no / An economizer, one type of heat exchangers, is specifically named to carry out heat exchange between hot gas and water. It is considered in this work to provide heat recovery between exhaust gas and boiler's feed water. As it has been studied to obtain high heat recovery with several designs, here the economizer is devised with new approach to achieve the best heat recovery as well as economical applicability in an existing pasteurized milk plant. The new economizer is designed to divide an exhaust gas into two portions flowing up on the left and right of the economizes passing across aligned banks of tubes and then flowing down and up again in an unmixed-triple pass fashion. The pressure drop and dew point temperature of corrosive acid depended on the fuel's type are also taken into account. Moreover, the mathematical models based on the energy equation in partial differential equations of two-dimensional initial value problems have been developed to simulate the performance of the newly designed economizer. The observation data prove that the designed economizer can achieve the heat recovery of the exhaust gas up to 57% with the average of 38% and can save the consumption of liquefied petroleum gas of about 13%.

The prime object of the work undertaken in the present study has been done with the view of determining whether or not the quality and yield of brick cheese may be improved by pasteurizing the milk from which the cheese is made. An effort should be made to put brick cheese-making on a more scientific basis and at the same time produce cheese of better and more uniform quality. Since milk, containing large numbers of undesirable microorganisms thus causing objectionable flavors and odors in dairy products, is frequently delivered to cheese factories to be processed, pasteurization seems to be one way of attacking the problem to accomplish the desirable results. In a measure it gives the cheesemaker a better opportunity to encourage the growth of the more desirable organisms by inoculating them into he milk after it is pasteurized and cooled down, and it also gives him a better opportunity to check the growth of the undesirable ones since most of them are killed at pasteurization temperature. It is essential to have the proper types of organisms present in the processing and ripening of the cheese; since closely associated with bacterial reproduction, there is always some form of decomposition and these products of decomposition give the cheese its flavor and odor. Is is a mistake to think that milk can be produced under unsanitary conditions and that is can be purified by heating. Pasteurization cannot atone for filth. This point should be strongly emphasized. To be made into rick cheese, milk should be clean, sweet, and free from objectionable flavors and odors and should be produced under the most sanitary conditions possible.

Whey from a commercial cheese plant, taken at draining on five separate days, from cheese made with a Mucor miehei coagulant was cooled within 1 h to 4 C. Portions were adjusted from pH 4.2 to 6.4 at .2 pH intervals and subjected to HTST pasteurization at 73.9, 76.6, and 79.5 C for 25 sec. Milk clotting activity in whey was determined before and after pasteurization. Resistance to heat in-activation increased with decreasing pH. All measurable activity was destroyed above pH 5.4 by pasteurization at 79.5 C, above pH 5.8 at 76.6 C and above pH 6.0 at 73.9 C. Milk clotting activity in Cheddar cheese mad with Mucor miehei remained unchanged for 26 weeks. Four commercial sterile liquid-milk-based consisting of infant formula, concentrated infant formula, nutritionally complete food, and diet food was aseptically inoculated with sterile Mucor miehei protease solutions to concentrations ranging from 5 x 10-3 to 1 x 10-7 chymosin units/ml of product. The samples were stored at 30 C. After 20 weeks there was no change in the nutritionally complete food. The diet food showed slight whey separation and thickening at 1 x 10-4 CU/ml and coagulation at higher concentrations. The infant formula showed definite whey separation and thickening at 1 x 10-4 CU/ml and coagulation and higher concentrations. The concentrated infant formula showed visible thickening at 1 x 10-3 CU/ml and coagulation at higher concentrations.

The purpose of this research was to relate lactose reactivity and age gelation of UHT processed concentrated milk. Skim milk was pasteurized, diafiltered batchwise to reduce lactose concentration to less than 0.05%, and UF concentrated to 3X (one-third volume reduction). Lactose and sucrose were then each added at 3% or 6% w/v to part of the concentrate. The five samples, control ( < 0.05% lactose), 3% w/v lactose, 6% w/v lactose, 3% w/v sucrose, and 6% w/v sucrose, were UHT processed at 140°C for 4 s using the indirect heating method. Samples were collected aseptically in presterilized plastic containers and stored at 4°C, 20°C, and 35°C for periodic analysis. All samples stored at 4°C and 20°C gelled after 21 weeks of storage. The viscosity changed slightly during the first 19 weeks of storage but increased suddenly (> 100 cPs) just before gelation. Samples stored at 35°C did not gel but showed sedimentation. Samples stored at 4°C or 20°C underwent little browning; but samples containing 3% and 6% lactose, stored at 35°C, browned considerably. The SOS-PAGE patterns of gelled samples showed new bands because of proteolysis whereas samples stored at 35°C showed bands due to proteolysis and protein crosslinking and a streaking pattern. Electron micrographs of gelled samples showed various casein particles connected together by hairy appendages protruding from the surface of casein particles, to form a continuous three-dimensional network. In non-gelled samples, the micelles were not joined into a continuous network and few hairy appendages protruded from their surfaces. Hairy appendages were not a result of Maillard reaction occurring during storage. Maillard reaction neither provided protection against nor promoted age gelation. Proteolysis was not the only cause for gelation. Protein modifications prevented gelation in samples stored at 35°C. Age gelation was probably a two-step process involving dissociation of proteins from the casein micelles that reformed onto the micelle surface as hairy appendages. Aggregation of the protein particles occurred through these appendages rather than through the original micelle surface.

Three batches of milk were ultrafiltered to 60, 65, or 70% volume reduction before diafiltration. Starting diafiltration at 70% volume reduction took less time and water without affecting nutrient recovery. Whole milk was heated to 60, 72, and 82°C for 16 s. Milk representing each heat treatment was divided into three batches, one unacidified (pH 6.6), the others acidified to pH 6.2 and 5.8. The milk was ultrafiltered, diafiltered, and concentrated to 5x (80% volume reduction). Retentate was inoculated with .5% lactic culture and incubated at 28°C to pH 5.1. Each lot of fermented retentate was evaporated under 76 kPa vacuum until moisture was reduced to 35-38%, then made into pasteurized process cheese food by cooking to 82°C. The final product contained 43-44% moisture, 24-28% fat, 1.7% salt, and 2.5% sodium citrate. Fat and protein recovery were not affected by heat treatment or pH adjustment of the milk. Recovery of calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin were significantly reduced following acidification of milk. Riboflavin recovery was higher when milk was preheated to 60°C as opposed to 72 or 82°C. Effect of cooking temperature on meltability of process cheese food was evaluated by repeating the above experiment at three cooking temperatures, 70, 76, or 81 °C. Cooking temperature significantly affected meltability. Cheese cooked to 70°C melted best for all treatments. At all cooking temperatures, cheese from unacidified milk (pH 6.6) had greater meltability than cheese from milk acidified to pH 5.8 or 6.2. Cooking temperature had a greater effect on meltability of process cheese food made from ultrafiltered retentate than calcium content. Preheating milk before ultrafiltration did not significantly affect meltability of pasteurized process cheese food. Meltability of pasteurized process cheese food was best when made from retentate heated (following ultrafiltration) to 61°C for 16 sand poorest when retentate was heated to 72 or 83°C. During ultrafiltration without diafiltration, amino acid analysis was on samples taken at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% volume reduction. There were no differences in amino acid composition (g/100 g protein) between milk and 5x retentate. Soluble nitrogen at pH 4.6 in pasteurized process cheese food was an approximate measure of undenatgred whey protein. As processing temperature increased from 66 to 82°C, undenatured whey protein decreased. Decrease in meltability due to increased processing temperature was related to denaturation of whey protein. Process cheese food made from blends of UF curd and Cheddar cheese had acceptable meltability with up to 66% UF curd when the final processing temperature was 68°C. Milk with high bacterial numbers (7.8 x 106 CFU/ml) was heated to 72°C for 16 s, acidified to pH 5.8 and ultrafiltered to a 5x concentration. Ultrafiltration proceeded normally and no processing difficulties were encountered.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bergamim_sc_me_arafcf.pdf: 303009 bytes, checksum: 900af70efbfff14579abe01fa9983d5d (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O suco de laranja é fonte de vários tipos de compostos bioativos relacionados a benefícios à saúde e a atividade antioxidante deriva não somente da vitamina C, um dos principais nutrientes do suco de laranja, mas também dos flavonoides cítricos, denominados flavanonas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estresse oxidativo e a resposta glicêmica e insulínica em indivíduos adultos saudáveis submetidos a uma dose única de suco de laranja fresco em comparação ao suco de laranja pasteurizado. Participaram do estudo 21 voluntários que foram submetidos a duas colheitas de sangue, a primeira após ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, e a segunda depois de um intervalo de 30 dias, após a ingestão de suco de laranja pasteurizado. Foram realizadas dosagem das variáveis bioquímicas: triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (CT), colesterol de LDL (LDL-C), colesterol de HDL (HDL-C), glicemia de jejum e insulina de jejum. Para determinar o estresse oxidativo no soro dos pacientes foram realizados os ensaios de TBARS e DPPH, antes e após o consumo de cada suco de laranja. Após a ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, houve diminuição nos níveis de colesterol total, efeito não observado após a ingestão do suco de laranja pasteurizado. Os níveis da glicose sanguínea se mantiveram dentro da normalidade após à ingestão dos sucos de laranja, fresco e pasteurizado enquanto os níveis de insulina aumentaram após a ingestão do suco pasteurizado em relação ao suco fresco. A capacidade antioxidante apresentou diferença significativa nos períodos pré e pós a ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, com redução da porcentagem do radical DPPH no soro dos indivíduos, entretanto tal diferença não foi significativa para a ingestão do suco de laranja... / The orange juice is a source of various types of bioactive compounds. The orange juice's antioxidant activity, related to health benefits, derive not only from vitamin C, one of the main nutrients of orange juice, but also of flavonoids citrus, called flavanones. The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress and glycemic and insulinic response in normal adult individuals subjected to a single dose of fresh orange juice compared to pasteurized orange juice. Twenty one volunteers that participated in the study were subjected to two samples of blood, the first after ingestion of fresh orange juice, and the second after an interval of 30 days after ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. Dosage of biochemical variables were carried out: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), reason LDH/HDL, fasting plasma glucose and insulin of fasting. To determine oxidative stress in individuals' serum tests were performed and TBARS, DPPH before and after the consumption of each orange juice. After 24h from ingestion of fresh orange juice, there was decrease in total cholesterol level, non-observed after ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. Glucose levels have remained within normal after ingestion of orange juices, fresh and pasteurized. Increased insulin levels after ingestion of pasteurized juice on fresh juice. The antioxidant capacity presented significant difference in pre and post ingestion of fresh orange juice, with a reduction of the percentage of DPPH radical in serum of individuals, however this difference was not significant to the ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. There was no statistically significant difference in levels of TBARS, 24 h... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the total viable count and detects each microorganism by the use of mass spectroscopy. In the period of June to December 2017 35 samples of pasteurized milk from two vending machines (Hodkovice, Suchdol) were tested. For comparison samples were divided to warmer season (June-Septemeber) and colder season (October-December) sampling. The total amount of microorganism was determined in each sample of milk and total viable count was estimated by the use of mass spectroscopy MALDI-TOF. The total viable count in the tested pasteurized milk were from 3,27 log KTJ/ml up to 7,35 log KTJ/ml. The mass spectroscopy detected 210 microorganisms belonging to 20 families of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one species of eukaryot organism. The most often identified species belong the Enterobacteriaceae family.

Orientador: Salvador Massaguer Roig / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Busani_SilviaFatimaBorges_D.PDF: 12953590 bytes, checksum: f4928b1a7cba5073da7384ea057dda79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Mirna Lucia Gigante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanvido_GustavoBraga_M.pdf: 1185267 bytes, checksum: f431ac8d0bd92eae958bb8236d2d65bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e da temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado sobre sua qualidade físicoquímica, microbiológica e vida de prateleira. Para cada experimento utilizouse 150 litros de leite cru que foram divididos em 3 latões de 50 litros armazenados por 0, 4 ou 7 dias a 5 ± 1ºC antes da pasteurização. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado, amostras de leite cru foram avaliadas quando a presença de resíduos de antibióticos, contagem de células somáticas, pH, acidez, densidade, extrato seco total, gordura, nitrogênio total e solúvel em pH 4,6 e em TCA 24%, coliformes a 3035 ºC e a 45ºC e a contagem dos seguintes microorganismos: aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp., termodúricos mesófilos e psicrotróficos, esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. Após o período de armazenamento refrigerado o leite foi pasteurizado (7275 ºC/1520 segundos), refrigerado (5±1ºC) e envasado em embalagens plásticas de polietileno, as quais foram divididas em dois lotes e estocadas a 5±1ºC ou a 10±1ºC. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado amostras dos leites pasteurizados foram avaliadas para as mesmas características, excetuandose contagem de células somáticas e a presença de resíduos de antibióticos e incluindose os testes de eficiência de pasteurização (peroxidase e fosfatase) e a pesquisa de Salmonela spp. O final da vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi estabelecido como sendo o primeiro dia em que as amostras apresentassem contagem total de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios superior a 8 x 10 4 UFC/mL. O experimento completo foi repetido três vezes e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Splitsplitplot com três fatores. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado do leite cru observouse o aumento significativo da proteólise, da acidez e das contagens de todas as classes de microrganismos avaliadas. A contagem total de microrganismo, cujo valor máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira é 10 6 UFC/ml foi plenamente atendida no dia de recebimento do leite, entretanto atingiu valores de 6,10 x 10 6 e 1,83 x10 8 UFC/ml após 4 e 7 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Todas as amostras de leite pasteurizado apresentaram teste negativo para fosfatase e positivo para peroxidase e atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos definidos pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, que estabelece a tolerância indicativa de coliformes 45ºC igual a 4 NMP/mL e ausência de Salmonela spp/25 mL. A contagem inicial de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios no leite pasteurizado aumentou significativamente com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e foi, em média, de 5,2x10, 1,9 x10 2 e 4,0 x10 2 UFC/mL, para o leite cru armazenado por 0, 4 e 7 dias respectivamente. Além disso, quanto maior a temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado, maior a contagem de microorganismos, que foi, em média, de 1,5x10 2 e 2,8x10 2 UFC/mL para o leite estocado a 5±1 e 10±1ºC, respectivamente. A interação entre os tratamentos afetou significativamente a fase lag de todas as classes de microorganismo estudadas, exceto esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. O tempo de fase lag apresentou tendência de ser maior quanto menor o tempo de armazenamento do leite cru (0 dia) e menor a temperatura (5±1ºC) de estocagem do leite pasteurizado. Nesta condição a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi de 10,7 dias. Quando o leite cru foi armazenado por 7 dias antes da pasteurização e foi estocado a 10±1ºC a vida de prateleira foi apenas de 2,3 dias. Estes resultados confirmam que para aumentar a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado é necessário, além da boa qualidade, um curto tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e uma baixa temperatura para a estocagem do leite pasteurizado / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of raw milk storage time and pasteurized milk storage temperature on milk physical, chemical and microbiological quality and shelf life. For each experiment, 150 liters of raw milk were used, divided into three 50 liter milk cans, stored during 0, 4 or 7 days at 5 ± 1ºC before pasteurization. During refrigerated storage, samples of raw milk were evaluated with respect to the presence of antibiotic residues, somatic cell count, pH, acidity, density, total dry extract, fat, total nitrogen and nitrogen soluble at pH 4.6 and in 24% TCA, total and fecal coliforms and the counts of the following microorganisms: aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., thermoduric mesophiles and psychrotrophs, mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. After the refrigerated storage period, the milk was pasteurized (7275 ºC/1520 seconds), refrigerated (5 ± 1ºC) and packaged in polyethylene plastic bags, which were divided into two lots and stored at 5 ± 1ºC or at 10 ± 1ºC. During the refrigerated storage, samples of the pasteurized milks were evaluated for the same characteristics as the raw milk, except for somatic cell count and the presence of antibiotic residues, and including pasteurization efficiency tests (peroxidase and phosphatase) and testing for Salmonella spp. The end of the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was established as the first day in which the samples presented a total count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms above 8 x 10 4 CFU/mL. The complete experiment was repeated three times and the experimental design used was the Splitsplitplot with three factors. During the refrigerated storage of the raw milk, a significant increase of proteolysis, acidity and counts of all the classes of microorganisms evaluated was observed. The total microorganism count, which was within the limit permitted by the Brazilian legislation of 10 6 CFU/mL on the day of reception, reached values of 6.10 x 10 6 and 1.83 x 10 8 CFU/mL, after 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage, respectively. All the samples of pasteurized milk presented a negative test for phosphatase and a positive test for peroxidase and attended the microbiological standards defined by the Brazilian Sanitary Vigilance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), that establishes an indicative tolerance for fecal coliforms equal to 4 MPN/mL and the absence of Salmonella spp/25 mL. The initial count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms in the pasteurized milk increased significantly with the increase of the raw milk storage time and was, in average, of 5.2 x 10, 1.9 x 10 2 and 4.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL, for the raw milk stored for 0, 4 and 7 days, respectively. Furthermore, the higher the pasteurized milk storage temperature, the higher the microorganism count, that was, in average, of 1.5 x 10 2 and 2.8 x 10 2 CFU/mL for the milk stored at 5 ± 1 and 10 ± 1ºC, respectively. The interaction between the treatments significantly affected the lag phase of all the classes of microorganisms studied, except for mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. The lag phase period presented a tendency to be greater for shorter raw milk storage times (0 day) and lower pasteurized milk storage temperatures (5 ± 1ºC). In this condition, the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was 10.7 days. When the raw milk was stored for 7 days before pasteurization and stored at 10 ± 1ºC, the shelf life was only 2.3 days. These results confirm that to increase the shelf life of pasteurized milk, apart from good quality, a short raw milk storage time and a low pasteurized milk storage temperature are necessary / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

no / An economizer is normally employed to perform heat recovery from hot exhaust gases to cold fluid. In this work, a newly designed economizer is devised to achieve high heat recovery in a pasteurized milk plant. In the economizer, the hot exhaust gas is divided into two channels flowing up on the left and right sides. After that, it is moving down passing over aligned banks of tubes, which water is flowing inside, in a triple passes fashion. Moreover, three dimensional (3D) models with heat transfer including fluid dynamic have been developed, validated by actual plant data and used to evaluate the performance of the economizer. Simulation results indicate that the newly designed economizer can recover the heat loss of 38% and can achieve the cost saving of 13%.