Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Quel droit de l’environnement pour quelle société ? Avec une méthode qui conjoint un examen socio-anthropologique et un examen juridique, cette thèse pose la question pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie, par une analyse du passé récent, des difficultés contemporaines et d’une refondation rendue possible par une évolution de la pensée juridique et au moyen d’outils élaborés récemment ailleurs et qui ont permis par exemple de reconnaître la personnalité juridique à des éléments de la nature.Reconnue comme hotspot mondial de la biodiversité, avec la menace environnementale que constitue l’exploitation des immenses ressources minières de nickel, comment la Nouvelle-Calédonie, près de 150 ans après son annexion par la France et son engagement depuis une trentaine d’années sur le chemin de la décolonisation, s’y prend-elle pour protéger son environnement naturel ? La réponse que nous obtenons par l’étude du droit positif, des institutions, du droit comparé, des discours et du travail de terrain, est claire : le droit applicable aujourd’hui en Nouvelle-Calédonie est issu d’une rationalisation exogène des relations sociales. Il est de fait inadapté au contexte culturel du Pacifique. Les relations Homme Nature, équilibrées, ont été « désenchantées » par la christianisation, la colonisation et la rationalisation scientifique. Comme dans beaucoup d’endroits, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, le sacré qui caractérisait ces relations a été écarté au profit de ce que nous avons choisi d’appeler le « complexe de Noé » et qui est devenu le fondement de toute politique environnementale. Notre diagnostic sur les limites du droit de l’environnement actuel, révèle en détail les carences de l’ingénierie institutionnelle contemporaine, fondée sur des préoccupations politiques de gestion pacifiée d’une société plurielle et de rééquilibrages entre communautés et territoires pour compenser des retards de développement dus aux erreurs du passé.Il existe toutefois un contexte favorable depuis quelques années pour réenchanter la protection juridique de la nature et de ses éléments. Des gouvernements ou des juges sous d’autres latitudes reconnaissent la personnalité juridique à des éléments de la nature. Il est désormais possible de dépasser une conception restrictive du pluralisme juridique comme cohabitation étanche d’ordres juridiques irréconciliables et d’avancer vers un métissage du droit endogène et d’un ordre juridique associé aux formes de l’Etat moderne. Nous suivrons de près la co-construction, avec les populations et les autorités coutumières, par la Province des Iles Loyauté, d’un droit de l’environnement négocié et de principes innovants qui permettent enfin de prendre en compte pleinement dans le droit positif la vision Kanak de la nature. Grâce à une méthode participative d’élaboration du droit, il apparaît que l’on peut concilier, les pluralismes (culturels, sociaux, politiques et juridiques) de la Nouvelle-Calédonie du 21ème siècle, dans le cadre d’un droit négocié, seul garant de l’effectivité du droit pour protéger l’environnement naturel dans un contexte global de changements environnementaux. / What environmental law for which society? With a method that combines a socio-anthropological examination and a legal examination, this thesis raises the question for New Caledonia, through an analysis of the recent past, contemporary difficulties and a re-foundation made possible by an evolution of legal thought and by means of tools developed recently elsewhere, which have made it possible, for example, to recognize the legal personality of elements of nature.Recognized as a global hotspot of biodiversity, with the exploitation of its huge nickel resources being a major environmental threat, how does New Caledonia, nearly 150 years after its annexation by France and its commitment for thirty years on the path of decolonization, fare in protecting its natural environment? The answer we get from the study of positive law, institutions, comparative law, speeches and field work is clear: the law applicable today in New Caledonia is the result of an exogenous rationalization of social relations. It is in fact unsuited to the cultural context of the Pacific. Balanced Man-Nature relations have been "disenchanted" by Christianization, colonization and scientific rationalization. As in many places, in New Caledonia, the sacredness that characterized these relationships has been sidelined in favor of what we have chosen to call "Noah’s complex" and which has become the foundation of any environmental policy. Our diagnosis on the limits of the current environmental law, reveals in detail the shortcomings of contemporary institutional engineering, based on political concerns for a peaceful management of a plural society and for rebalancing between communities and territories to compensate for underdevelopment due to past mistakes.However, there is a favorable context in recent years to re-enchant the legal protection of nature and its elements. Governments or judges in other latitudes recognize the legal personality of elements of nature. It is now possible to go beyond a restrictive conception of legal pluralism as the tight coexistence of irreconcilable legal orders and to advance towards a hybridization of the endogenous right and a legal order associated with the forms of the modern state. We will closely follow the co-construction, with the populations and the customary authorities, by the Loyalty Islands Province, of a negotiated environmental law and innovative principles that finally allow to fully take into account within positive law the Kanak vision of nature. Thanks to a participative method of elaboration of the law, it appears that we can reconcile the pluralisms (cultural, social, political and legal) of New Caledonia in the 21st century, within the framework of a negotiated law that is the only guarantee for the effectiveness of the law to protect the natural environment in a context of global environmental change.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade verificar a extensão democrática do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público no atual modelo gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira, analisando em especial a essência desse instrumento sob dois vieses básicos: o do controle social e o da participação popular na Administração Pública. Para tanto, a fim de compreender seu estágio atual no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto instrumento de uma Administração Pública Gerencial, fundamental o estudo das formas anteriores de Administração - Patrimonial e Burocrática. Em um segundo momento, trata-se de analisar o impacto dessa Reforma no direito brasileiro, tanto das alterações da Emenda Constitucional n. 19/98, quanto através das mudanças semânticas de outros institutos jurídicos. Na segunda parte do trabalho o estudo dirige-se especialmente para a abordagem do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público, analisando sua norma original e sua posterior alteração, bem como o regime jurídico que atualmente se encontra (direito positivo e competência para legislar sobre a matéria). Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade de tal instrumento sob três conceitos chaves para uma Administração Pública democrática: processo administrativo, controle social e participação popular na Administração Pública. O método de abordagem utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do procedimento monográfico auxiliado pelo histórico; quanto à técnica de pesquisa, esta é apoiada na pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias. / This paper aims to verify the democratic extension of the Public Service User's Right of Complaint in the current Brazilian Public Administration management model, analyzing in particular the essence of this instrument under two basic biases: social control and popular participation in Public Administration. Therefore, in order to understand its current status in the Brazilian legal system, as an instrument of a Public Management, it is fundamental to study the previous forms of Administration - Patrimonial and Bureaucratic. In a second moment, it is a question of analyzing the impact of this Reformation in the Brazilian law, as much of the alterations of the Constitutional Amendment n. 19/98, as well as through the semantic changes of other legal institutes. In the second part of the study, the study focuses on the Public Service User's Right of Complaint approach, analyzing its original standard and its subsequent amendment, as well as the legal regime currently in place (positive law and competence to legislate on school subjects). Finally, the compatibility of this instrument is examined under three key concepts for a democratic Public Administration: administrative process, social control and popular participation in Public Administration. The method of approach used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on the monographic procedure aided by history; as for the research technique, it is supported by documentary research in primary sources and bibliographical research in secondary sources.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade verificar a extensão democrática do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público no atual modelo gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira, analisando em especial a essência desse instrumento sob dois vieses básicos: o do controle social e o da participação popular na Administração Pública. Para tanto, a fim de compreender seu estágio atual no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto instrumento de uma Administração Pública Gerencial, fundamental o estudo das formas anteriores de Administração - Patrimonial e Burocrática. Em um segundo momento, trata-se de analisar o impacto dessa Reforma no direito brasileiro, tanto das alterações da Emenda Constitucional n. 19/98, quanto através das mudanças semânticas de outros institutos jurídicos. Na segunda parte do trabalho o estudo dirige-se especialmente para a abordagem do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público, analisando sua norma original e sua posterior alteração, bem como o regime jurídico que atualmente se encontra (direito positivo e competência para legislar sobre a matéria). Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade de tal instrumento sob três conceitos chaves para uma Administração Pública democrática: processo administrativo, controle social e participação popular na Administração Pública. O método de abordagem utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do procedimento monográfico auxiliado pelo histórico; quanto à técnica de pesquisa, esta é apoiada na pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias. / This paper aims to verify the democratic extension of the Public Service User's Right of Complaint in the current Brazilian Public Administration management model, analyzing in particular the essence of this instrument under two basic biases: social control and popular participation in Public Administration. Therefore, in order to understand its current status in the Brazilian legal system, as an instrument of a Public Management, it is fundamental to study the previous forms of Administration - Patrimonial and Bureaucratic. In a second moment, it is a question of analyzing the impact of this Reformation in the Brazilian law, as much of the alterations of the Constitutional Amendment n. 19/98, as well as through the semantic changes of other legal institutes. In the second part of the study, the study focuses on the Public Service User's Right of Complaint approach, analyzing its original standard and its subsequent amendment, as well as the legal regime currently in place (positive law and competence to legislate on school subjects). Finally, the compatibility of this instrument is examined under three key concepts for a democratic Public Administration: administrative process, social control and popular participation in Public Administration. The method of approach used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on the monographic procedure aided by history; as for the research technique, it is supported by documentary research in primary sources and bibliographical research in secondary sources.

Cette recherche met en évidence un rôle prépondérant des droits fondamentaux dans l'efficacité du droit régissant la conservation des ressources naturelles. Elle s'organise autour de deux axes : la concurrence entre les droits et libertés et l'objectif de la durabilité des ressources naturelles, d'une part, et la garantie des droits au service d'un partage du pouvoir sur celles-ci, d'autre part. Le premier axe s'appuie sur le fondement des droits de l'homme, la primauté de la personne humaine, mais aussi sur leur fonction limitative à l'action du pouvoir souverain. En droit thaïlandais, l'exigence du respect du droit de propriété, de la liberté d'entreprendre et du droit à la subsistance est un obstacle important à la réglementation dans le domaine. Grâce à l'analyse comparative, se dégagent des outils français d'aménagement de ces droits pouvant servir d'inspiration au droit thaïlandais. Le second axe porte sur la garantie des droits en matière d'environnement, étape charnière dans l'accession des citoyens au rôle de défenseur de la nature à côté de l’État - le défenseur traditionnel. En plus des droits garantis dans le cadre de la participation environnementale, la Constitution thaïlandaise garantit un droit de conserver et d'exploiter les ressources naturelles. C'est un modèle scientifiquement intéressant car l'objet du droit, la nature, n'est pas un intérêt direct auquel l'homme prétend. Cette garantie fait des citoyens les représentants de la nature. La seconde composante, le droit à l'exploitation, inspire le principe du partage équitable des ressources naturelles de la nation, proposée à la fin de la thèse. / This thesis highlights the significant role of the fundamental rights in the efficiency of the law that governs the preservation of natural resources. It will be organised around two axes: the first part will discuss the rivalry between rights and liberties and the objective of maintaining the durability of natural resources. The second part explores the guarantee of rights in determining an effective power sharing mechanism over these resources. The first part places an emphasis on the foundations of human rights, the primacy of the human person, also on the limiting function of the action of the sovereign power. In Thai law, the requirement of compliance with property law, freedom of enterprise and the right to subsistence form a significant obstacle in the regulation of this field. This comparative analysis unfolds instruments in French law that limit more powerfully the exercise of these rights and could inspire new developments in Thai law. The second part of this thesis argues that the guarantee of environmental rights marks the dawn of a partial transfer of power on natural resources from a State to its citizens, and makes citizens protectors of nature alongside the State. Apart from participatory rights and their accessories, the Thai constitution also guarantees to its citizens and local communities a right to conserve and exploit natural resources. This right renders citizens as the representatives of the environment. Its second component, the right to exploitation, inspires the principle of the equitable sharing of the nation's natural resources, put forward in the final chapter.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade verificar a extensão democrática do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público no atual modelo gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira, analisando em especial a essência desse instrumento sob dois vieses básicos: o do controle social e o da participação popular na Administração Pública. Para tanto, a fim de compreender seu estágio atual no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto instrumento de uma Administração Pública Gerencial, fundamental o estudo das formas anteriores de Administração - Patrimonial e Burocrática. Em um segundo momento, trata-se de analisar o impacto dessa Reforma no direito brasileiro, tanto das alterações da Emenda Constitucional n. 19/98, quanto através das mudanças semânticas de outros institutos jurídicos. Na segunda parte do trabalho o estudo dirige-se especialmente para a abordagem do Direito de Reclamação do Usuário de Serviço Público, analisando sua norma original e sua posterior alteração, bem como o regime jurídico que atualmente se encontra (direito positivo e competência para legislar sobre a matéria). Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade de tal instrumento sob três conceitos chaves para uma Administração Pública democrática: processo administrativo, controle social e participação popular na Administração Pública. O método de abordagem utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do procedimento monográfico auxiliado pelo histórico; quanto à técnica de pesquisa, esta é apoiada na pesquisa documental em fontes primárias e na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias. / This paper aims to verify the democratic extension of the Public Service User's Right of Complaint in the current Brazilian Public Administration management model, analyzing in particular the essence of this instrument under two basic biases: social control and popular participation in Public Administration. Therefore, in order to understand its current status in the Brazilian legal system, as an instrument of a Public Management, it is fundamental to study the previous forms of Administration - Patrimonial and Bureaucratic. In a second moment, it is a question of analyzing the impact of this Reformation in the Brazilian law, as much of the alterations of the Constitutional Amendment n. 19/98, as well as through the semantic changes of other legal institutes. In the second part of the study, the study focuses on the Public Service User's Right of Complaint approach, analyzing its original standard and its subsequent amendment, as well as the legal regime currently in place (positive law and competence to legislate on school subjects). Finally, the compatibility of this instrument is examined under three key concepts for a democratic Public Administration: administrative process, social control and popular participation in Public Administration. The method of approach used is the hypothetical-deductive, based on the monographic procedure aided by history; as for the research technique, it is supported by documentary research in primary sources and bibliographical research in secondary sources.

Le droit à l’information environnementale du public en matière de risques industriels, par le recours aux différentes modalités d’exercice, y compris les supports de communications électroniques, paraît, de prime abord, comme étant « fonction de plusieurs variables ». Cette équation juridique consiste en effet en la mise en question de l’exercice d’un droit au regard de son objet et de ses modalités. L’hypothèse d’une évolution du droit à l’information environnementale nécessite d’analyser, au travers d’une réflexion théorique et juridique centrée sur la création et l’application du droit, l’évolution de ses droits consubstantiels, à savoir le droit d’accès à l’information du public et le droit de la participation du public au processus décisionnel. Le caractère évolutif du droit à l’information environnementale du public est appréhendé en considérant notamment les fonctions opératoires du juge dans l’exercice des droits d’accès à l’information du public et de la participation du public au processus décisionnel, et de la pluralité des modalités d’exercice de ceux-ci. La présence de certains décalages dans l’application de ces droits démontre l’évolution de l’adaptabilité du droit à l’information environnementale à son objet et à ses modalités d’exercice plutôt qu’une évolution propre à ce droit. / At first glance, the public right to environmental information on industrial hazards, by using different modes of exercise, including electronic communications, seems to be a “function of several variables”. In fact, this legal equation consists of challenging the exercise of a right with regard to its object as well as its terms. The hypothesis of evolution of the right to environmental information requires that one examines, through a theoretical and legal reflection centered on the creation and application of law, the evolution of its components, namely the right of access to information and the right to public participation in decision making. The evolving nature of the public right to environmental information is understood in particular by considering the operating functions of the judge in exercising the right of access to public information, the public participation in decision making, and the plurality of their modes of exercise. The presence of discrepancies in the application of these rights demonstrates the evolution of the adaptability of the right to environmental information with regard to its purpose and application rather than the evolution of the right itself.

Nonprofit sector is regarded to be ever more significant part of a democratic society. Within the European context it is seen as a partner of public and commercial sectors also in relation to the development of specific regions. On the level of local action groups, which apply the LEADER methodology, it is directly defined as an inseparable partner of regional cooperation and development. The aim of the thesis is a detailed survey of nonprofit sector in the area of Local action group NAD ORLICÍ. Additionally, it focuses on analyzing the potential of nonprofit sector for the following development of the region. Several researches were conducted in order to collect as much data as possible. Analyses of publicly accessible databases and information sources as well as of records acquired from the respective specialized institutions were performed. Simultaneously, independent questionnaire surveys were carried out, focusing on representatives of local authorities and representatives of non-governmental non-profit organizations. Both researches were mainly quantitative, having covered also some aspects of activities and cooperation between the non-governmental non-profit organizations and public sector by use of a simple qualitative analysis. Additionally, the obtained data combined with publicly accessible...