a paraphyletic Harttiini sensu Isbr?cker; the same result was obtained from the Bayesian Inference analysis. Harttiini comprises Harttia, Harttiella and Cteniloricaria. Farlowellina is elevated to the tribe rank as Farlowellini, encompassing Farlowella, Lamontichthys, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma and Sturisomatichthys; Aposturisoma is here suggested as junior synonym of Farlowella. Metaloricaria is assigned to the monotypic Metaloricariini. On the other hand, the Loricariini is here restricted to a unique group without a subtribal division, contrary to what was proposed in previous studies. Sturisoma was corroborated here to be strictly cis-Andean, while Sturisomatichthys encompasses, besides the valid species already included in the genus, the trans-Andean species belonging to Sturisoma sensu lato. Two new species of the former and one new species of the latter were recognized. A new classification for the Loricariinae is offered, as well as for identification keys for the genera of both the Harttiini and the Farlowellini. Discussions regarding the taxonomy of the genera found to be valid are offered. Furthermore, a taxonomic revision of Sturisomatichthys is presented. A total of 358 specimens including both type an non-type specimens of all valid species were examined. Sturisomatichthys was found to encompass 12 valid species: Sturisomatichthys aureus, S. caquetae, S. citurensis, S. dariensis, S. festivus, S. frenatus, S. kneri, S. leightoni, S. panamensis, S. tamanae. In addition, two new species are described, Sturisomatichthys Baud? n.sp. from the Baud? River, in Northwestern Colombia, belonging to the Caribbean slope of the continent, and Sturisomatichthys San Juan n.sp. from the San Juan River basin in western Colombia, on the Pacific slope. Sturisomatichthys caquetae, from the Morelia River, upper Amazon, is transferred back from Sturisoma and S. leightoni is distributed, besides the Magdalena-Cauca basin, in the Orinoco basin; thus, Sturisomatichthys is discovered to be distributed in both trans- and cis-Andean drainages. A neotype is designated for S. aureus from the Lower Magdalena basin, type locality of the species. New records of localities in the Northwestern region of South America, as well as the redescription and taxonomic comments of all valid species, are provided. Maps with the distribution of the genus and a key of identification of the species are provided. / Uma an?lise de evid?ncia total de Harttiini sensu Isbr?cker ? apresentada. Dez g?neros historicamente alocados na tribo foram inclu?dos: Aposturisoma, Cteniloricaria, Farlowella, Harttia, Harttiella, Lamontichthys, Metaloricaria, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma e Sturisomatichthys. O grupo interno inclui 78 t?xons terminais mais 22 pertencentes ao grupo externo, que foram escolhidos de outras subfam?lias de Loricariidae e g?neros de Loricariini. Sete marcadores moleculares foram inclu?dos, os mitocondriais Cytb, nd2, 12S e 16S, e os nucleares MyH6, RAG1 e RAG2. Al?m disso, 216 caracteres morfol?gicos s?o oferecidos, incluindo caracteres propostos por autores anteriores e caracteres novos propostos aqui, incluindo osteologia e morfologia externa. Uma an?lise de M?xima Parcim?nia e uma an?lise de Infer?ncia Bayesiana foram realizadas utilizando a matriz concatenada, composta por 6.839 caracteres. Foram encontradas trinta ?rvores mais parcimoniosas com um comprimento de 18.254 passos, ?ndice de consist?ncia (IC) de 0,37 e ?ndice de reten??o (RI) de 0,59, uma ?rvore consenso foi gerada, o qual resultou em Harttiini sensu Isbr?cker como parafil?tico; o mesmo resultado foi obtido a partir da an?lise de Infer?ncia Bayesiana. Harttiini inclui Harttia, Harttiella e Cteniloricaria. Farlowellina ? proposto ser elevado ao n?vel de tribo como Farlowellini, abrangendo Farlowella, Lamontichthys, Pterosturisoma, Sturisoma e Sturisomatichthys; Aposturisoma ? aqui sugerido como sin?nimo junior de Farlowella. Metaloricaria ? atribu?do a monot?pico Metaloricariini. Por outro lado, Loricariini est? aqui restrito a um grupo ?nico sem uma divis?o subtribal, ao contr?rio do que foi proposto em estudos anteriores. Sturisoma foi corroborado aqui ser estritamente cis-andino, enquanto Sturisomatichthys engloba, al?m das esp?cies v?lidas j? inclu?das no g?nero, as esp?cies trans-andinas pertencentes a Sturisoma sensu lato. Foram reconhecidas duas esp?cies novas de Sturisomatichthys e uma nova esp?cie de Sturisoma. Uma nova classifica??o para Loricariinae ? oferecida, bem como chaves de identifica??o para os g?neros de Harttiini e Farlowellini. Discuss?es sobre a taxonomia dos g?neros encontrados como v?lidaos sao oferecidas. Adicionalmente, uma revis?o taxon?mica de Sturisomatichthys ? apresentada. Um total de 358 esp?cimes, incluindo ambos os esp?cimes tipo e n?o tipo de todas as esp?cies v?lidas foram examinados. Verificou-se que Sturisomatichthys abrange 12 esp?cies v?lidas: Sturisomatichthys aureus, S. caquetae, S. citurensis, S. dariensis, S. festivus, S. frenatus, S. kneri, S. leightoni, S. panamensis, S. tamanae. Al?m disso, duas novas esp?cies s?o descritas, Sturisomatichthys Baud? n.sp. do rio Baud?, no noroeste da Col?mbia, pertencente ? vertente Caribe do continente, e Sturisomatichthys San Juan n.sp. da bacia do rio San Juan, no oeste da Col?mbia, na vertente do Pac?fico. Sturisomatichthys caquetae, do rio Morelia, alto Amazonas, ? transferida de Sturisoma e S. leightoni est? distribu?do, al?m da bacia Magdalena- Cauca, na bacia do rio Orinoco. Assim, descobriu-se que Sturisomatichthys ? distribu?do em drenagens trans e cis-andinas. Um neotipo ? designado para S. aureus, do baixo rio Magdalena, localidade tipo da esp?cie. S?o fornecidos novos registros de localidades na regi?o noroeste da Am?rica do Sul, bem como a redescri??o e coment?rios taxon?micos de todas as esp?cies v?lidas. Mapas com a distribui??o do g?nero e uma chave de identifica??o das esp?cies s?o fornecidos.

Page generated in 0.06 seconds