From March 2006 until March 2008 I worked and did research with young people in El Salvador. I coordinated a local youth participation project in the capital, where, at the same time, I conducted fieldwork for my PhD research. The youth project aimed at empowering young people through participatory action research (PAR) and, together with the young participants, I critically reflected on the empowering impact of this participatory process. While participatory researchers and practitioners traditionally stress the importance of critical consciousness and critical discourse as the principal motors for individual and social transformation, my research with the young people particularly confronted me with the power of emotions and embodied knowledges. This research focuses in particular on the politics of emotions; their role in confirming exclusion and oppression and in facilitating empowerment and resistance. In this thesis, I bring together different bodies of theory. I start from the critical literature on PAR and from a poststructuralist account of power and empowerment. I build on an understanding of emotions as socio-culturally constructed and, at the same time, as deeply embodied phenomena. I look into emotional geographies considering emotions as relational and as always functioning within power relations and I use non-representational theory to challenge the privilege of cognition by focussing on practical and embodied knowledges and explicitly recognising their political and empowering potential. I conclude that although participatory researchers have increasingly extended and refined their understanding of power and empowerment, they still focus too much on critical reflection, discourse and conscious/linguistic representation as key to personal and social change. This focus has distracted their attention from the way power works through emotions and embodied knowledges. I believe that participatory researchers should become more sensitive still to the subtleties of power by paying more explicit attention to how emotions and embodied knowledges function within power relations to reproduce or challenge the existing status quo. Such a focus also opens new doors to new ways of empowerment (and politics) by considering alternative methods and media directly engaging with the power of emotions and embodied knowledges to shape the social world.

A budget is an action plan that is utilized by organisations, private or public, in order to attain their objectives. Budgets are used to ensure better financial performance for organizations. They are also used to identify financial problems and take appropriate corrective measures. Public secondary schools also prepare their budgets to plan for their income and expenditure. It is through developing their budgets that public secondary schools are able to achieve their visions and missions. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the extent to which the budgeting process is effectively implemented in public secondary schools in the Gauteng South Region. To achieve this objective a questionnaire was developed to elicit responses from the participants in the research. The questionnaire was a closed-ended one with two sections, A and B. Section A of the questionnaire was developed to gather biographical information about the units of analysis, whereas Section B dealt with key issues pertaining to the budgeting process. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The feedback from the questionnaire was analysed by means of Exploratory Factor Analysis where five factors were extracted and their reliability also tested. The factor loading matrix was computed to identify appropriate items for each factor. The items were analysed using frequencies in respect of each factor. Correlations analysis for the factors was conducted to determine the relationship between them. The findings from the study indicate that: budget planning assists school managers in comparing income and expenditure; coordination of budgeting activities is a problem at schools; lack of communication stifles effective implementation of the budget; there is no effective training and development for those involved in the budgeting process; the financial targets are not set and communicated to key stakeholders; there is lack of budget control and monitoring measures of variances of the planned and actual budget is non-existent; educators are not offered the opportunity to participate in the budgeting process let alone have the authority to make decisions on budgetary issues for those who are involved. The value of this research lies in setting appropriate guidelines for effective implementation of the budgeting process. Effective implementation of the budgeting process will facilitate efficient delivery of quality education to learners. The importance of the study is that it offers various types of budgets that public secondary schools can use to remain financially viable and sustainable.

A oposição entre a moradia de população de baixa renda e a sustentabilidade ambiental é uma constante nas cidades brasileiras. O Programa Bairro Ecológico surgiu da necessidade de adequação de melhores condições de habitação e preservação dos recursos hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica da Billings, no território do município de São Bernardo do Campo. Sua proposição parte da revisão da nova lei de proteção dos mananciais que contempla um modelo baseado na descentralização, integração, participação dos governos locais e segmentos da sociedade, combinada com o Estatuto da Cidade. Objetivo - Avaliar o Programa Bairro Ecológico de São Bernardo do Campo, sob a perspectiva da Promoção da Saúde e do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Considerando as estratégias descritas nas agendas sociais: Cidades Saudáveis e Agenda 21, procurou-se analisar os processos de participação e empoderamento, considerando-os elementos de fortalecimento e capacitação de indivíduos e coletividades para ampliar suas possibilidades de ensejar mudanças no ambiente em que vivem na busca de melhor qualidade de vida. Metodologia - Foram utilizados como instrumentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, questionários, entrevistas individuais e grupos focais com roteiros estruturados. Resultados - Foi realizada descrição do programa, seus processos de implantação e desenvolvimento a partir do referencial teórico adotado. Identificou-se que a participação na implementação do programa favoreceu o empoderamento individual e grupal. Constatou-se que houve um processo participativo no desenvolvimento do programa, ainda que alguns relatos apontem para o caráter obrigatório da participação. Conclusões - Os resultados alcançados em cada um dos objetivos específicos permitiram analisar o Programa Bairro Ecológico, sob a perspectiva da promoção da saúde e do desenvolvimento sustentável, considerando as agendas de implementação local: Cidades Saudáveis e Agenda 21, com enfoque nos princípios de participação e empoderamento. / The opposition between low income population housing and the environmental sustainability is a constant in Brazilian cities. The Environmental Neighborhood Program arose from the necessity of adjustment for better housing conditions and for the preservation of the water resources of Basin Billings, located in the city of Sao Bernardo do Campo. Its proposal is the revision of the new water resource protection law which contemplates a model based on the decentralization, integration, participation of the local councils and segments of society, combined with the City Statute. Objective - To evaluate the Sao Bernardo do Campos Environmental Neighborhood Program from the health promotion and the sustainable development perspective. Taking the strategies from Agenda 21 and Healthy Cities social agendas into consideration, it was analysed the process of participation and empowerment, which are both considered as elements of strength and qualification of individuals and communities in order to extend the possibilities of having desired changes in the environment where they live, searching for better life quality. Methodology - it was used the following instruments of methodology; bibliographical research, documentary research, individual questionnaires, interviews and focal groups with structuralized scripts. Results - a description of the program was done with its implantation and development process based on the adopted theoretical references. It was identified that the participation in the implementation of the program benefited the individual and community empowerment. There was a participation process in the program development, despite some reports on compulsory participation. Conclusions - the results reached in each of its specific objectives allowed the analysis of the Environmental Neighborhood Program, under the perspective of the health promotion and the sustainable development, considering the agendas of local implementation: Healthful Cities and Agenda 21, with focus on the principles of participation and empowerment.

A oposição entre a moradia de população de baixa renda e a sustentabilidade ambiental é uma constante nas cidades brasileiras. O Programa Bairro Ecológico surgiu da necessidade de adequação de melhores condições de habitação e preservação dos recursos hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica da Billings, no território do município de São Bernardo do Campo. Sua proposição parte da revisão da nova lei de proteção dos mananciais que contempla um modelo baseado na descentralização, integração, participação dos governos locais e segmentos da sociedade, combinada com o Estatuto da Cidade. Objetivo - Avaliar o Programa Bairro Ecológico de São Bernardo do Campo, sob a perspectiva da Promoção da Saúde e do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Considerando as estratégias descritas nas agendas sociais: Cidades Saudáveis e Agenda 21, procurou-se analisar os processos de participação e empoderamento, considerando-os elementos de fortalecimento e capacitação de indivíduos e coletividades para ampliar suas possibilidades de ensejar mudanças no ambiente em que vivem na busca de melhor qualidade de vida. Metodologia - Foram utilizados como instrumentos metodológicos: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, questionários, entrevistas individuais e grupos focais com roteiros estruturados. Resultados - Foi realizada descrição do programa, seus processos de implantação e desenvolvimento a partir do referencial teórico adotado. Identificou-se que a participação na implementação do programa favoreceu o empoderamento individual e grupal. Constatou-se que houve um processo participativo no desenvolvimento do programa, ainda que alguns relatos apontem para o caráter obrigatório da participação. Conclusões - Os resultados alcançados em cada um dos objetivos específicos permitiram analisar o Programa Bairro Ecológico, sob a perspectiva da promoção da saúde e do desenvolvimento sustentável, considerando as agendas de implementação local: Cidades Saudáveis e Agenda 21, com enfoque nos princípios de participação e empoderamento. / The opposition between low income population housing and the environmental sustainability is a constant in Brazilian cities. The Environmental Neighborhood Program arose from the necessity of adjustment for better housing conditions and for the preservation of the water resources of Basin Billings, located in the city of Sao Bernardo do Campo. Its proposal is the revision of the new water resource protection law which contemplates a model based on the decentralization, integration, participation of the local councils and segments of society, combined with the City Statute. Objective - To evaluate the Sao Bernardo do Campos Environmental Neighborhood Program from the health promotion and the sustainable development perspective. Taking the strategies from Agenda 21 and Healthy Cities social agendas into consideration, it was analysed the process of participation and empowerment, which are both considered as elements of strength and qualification of individuals and communities in order to extend the possibilities of having desired changes in the environment where they live, searching for better life quality. Methodology - it was used the following instruments of methodology; bibliographical research, documentary research, individual questionnaires, interviews and focal groups with structuralized scripts. Results - a description of the program was done with its implantation and development process based on the adopted theoretical references. It was identified that the participation in the implementation of the program benefited the individual and community empowerment. There was a participation process in the program development, despite some reports on compulsory participation. Conclusions - the results reached in each of its specific objectives allowed the analysis of the Environmental Neighborhood Program, under the perspective of the health promotion and the sustainable development, considering the agendas of local implementation: Healthful Cities and Agenda 21, with focus on the principles of participation and empowerment.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2855461 bytes, checksum: 16d55a707bc0082efee6dbab629f4fda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation examined the social effects on women s lives that participate in the Movement of Affected by Dams (MAB). Taken as reference three rural localities in the state of Minas Gerais, which are: Miguel Rodrigues, Emboque and resettlement Guaiana, all stricken Small Hydroeletric Fumaça. The research aimed to investigate the effects of female participation in social MAB in gender relations and forms of empowerment in the public and private sectors. We tried to understand the relations power from places lived in the house and property, community and social movement, focusing on categories like place, sexual division of labor and empowerment. This is a descriptive and explanatory research that used questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, document analysis and journal entries for field data collection. The results showed that women's participation in collective action is linked primarily on the desire to maintain their lifestyles, even in forms of power that cause gender disparities. Moreover, even if women participate in grassroots groups in communities and other spaces outside their localities, they can t break the gender roles that mark the places of women and men in family spaces, house, property, and in community spaces. It gives the maintenance of power relations and the fixed and rigid roles for men and women in public spaces in the communities which they live. But there was a difference in handling between the female private and public spheres, which leads to greater empowerment of leaders than for another woman organized. / Esta dissertação analisou os efeitos sociais na vida das mulheres que participam do Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB). Tomou-se como referência três localidades rurais do interior do Estado de Minas Gerais, quais sejam: Miguel Rodrigues, Emboque e reassentamento Guaiana; todas atingidas pela Pequena Central Hidrelétrica Fumaça. A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos sociais da participação feminina no MAB nas relações de gênero e nas formas de empoderamento, no âmbito público e privado. Buscou-se perceber as relações de poder a partir dos lugares vividos da casa e da propriedade, da comunidade e do movimento social, focalizando as categorias como Lugar, divisão sexual do trabalho e empoderamento. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e explicativa que fez o uso de questionários, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, da análise documental e das anotações no diário de campo para a coleta de dados. Os resultados apontaram que a participação das mulheres na ação coletiva se vincula primeiramente ao desejo de manutenção dos seus modos de vida, mesmo sob formas de poder que causam as disparidades de gênero. Além disso, mesmo que as mulheres participem dos grupos de base nas comunidades e de outros espaços fora de suas localidades, estas não conseguem romper com os papéis de gênero que demarcam os lugares femininos e masculinos nos espaços familiares, da casa, da propriedade, assim como nos espaços comunitários. O que confere a manutenção de relações de poder e dos papéis fixos e rígidos para mulheres e homens nos espaços públicos das comunidades em que vivem. Mas, observou-se uma diferenciação na movimentação feminina entre as esferas privada e pública, que ocasiona maior o empoderamento das lideranças do que para demais mulheres organizadas.