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Investigation Of The Effect Of Oxidation Filters On The Particulate Emissions Of Diesel EnginesCerit, Ersen Recep 01 September 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Oxidation filters are used to decrease particulate emissions commonly. In this study, design of a particulate trap to produce an alternative, low cost filter has been aimed. An experimental setup has been installed according to standards to carry out tests of these designed filters. Electronic measurement and control systems have been attached to this setup to increase efficiency of experiments.
Two filter designs have been used in the experiments. First design consists of aluminum wire cloth. Second design is sheet metal structure, which includes three longitudinal cells. Metal chip is used as filter material. Empty filter tests have been performed firstly, and then experiments have been repeated with aluminum, iron, and copper chip addition in filter.
Copper chip test results are better than other metal chip for first experiments. Afterwards, experiments have been repeated with varying copper chip amount. Suitable copper chip amount was determined based on fuel consumption rate of the engine.
As a result, designed filter reduce the particulate emissions with high efficiency. Although, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide gaseous emissions increase with designed filter, hydro carbon emissions decrease.
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Efeito subcrônico do diesel no epitélio nasal e na via aérea em modelo murino / Subchronic effects of diesel on nasal and airway epithelium in a murine modelYoshizaki, Kelly 14 January 2010 (has links)
A combustão do diesel (DEP) é a principal fonte de partículas ultrafinas (PUFs) relacionadas à poluição causada pelo tráfego. Indivíduos com doenças respiratórias crônicas estão propensos a exacerbações durante a exposição à poluição ambiente. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de exposição subcrônica a uma baixa dose de partículas de combustão de diesel (DEP). 90 camundongos machos BALB/c foram divididos em 3 grupos: (a) Controle: instilação nasal de solução salina (n = 30); (b) DEP15: 15?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30); e (c) DEP30: 30?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30) durante cinco dias por semana, por 30 e 60 dias. Os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital de sódio (50mg/kg ip) e sacrificados por exanguinação. A contagem de células inflamatórias e as concentrações de interleucinas (IL) -4, -10, -13 e -17 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foram avaliadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (Elisa). mRNA da MUC5ac foi avaliado por PCR em tempo real. A análise histológica do septo nasal e bronquíolos foi realizada para avaliar: (a) a espessura do epitélio brônquico e nasal, (b) o conteúdo de muco neutro e ácido na mucosa nasal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a instilação de DEP30 após 30 dias aumentou o número de células inflamatórias totais em relação ao controle (p=0,033). Ao comparar os resultados de DEP30 com o grupo Controle após 60 dias observamos os seguintes aumentos: (a) na expressão de MUC5AC nos pulmões (p = 0,016), no conteúdo de muco ácido no septo nasal (p = 0,017), nas células inflamatórias totais no LBA (p<0,001), no número de macrófagos no LBA (p=0,035) e na espessura do epitélio nasal (p=0,042). Nossos dados sugerem que dose baixa de DEP induz inflamação do trato respiratório com padrão tempo-dependente. / Diesel exhaust is the major source of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in trafficrelated pollution. Subjects with chronic respiratory diseases have great risk of exacerbations during exposure to air pollution. This study evaluated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to a low dose of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Ninety male BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: (a) Control: nasal saline instillation (n=30); (b) DEP15: nasal instillation of 15?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30); and (c) DEP30: nasal instillation of 30?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30). Nasal instillations were performed five-days a week, during 30 e 60 days. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50mg/kg i.p), and sacrificed by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to assess inflammatory cell count and concetrations of interleukin (IL)-4, -10, -13 and -17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RNAm MUC5ac gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Histological analysis in nasal septum and bronchioles assessed: (a) bronchial and nasal epithelium thickness (b) acidic and neutral nasal mucous content. Our results showed that the instillation of DEP30 after 30 days increased the number of total inflammatory cells, as compared to the Control group (p = 0.033). The results of DEP30 after 60 days showed increases in: (a) the expression of MUC5AC in the lungs (p = 0.016); (b) acidic mucus production in the nasal septum (p = 0.017); (c) total inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid (p <0.001); (d) the number of macrophages in BALF (p = 0.035); and (d) nasal epithelium thickness (p = 0.042), as compared with control after 60 days. Our data suggest that a low dose of DEP induces inflammation of the respiratory tract in a time- dependent manner.
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Efeito subcrônico do diesel no epitélio nasal e na via aérea em modelo murino / Subchronic effects of diesel on nasal and airway epithelium in a murine modelKelly Yoshizaki 14 January 2010 (has links)
A combustão do diesel (DEP) é a principal fonte de partículas ultrafinas (PUFs) relacionadas à poluição causada pelo tráfego. Indivíduos com doenças respiratórias crônicas estão propensos a exacerbações durante a exposição à poluição ambiente. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de exposição subcrônica a uma baixa dose de partículas de combustão de diesel (DEP). 90 camundongos machos BALB/c foram divididos em 3 grupos: (a) Controle: instilação nasal de solução salina (n = 30); (b) DEP15: 15?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30); e (c) DEP30: 30?g de DEP/10?l de solução salina (n = 30) durante cinco dias por semana, por 30 e 60 dias. Os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital de sódio (50mg/kg ip) e sacrificados por exanguinação. A contagem de células inflamatórias e as concentrações de interleucinas (IL) -4, -10, -13 e -17 no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foram avaliadas por ensaio imunoenzimático (Elisa). mRNA da MUC5ac foi avaliado por PCR em tempo real. A análise histológica do septo nasal e bronquíolos foi realizada para avaliar: (a) a espessura do epitélio brônquico e nasal, (b) o conteúdo de muco neutro e ácido na mucosa nasal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a instilação de DEP30 após 30 dias aumentou o número de células inflamatórias totais em relação ao controle (p=0,033). Ao comparar os resultados de DEP30 com o grupo Controle após 60 dias observamos os seguintes aumentos: (a) na expressão de MUC5AC nos pulmões (p = 0,016), no conteúdo de muco ácido no septo nasal (p = 0,017), nas células inflamatórias totais no LBA (p<0,001), no número de macrófagos no LBA (p=0,035) e na espessura do epitélio nasal (p=0,042). Nossos dados sugerem que dose baixa de DEP induz inflamação do trato respiratório com padrão tempo-dependente. / Diesel exhaust is the major source of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in trafficrelated pollution. Subjects with chronic respiratory diseases have great risk of exacerbations during exposure to air pollution. This study evaluated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to a low dose of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Ninety male BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: (a) Control: nasal saline instillation (n=30); (b) DEP15: nasal instillation of 15?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30); and (c) DEP30: nasal instillation of 30?g of DEP/10?l of saline (n=30). Nasal instillations were performed five-days a week, during 30 e 60 days. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50mg/kg i.p), and sacrificed by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to assess inflammatory cell count and concetrations of interleukin (IL)-4, -10, -13 and -17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The RNAm MUC5ac gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Histological analysis in nasal septum and bronchioles assessed: (a) bronchial and nasal epithelium thickness (b) acidic and neutral nasal mucous content. Our results showed that the instillation of DEP30 after 30 days increased the number of total inflammatory cells, as compared to the Control group (p = 0.033). The results of DEP30 after 60 days showed increases in: (a) the expression of MUC5AC in the lungs (p = 0.016); (b) acidic mucus production in the nasal septum (p = 0.017); (c) total inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid (p <0.001); (d) the number of macrophages in BALF (p = 0.035); and (d) nasal epithelium thickness (p = 0.042), as compared with control after 60 days. Our data suggest that a low dose of DEP induces inflammation of the respiratory tract in a time- dependent manner.
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Participação do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia de células de brônquios humanos expostas ao material particulado de diesel / Participation of Nrf2 in the autophagy process of human bronchial cells exposed to diesel particulate matterFrias, Daniela Perroni 10 December 2018 (has links)
As partículas eliminadas na exaustão do diesel (DEP) são importantes fontes diárias de partículas inaladas, responsáveis por gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio no sistema respiratório, fazendo com que as células ativem mecanismos de defesa, como o sistema Keap1-Nrf2 e a autofagia. Para investigar o papel do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia induzida pelas DEPs, BEAS-2B foram expostas às DEP, coletadas diretamente de um motor a diesel. BEAS-2B foram tratadas com sulforafano, bafilomicina e EBSS para testar a relação entre as vias autofágica e antioxidante. A quantidade relativa de mRNA foi verificada por RT-PCR para os seguintes genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 e LCB3. A seguir, BEAS-2B foram transfectadas com RNA silenciador (siRNA) para Nrf2, expostas ou não às DEPs (10 e 50 micro g/mL por 1h e 2 h), e mRNA detectado por RT-PCR e Western blot para proteínas. Bafilomicina (inibidor de autofagia) mostrou uma diminuição significativa nos marcadores antioxidantes Nrf2 (p = 0,024), HO-1 (p = 0,002) e NQO1 (p = 0,003), enquanto sulforafano (ativador de Nrf2) aumentou os marcadores autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,004) e Atg5 (p = 0,007). BEAS-2B expostas às DEP na concentração de 50 micro g/mL por 2hs mostraram um aumento significativo nos genes autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,018) e p62 (p = 0,007) e nos genes da via antioxidante Nrf2 (p = 0,007) e NQO1 (p = 0,025). Houve uma diminuição significativa no mRNA de LC3B (p < 0,001), p62 (p = 0,001) e Atg5 (p = 0,024) nas células transfectadas com siRNA, expostas ou não à DEP. Western blotting mostrou uma redução das proteínas Nrf2, p62 e LC3II nas BEAS-2B siRNA, indicando que a exposição ao silenciamento de Nrf2 modificou a expressão de marcadores de autofagia (R < 1). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que, em células brônquicas expostas às DEP, o sistema Nrf2 e a autofagia trabalham em conjunto para tentar manter a homeostase celular / Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) are main sources of daily inhaled particles, responsible for generating reactive oxygen species in the respiratory system, and causing the cells to activate defense mechanisms, such as the Keap1-Nrf2 system and autophagy. In order to investigate the role of Nrf2 in Dep-induced autophagy, BEAS-2B cells collected directly from a diesel engine were exposed to DEP and treated with sulforaphane, bafilomycin and BESS to test the relationship between autophagic and antioxidant pathways. The relative amount of mRNA was verified by RT-PCR for the following genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 and LCB3. Next, BEAS-2B cells were transfected with silencer RNA (siRNA) specific to Nrf2, exposed or not to DEPs (10 and 50 micro g/mL 1h and 2hs), and mRNA detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting for protein. Bafilomycin ( autophagy inhibitor) showed a significant decrease in the antioxidant markers Nrf2 (p=0.024), HO-1 (p = 0.002) and NQO1 (p = 0.003), whereas sulforaphane (Nrf2 activator) increased the expression levels of autophagic markers LC3B (p=0.004) and Atg5 (p=0.007). BEAS-2B exposed to DEP at a concentration of 50 micro g/mL for 2hs showed a significant increase in autophagic genes LC3B (p=0.018) and p62 (p=0.007),and in the antioxidant pathway markers Nrf2 (p=0.007) and NQO1 (p=0.025). There was a significant decrease in mRNA of the LC3B (p < 0.001), p62 (p=0.001) and Atg5 (p=0.024) in cells transfected with siRNA, exposed or not to DEP. Western blotting showed a reduction of Nrf2, p62 and LC3II proteins in BEAS-2B transfected with siRNA, indicating that Nrf2 silencedexposed to DEP modulated the expression of autophagy markers (R < 1). The results of this study show that, in bronchial cells exposed to DEP, the Nrf2 system and autophagy work together in order to try to maintain cellular homeostasis
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Participação do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia de células de brônquios humanos expostas ao material particulado de diesel / Participation of Nrf2 in the autophagy process of human bronchial cells exposed to diesel particulate matterDaniela Perroni Frias 10 December 2018 (has links)
As partículas eliminadas na exaustão do diesel (DEP) são importantes fontes diárias de partículas inaladas, responsáveis por gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio no sistema respiratório, fazendo com que as células ativem mecanismos de defesa, como o sistema Keap1-Nrf2 e a autofagia. Para investigar o papel do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia induzida pelas DEPs, BEAS-2B foram expostas às DEP, coletadas diretamente de um motor a diesel. BEAS-2B foram tratadas com sulforafano, bafilomicina e EBSS para testar a relação entre as vias autofágica e antioxidante. A quantidade relativa de mRNA foi verificada por RT-PCR para os seguintes genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 e LCB3. A seguir, BEAS-2B foram transfectadas com RNA silenciador (siRNA) para Nrf2, expostas ou não às DEPs (10 e 50 micro g/mL por 1h e 2 h), e mRNA detectado por RT-PCR e Western blot para proteínas. Bafilomicina (inibidor de autofagia) mostrou uma diminuição significativa nos marcadores antioxidantes Nrf2 (p = 0,024), HO-1 (p = 0,002) e NQO1 (p = 0,003), enquanto sulforafano (ativador de Nrf2) aumentou os marcadores autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,004) e Atg5 (p = 0,007). BEAS-2B expostas às DEP na concentração de 50 micro g/mL por 2hs mostraram um aumento significativo nos genes autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,018) e p62 (p = 0,007) e nos genes da via antioxidante Nrf2 (p = 0,007) e NQO1 (p = 0,025). Houve uma diminuição significativa no mRNA de LC3B (p < 0,001), p62 (p = 0,001) e Atg5 (p = 0,024) nas células transfectadas com siRNA, expostas ou não à DEP. Western blotting mostrou uma redução das proteínas Nrf2, p62 e LC3II nas BEAS-2B siRNA, indicando que a exposição ao silenciamento de Nrf2 modificou a expressão de marcadores de autofagia (R < 1). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que, em células brônquicas expostas às DEP, o sistema Nrf2 e a autofagia trabalham em conjunto para tentar manter a homeostase celular / Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) are main sources of daily inhaled particles, responsible for generating reactive oxygen species in the respiratory system, and causing the cells to activate defense mechanisms, such as the Keap1-Nrf2 system and autophagy. In order to investigate the role of Nrf2 in Dep-induced autophagy, BEAS-2B cells collected directly from a diesel engine were exposed to DEP and treated with sulforaphane, bafilomycin and BESS to test the relationship between autophagic and antioxidant pathways. The relative amount of mRNA was verified by RT-PCR for the following genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 and LCB3. Next, BEAS-2B cells were transfected with silencer RNA (siRNA) specific to Nrf2, exposed or not to DEPs (10 and 50 micro g/mL 1h and 2hs), and mRNA detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting for protein. Bafilomycin ( autophagy inhibitor) showed a significant decrease in the antioxidant markers Nrf2 (p=0.024), HO-1 (p = 0.002) and NQO1 (p = 0.003), whereas sulforaphane (Nrf2 activator) increased the expression levels of autophagic markers LC3B (p=0.004) and Atg5 (p=0.007). BEAS-2B exposed to DEP at a concentration of 50 micro g/mL for 2hs showed a significant increase in autophagic genes LC3B (p=0.018) and p62 (p=0.007),and in the antioxidant pathway markers Nrf2 (p=0.007) and NQO1 (p=0.025). There was a significant decrease in mRNA of the LC3B (p < 0.001), p62 (p=0.001) and Atg5 (p=0.024) in cells transfected with siRNA, exposed or not to DEP. Western blotting showed a reduction of Nrf2, p62 and LC3II proteins in BEAS-2B transfected with siRNA, indicating that Nrf2 silencedexposed to DEP modulated the expression of autophagy markers (R < 1). The results of this study show that, in bronchial cells exposed to DEP, the Nrf2 system and autophagy work together in order to try to maintain cellular homeostasis
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Výzkum progresivních metod snižování obsahu škodlivých látek ve výfukových plynech vznětových motorů / Research of Progressive Methods for Reduction of Emissions in CI Engine Exhaust GassesFranz, Rudolf January 2020 (has links)
The scope of this dissertation work is a description of modern methods of reducing exhaust emission in diesel engines. The fundamental part is the application of these methods for diesel engines for off-road use that means for engines that are used in tractors and road machines. The mentioned evidence for the practical utility of the results of this dissertation thesis in practice and their verification on the actual engine are given in the conclusion.
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