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No / A new scheme is presented for partitioning a network having a specific number of nodes and degree of connectivity such that the number of operations required to find a constrained path between a source node and destination node, averaged over all source-destination pairs, is minimised. The scheme can speed up the routing function, possibly by orders of magnitude under favourable conditions, at the cost of a sub-optimal solution.

No / A 2D finite element model of frictional heating in a pad-disc brake system is proposed for analyzing the heat partition and heat flux at the pad/disc interface during braking. And further find out how long the model can reach a thermal stable situation. The temperature on the friction surfaces of automotive brake is an influential factor of the brake performance. A formulation of friction heat generation during braking with constant velocity is presented, and the effects of thermal contact resistance on a contact surface are simulated by ABAQUS with different thermal contact conductance/clearance settings. The heat partition at contact surface with different time instants are analyzed. Results show that the heat partition along the interface is affected by the interface contact pressure and the thermal contact conductance. Additionally, results based upon the proposed model show that at normal thermal contact conductance conditions, typically 104 W/m2K for friction brake applications, the heat partition and the interface temperature become sensitive to the interface pressure variation, in comparison with that under ideal high thermal contact conductance condition (or low thermal contact resistance condition), typically 106 W/m2K. The comparison between results from simulations with different interface thermal conductance values indicate the parameters are sensitive in normal thermal conductance applications and how thermal conductance affect brake performance. And it is worthy to try control interface thermal conductance by using different pad/disc materials to make interface thermal conductance at a proper value.

Yes / Lipid membrane-water partitions (e.g., immobilized artificial membrane systems where the lipid membrane is a neutral phospholipid monolayer bound to gel beads) were compared to various organic solvent-water partitions using linear free energy relationships. To this end, we also measured the retention factors of 36 compounds (including neutral and ionic species) from water to liposomes made up of 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 3-sn-phosphatidyl-l-serine (80:20, mol/mol), employing liposome electrokinetic chromatography in this work. The results show that lipid membranes exhibit a considerably different chemical environment from those of organic solvents. For both neutral species and ionic species, partitions into the more polar hydroxylic solvents are chemically closer to partition into the lipid membrane as compared to partitions into the less polar hydroxylic solvents and into aprotic solvents. This means that solutes partition into the polar parts of lipid membranes, regardless of whether they are charged or not. In addition, cerasome (i.e., liposome composed mainly of stratum corneum lipids) was compared with regular phospholipid liposomes as a possible model for human stratum corneum in partitions. It was found that the cerasome-water partition exhibits a better chemical similarity to skin permeation. This is probably due to the unique structures of ceramides that occur in cerasome and in the stratum corneum lipid domain. We further show that membranes in membrane-water partitions exhibit very different properties.

The diplomatic and political deadlock in what has come to be known as the Palestine/Israel conflict, has led to the re-emergence of an anti-partition discourse that draws its arguments from the reality on the ground and/or from anti-Zionism. Why such a re-emergence? Actually, anti-partitionism as an antagonism depends on its corollary, partitionism, and as such, they have existed for the same period of time. Furthermore, the debate between antipartitionists and pro-partitionists – nowadays often referred to as a debate between the one-state and the two-state solution – is not peculiar to the period around 2000. It echoes the situation in the late 1910s when the British were settling in Palestine and authorising the Zionist settler colonial movement to build a Jewish homeland thus introducing the seeds of partition and arousing expressions of anti-partitionism. This dissertation aims to articulate a political history of the antipartitionist perspectives against the backdrop of an increasing acceptance of Palestine's partition as a solution. This account runs from 1915 and the first partition – that of the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire – to 1988 and the Palestinian recognition of the principle of partition. Thus, I argue that the antipartitionist perspectives have persisted throughout history. Such a historical perspective enabled me to consider the acceptance of partition as the result of a shift from a “national and territorial liberation” strategy to the search for “sovereignty and national independence”, a shift that was operated in the Palestinian national movement as well as in the Zionist movement, and which made statehood the main objective. In this regard, the Palestinian acceptance of the principle of partition and of a two-state solution may be regarded as a legitimation of the Israeli colonial settler state.

La Partition de l’Inde (1947) et la Guerre de libération du Bangladesh (1971) sont deux moments de transition qui exposent la violence de constructions nationales post-coloniales. Les actes perpétrés sur une base ethno-religieuse ont donné lieu à des récits privés pourtant occultés au profit de récits nationaux hégémoniques auto-légitimants. Ces récits attestent tout particulièrement de l’instrumentalisation de figures et de corps de femmes comme lieu de marquage de conflits communautaires. Face au silence imposé par les divers appareils d’État patriarcaux, trois générations de romancières ont cherché à renverser les récits hégémoniques en Inde, au Pakistan et au Bangladesh, par le biais d’une fiction romanesque caractérisée par son incoercibilité et son engagement féministe. Leur écriture de fiction répond à la violence de la fracture de l’Histoire par une poétique de la fragmentation, dont le tout dresse un portrait obscène, monstrueux et carnavalesque de la formation d’États-nations contemporains. Cette écriture romanesque, qu’elle soit sous-continentale ou diasporique, résiste à toute forme de frontières (idéologiques, littéraires, commerciales, etc.), et se consolide par sa prise de position à la fois complexe et engagée. La poétique de fragmentation est amenée par des phénomènes linguistiques, littéraires, sociologiques et politiques. Ce corpus se compose de romans couvrant l’ensemble de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, publiés (chronologiquement) par Jyotirmoyee Devi, Anis Kidwai, Mumtaz Shah Nawaz, Attia Hosain, Amrita Pritam, Sophia Mustafa, Bapsi Sidhwa, Anita Rau Badami , Shauna Singh Baldwin Meena Arora Nayak, Sorayya Khan, Kamila Shamsie et Tahmima Anam. / The Partition of India (1947) and the Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) are two transitory moments which reveal the violence of post-colonial nation-building. The acts performed upon an ethno-religious basis have given rise to many private stories, themselves stifled by self-legitimating national master narratives. These stories particularly highlight the instrumentalisation of the idea and the bodies of women in carrying out communal conflict. Three generations of women novelists have sought to break the silence imposed by patriarchal State apparatuses and religious radicalism. They turn to the impetuousness of the literary genre of the novel in order to thwart Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi master narratives. As such they write back to the violent fracture of History, through a poetics of the fragment, and together draw an obscene, monstrous and carnival-like portrait of contemporary Nation-States. Such novels, whether sub-continental or diasporic, resist all forms of borders (whether ideological, literary, commercial, etc.), driven instead by their commitment to contradiction. The fragmentation which defines them is all at once linguistic, literary, sociological and political. Our study comprises novels written (chronologically) by Jyotirmoyee Devi, Anis Kidwai, Mumtaz Shah Nawaz, Attia Hosain, Amrita Pritam, Sophia Mustafa, Bapsi Sidhwa, Anita Rau Badami , Shauna Singh Baldwin Meena Arora Nayak, Sorayya Khan, Kamila Shamsie and Tahmima Anam.

Le cinéma populaire indien est à la fois un lieu de création de mythes filmiques puissants et un univers qui interagit avec un autre corpus, celui des mythes et des épopées classiques, plus particulièrement le Ramayana et le Mahabharata. Si ces derniers ont souvent été l’objet d’adaptations, surtout dans les premières décennies du cinéma indien, le cinéma contemporain compose des rapports complexes et singuliers vis-à-vis des héros et de leurs hauts faits. Les mythes traditionnels surgissent au détour d’un plan, à la manière d’une résurgence morale, narrative et/ou formelle, tout comme – dans un mouvement inverse – le cinéma cherche ces mêmes mythes pour consolider son imaginaire. Ce travail sur les relations entre mythe et cinéma croise le champ de la politique et de l’Histoire. Les mouvements pour l’Indépendance, la Partition, les tensions intercommunautaires s’insinuent dans le cinéma populaire. La présence des mythes dans les films peut devenir une fixation esthétique des traumatismes historico-politiques. La difficulté de représenter certains actes de violence fait qu’ils viennent parfois se positionner de manière déguisée dans les images, modifiant irrémédiablement la présence et le sens des références mythologiques. Les mythes ne disent ainsi pas tout le temps la même chose. Ces résurgences mythologiques, qui produisent des mutations et des formes hybrides entre les champs politique, historique, mythique et filmique, invitent par ailleurs à un décloisonnement dans l’analyse de la nature et des supports des images. Ainsi, des remarques sur la peinture s’invitent dans le cours de la recherche aussi naturellement que des œuvres d’art contemporain, des photographies ou l’art populaire du bazar. Un champ visuel indien, large et métissé, remet en scène constamment des combinaisons entre l’arrière-plan et l’avant-plan, entre la planéité et la profondeur de champ, entre l’ornementation d’un décor et son abandon. Le cinéma populaire, traversé par la mémoire des mythes et des formes, devient le creuset d’un renouveau esthétique. / Indian popular cinema is both a place of filmic mythical creation and a universe interacting with previous bodies of work; the classical myths and epics, and especially the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Although the latter have often been adapted, especially in the early decades of Indian cinema, contemporary cinema builds complex and attitudes towards heroes and their achievements. Traditional myths appear in a shot, in the manner of a moral, narrative and/or formal resurgence. In an opposite movement, this cinema seeks those same myths to strengthen its imagination. Working on the relations between myth and cinema, one has to cross the political and historical field, for Independence movements, Partition and inter-community tensions pervade popular cinema. Myths in movies can become an aesthetic fixation of historical-political traumas. The challenge of some representation of violent acts explain that they sometimes hide themselves in images, irreversibly altering the presence and meaning of mythological references. Therefore, myths don't always tell the same story. Those mythological resurgences, producing mutations and hybrid forms between the political, historical, mythical and film-making fields, also invite a de-compartmentalisation when we analyse the nature of the images and the mediums that welcome them. Our study naturally convenes notes on painting, as well as contemporary art, photography or bazaar popular art. A broad and mixed Indian visual field constantly recombines background and foreground, flatness and depth of field and ornemented and neglected sets. Popular cinema, moved by the memory of myths and forms, becomes the breeding ground of an aesthetic revival.

En réponse à une forte croissance démographique mondiale, et notamment africaine, il est nécessaire d’anticiper les besoins de la population en terme de bâtiment. Il s’agit alors de développer des matériaux alternatifs présentant des performances multi-physiques adéquates tout en ayant un faible impact sur l’environnement. Ce travail porte sur l’élaboration et la caractérisation de composites utilisables comme produits constructifs de partition (cloison, faux plafonds). La sélection des matières premières intègre des critères de développement durable, en considérant leur disponibilité locale mais également leur empreinte en terme d’épuisement des ressources (matériaux recyclés ou bio-sourcés). Les liants utilisés sont le plâtre, l’amidon de pomme de terre et l’amidon de manioc. Les charges sont la fibre de bois, la ouate de cellulose et les granules de papiers, pour une valorisation originale en matériau de construction. Les performances des composites développés sont évaluées d’un point de vue mécanique, hygrique, thermique et en terme de résistance au feu. Ces travaux ont montré la faisabilité et l’intérêt de tels composites. Ceux-ci peuvent notamment être utilisés pour leur qualité de régulateur hygrique et de correcteur thermique. / Due to strong global population growth, and particularly African, the population’s needs in terms of building have to be anticipated. The aim is to develop alternative materials with adequate multiphysical performances and low impact on the environment. This work investigates the elaboration and characterization of composites to be used as constructive partition products (partitions, false ceilings). The selection of raw materials takes into account sustainable development criteria, considering both the local availability of materials and their footprint in terms of resource depletion (recycled or bio-sourced materials). The binders used are plaster, potato starch and cassava starch. The loads are wood fiber, cellulose wadding and paper granules, for an original valorisation in building material. The performances of the developed composites are evaluated from a mechanical, hygric, thermal and fire resistance point of view. This work has shown the feasibility and the interest of such composites. These can in particular be used for their quality of hygric regulator and thermal corrector.

The thermodynamic history of the Earth is preserved in the trace element record created through igneous processes. The ability to interpret that record depends on the accuracy and precision of numerical models that connect igneous processes with their geochemical consequences. This project answers three major questions concerning the relationship between trace element partitioning and the processes that influence it. One: using a common igneous mineral, clinopyroxene, as a base, how complete is the dataset on which our understanding of this relationship relies? Two: what are the dangers involved with basing models on experiments that contain higher than natural concentrations of trace elements? Three: how accurate and precise is the current numerical model that describes this relationship, and can it be improved? This project determined that the data contain gaps at high pressures and temperatures, are limited for felsic rock compositions, and are lacking for hydrous conditions. A set of experiments conducted on plagioclase feldspar crystallization from a base MORB composition containing various levels of dopants at below wt% levels reveals the presence of non-Henry's Law partitioning behavior through the disruption of the phase equilibria of the system. Lastly, the current clinopyroxene/melt rare earth element partitioning model (Wood and Blundy, 2003) is shown to reasonably, though less than ideally, describe the relationship between igneous processes and their trace-element partitioning results using the thermodynamics of the system. The accuracy was improved through adding a regression, which is based on the major element concentrations of the clinopyroxene and melt to the original numerical expressions. / Graduation date: 2012