The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), a highly social species, offers a unique opportunity to examine the effects of parent-pup separation in a biparental family system similar to humans. We hypothesized that 1) repeated separation from pups affects parental behavior and emotionality in parents, and 2) neonatal parental separation affects emotional and physiological development in pups, and thus induces altered adult parental, emotional, and social behaviors. During postnatal day (PND) 1-10, pups were removed from their parents for 0, 15, or 360 min and housed either individually or with siblings. Unhandled controls experienced only daily lid opening. Tests for parental responsiveness and emotionality were conducted on PND11 for parents and PND90-92 for their offspring. Emotionality tests included the elevated plus maze, open field, and forced swim tests. Starting at PND150, half of each litter was paired with an opposite-sex vole for 24 hours and tested for partner preference. Additionally, behavioral response to stress was measured in all animals 0, 30, or 60 min after exposure to a forced swim. Generally, the behavior of the parents and adult offspring was influenced by daily handling, the length of the separation, and presence of siblings. Parental behaviors in parents did not differ among groups, while their anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were influenced by pup separation. For the adult offspring, separation treatment altered parental behavior, emotionality, partner preference, and stress response. Our results demonstrated that parent-pup separation affects emotional and social behaviors in prairie vole parents and adult offspring.

The AICPA recently released new authoritative audit guidance related to group audits of nonpublic organizations which requires group engagement teams to be involved in the work of a component auditor, including certain minimum baseline requirements and the option for more extensive involvement at the group auditor's discretion. Accordingly, group audits create a scenario where auditors are under the direct oversight of a component audit supervisor, yet their work product is monitored and used by the group engagement team when expressing an opinion on the group financial statements. To my knowledge, prior accounting research has not explored the complexity of auditor decision making in a group audit scenario. Drawing on theory from motivated reasoning, this study investigates how the level of group engagement team involvement in component audit work may influence auditor decision making when a component audit supervisor has expressed preferences for more or less professional skepticism during the component audit process. Prior research in non-group audit settings finds the preferences of audit supervisors can influence the skepticism exhibited by their subordinates. However, in a group audit setting I find that the effects of component supervisor preferences interact with the level of group engagement team involvement in component auditors' work to influence component auditors' budgeted audit hours and planned substantive audit procedures. Results showed that during an accounts receivable audit planning task, auditors who faced an optimistic component supervisor recommended the use of more audit hours and suggested confirming a greater percentage of the accounts receivable balance when a group engagement team chose to be more actively involved in the component audit process than when the group engagement team chose only to review component audit work. However, there were no differences in budgeted audit hours or planned audit procedures when auditors faced a skeptical component supervisor, regardless of the level of group engagement team involvement. Thus, increased involvement of the group engagement team mitigated the influence of an optimistic component supervisor on auditor decision making, but did not significantly influence component auditor judgments when auditors faced a more conservative component supervisor. Path analyses indicated this phenomenon was caused by auditors' sense of pressure to reach appropriate audit conclusions induced by the increased involvement of the group engagement team. These results suggest that the effects of supervisor preferences are complex within a group audit environment, such that the nature of instructions received from a group engagement team may mitigate the effects of supervisor preferences on component auditor decision making. This research has implications for audit practice as it relates to the implementation of the new group audit standard as well as for regulators who establish future auditing guidance. / Ph. D.

Humor is likely to serve as signals of fitness in potential partners. Less is known about how different styles of humor affect partner attractiveness. This study aimed to test the attractiveness of the four different humor styles proposed by Martin et al. (2003) categorized according to being benign (affiliate, self-enhancing) or detrimental (aggressive, self-defeating). Participants were presented with a series of potential partners, much like on a dating site. Each partner was described by a portrait picture and a vignette, which included examples of one of the four humor styles. The participants’ task was to rate a number of items about partner preference (date, intercourse, shortand long-term relationships) and mate value (intelligence, health, social status and parenting skill). A total of 170 women and 81 men between 18-40 years of age completed the experiment. The results showed significant effects on all measurements of partner interest and mate value for women with the aggressive humor style being rated as less attractive and lower in mate value than the other humor styles. For men there was a significant effect on two measurements on mate value (social status, parenting skill), showing that the self-defeating style was rated less attractive. The results support the notion that humor is used as a fitness signal, that this is used to a substantially greater extent by women, and that women find the aggressive humor style to be particularly unattractive in potential partners.

L'idée que les souches de rongeurs de laboratoire ne soient pas des modèles idéaux pour la recherche sur le vieillissement n’est pas nouvelle. Pourtant, l’attitude des chercheurs face à l’introduction d’animaux de type sauvage dans leurs travaux demeure frileuse bien que ces derniers apporteraient une solution adéquate pour l’étude d’un processus aussi complexe et multifactoriel que le vieillissement et permettraient d’intégrer les traits d’histoire de vie des individus afin de rendre compte de façon pertinente des changements liés à l’âge. Chez la souris glaneuse, le report de l’âge de première reproduction des animaux juvéniles hivernants conduit à la création de deux cohortes. Ces deux groupes d’animaux devront, à un âge plus ou moins avancé, explorer des environnements anxiogènes et faire face à des compétiteurs lors de leur dispersion, se reproduire et élever leur progéniture qui devra à son tour disperser. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les conséquences émotionnelles et sociales du vieillissement qui pourraient influencer les stratégies comportementales de ce rongeur de type sauvage. Ce travail s’ouvre également sur des thématiques d’actualité dans le domaine de la biogérontologie. Notre étude montre qu’à l’instar de celles réalisées chez l’Homme, le niveau d’anxiété d’un individu peut être déterminé par son âge mais aussi par l’âge de ses parents. L’âge de mise en couple va quant à lui influencer certaines stratégies liées à la reproduction comme la latence d’accouplement ou l’effort parental fourni par les mères et les pères et va conditionner l’apparition des premiers signes de sénescence reproductive. Enfin, cette étude dévoile que la durée de vie reproductive d’un couple monogame pourrait être un facteur renforçateur des liens qui unissent un mâle à sa partenaire. / The idea that standard laboratory rodents may not be an ideal model for aging research is not new. Nonetheless, the researcher's attitude toward using wild-type species remains cautious although these animals would make a suitable solution to study a process as complex and multifaceted as aging, and would allow to incorporate the life history traits of individuals to reflect appropriately age-related changes. In the mound-building mouse, the delay of the age of first reproduction of over wintering juvenile animals leads to the establishment of two cohorts. These two groups of animals have to, at more or less advanced ages, explore anxiogenic environnements and face competitors during dispersal, reproduce and raise their offspring wich will in turn disperse. The aim of this thesis is to study the emotional and social consequences of aging that could influence the behavioral strategies in this wild-type rodent focusing on current issues in the biogerontogical field. Our study shows that, like in humans, the anxiety level of an individual can be determined by its own age but also by the age of its parents at conception. For its part, the age at pairing influences reproduction-related strategies as the latency of first reproduction or parental effort provided by mothers and fathers and affects the appearence of the first signs of reproductive senescence. Finally, this work reveals that the duration of pairing could strengthen the social bond between a male and its partner in a monogamous species.