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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Motion palpation is used to assess the functional status of a joint and is defined as “The manual palpation of bony structures and soft tissues, through pressure applied in various directions of joint motion to ascertain areas of joint hypomobility and hypermobility.” Motion palpation is a collection of manual examination procedures, used to identify the site and characteristics of altered joint motion and which has been an important part of chiropractic since its inception. One of the most important goals for any clinical instrument is for it to have good reliability and reproducibility, this is because the clinical value of a test must be demonstrated before the results are considered valid. The extent to which a repeated test will produce the same result when evaluating an unchanged characteristic is its reliability. Reliability is evaluated by multiple blinded measurements performed on a sample of subjects. Inter-examiner reliability evaluates the consistency of different examiners and is determined through repeated assessment by two or more raters. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation of knee joints with patellofemoral pain syndrome and asymptomatic knee joints, and to compare the inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation between the two groups. Method This quantitative, inter-examiner, clinical reliability study, included 30 patients each with one knee with patellofemoral pain syndrome and one asymptomatic knee. Each patient had both of their knees motion palpated by three independent examiners blinded to which was the symptomatic knee. The examiners were senior student interns at the DUT Chiropractic Clinic. The motion palpation findings were recorded and statistically analyzed through the SPSS statistical package. Fleiss Kappa statistic was used to give a Kappa score for each direction of motion palpation and these scores evaluated the inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation in the symptomatic and the asymptomatic knee. A comparison of the inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation between the two groups was performed using a paired Wilcoxin signed ranks test. Results The Kappa scores for motion palpation ranged from -0.2081 to 0.1802 for the symptomatic knee joint and -0.2836 to 0.0339 for the asymptomatic knee. This shows poor agreement in both cases. There was no significant difference in Kappa values (p= 0.609) for the two groups for the Wilcoxin signed ranks test and the number of positive and negative ranks were similar. This indicates that the reliability of motion palpation in both groups was similar. Conclusion It was concluded that inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation of the knee joint was poor in knees with patellofemoral pain syndrome and in knees that were asymptomatic. Motion palpation was found to be equally reliable in both groups, indicating that motion palpation of a symptomatic joint does not improve its reliability. This research suggests that motion palpation should be used together with other diagnostic tests to identify patellofemoral pain syndrome as it is not a reliable tool when used in isolation.

Introdução: A Dor Patelofemoral (DPF) é uma das desordens musculoesqueléticas mais comuns que afeta indivíduos fisicamente ativo, sendo sua ocorrência maior entre as mulheres. Tal condição está relacionada com a presença de disfunções nos fatores locais, embora também haja associação com a ocorrência de disfunções nos fatores proximais e distais. Objetivos: Investigar o efeito imediato da mobilização de tornozelo na melhora da amplitude de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada em mulheres com DPF que tivessem restrição de dorsiflexão. Métodos: Foi realizado um Ensaio Clínico Aleatorizado com avaliador \"cego\", no qual 117 mulheres com DPF e com restrição de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em três grupos de tratamento. Em cada grupo foi aplicada a técnica MWM (Mobilization With Movement) com um sentido específico de deslizamento articular da tíbia: Grupo Mobilização Anterior (GMA), n=39; Grupo Mobilização Posterior (GMP), n=39; Grupo Mobilização Anterior e Posterior (GMAP), n=39. A técnica MWM foi aplicada uma única vez, em quatro séries de cinco repetições com um minuto de descanso entre as séries. Nosso desfecho primário foi a amplitude de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada, e os desfechos secundários foram a intensidade da dor no joelho durante o Forward Step-Down Test (FSDT), a Escala de Percepção do Efeito Global (EPEG) e o Pico do Ângulo de Projeção no Plano Frontal (Pico-APPF) do membro inferior durante o FSDT. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados pré-tratamento (baseline), e reavaliados imediatamente e 48h pós-intervenção. Resultados: Todos os três grupos de tratamento produziram um aumento significativo na amplitude de dorsiflexão, porém apenas o GMA e o GMAP produziram um tamanho de efeito moderado. Os três grupos de tratamento produziram um aumento significativo na pontuação da EPEG, de forma que o GMA e o GMA tiveram um tamanho de efeito superior ao GMP. Apenas o GMA conseguiu produzir uma redução significativa da dor no joelho com um tamanho de efeito moderado. O GMA e o GMP produziram uma mudança significativa do Pico- APPF, porém com um tamanho de efeito que variou de pequeno a insignificante. Conclusão: A mobilização de tornozelo com deslizamento em sentido anterior ou com deslizamento em sentindo anterior e posterior produz maior efeito no aumento da amplitude de dorsiflexão. O ganho de dorsiflexão, por sua, vez, exerceu maior influencia na melhora da pontuação da EPEG, e uma pequena influência na redução da dor no joelho e na modificação do Pico-APPF durante o FSDT / Introduction: Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorder that affect physically active individuals, being its occurrence highest among women. This condition is related with presence in local factors dysfunctions, although there is association with dysfunctions occurrence in proximal and distal factors. Objectives: To investigate the immediate effect of the ankle mobilization on dorsiflexion range improvement in closed kinetic chain in women with PFP who had restrict dorsiflexion. Methods: A Randomized Clinical Trial was performed with \"blinded\" assessor, in which 117 women with PFP was randomly distributed in three treatment groups. In each group, a Mobilization With Movement (MWM) technique was applied with a specific joint glide direction of the tibia: Anterior Mobilization Group (AMG), n=39; Posterior Mobilization Group (PMG), n=39; Anterior and Posterior Mobilization Group (APMG), n=39. The MWM technique was performed only once, in four series with five repetitions and with rest one minute between the series. Our primary outcome measure was the dorsiflexion range in closed kinetic chain, and secondary outcomes measures were the knee pain intensity during Forward Step- Down Test (FSDT), Global Perceived Effect Scale (GPES), and the Peak of Frontal Plane Projection Angle (Peak-FPPA) of the lower limb during FSDT. All outcomes measures were assessed before treatment (baseline), and re-evaluated immediately and 48h after intervention. Results: All three treatment groups produced a significant increased in dorsiflexion range of motion, however only the AMG and APMG produced a moderate effect size. All three treatment groups produced a significant increased on GPES score, so that AMG and APMG had a higher effect size than PMG. Only the AMG was able to produced a significant reduced of knee pain with a moderate effect size. The AMG and PMG produced a significant change in Peak-FPPA, however with an effect size that ranging from small to insignificant. Conclusion: The ankle mobilization with anterior glide or anterior and posterior glide produces a greater effect in increase dorsiflexion range of motion. Dorsiflexion gain, in turn, exerted greater influence on GPES score improvement, and a small influence on knee pain reduction and in Peak- FPPA modification during the FSDT

Introdução: A Dor Patelofemoral (DPF) é uma das desordens musculoesqueléticas mais comuns que afeta indivíduos fisicamente ativo, sendo sua ocorrência maior entre as mulheres. Tal condição está relacionada com a presença de disfunções nos fatores locais, embora também haja associação com a ocorrência de disfunções nos fatores proximais e distais. Objetivos: Investigar o efeito imediato da mobilização de tornozelo na melhora da amplitude de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada em mulheres com DPF que tivessem restrição de dorsiflexão. Métodos: Foi realizado um Ensaio Clínico Aleatorizado com avaliador \"cego\", no qual 117 mulheres com DPF e com restrição de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em três grupos de tratamento. Em cada grupo foi aplicada a técnica MWM (Mobilization With Movement) com um sentido específico de deslizamento articular da tíbia: Grupo Mobilização Anterior (GMA), n=39; Grupo Mobilização Posterior (GMP), n=39; Grupo Mobilização Anterior e Posterior (GMAP), n=39. A técnica MWM foi aplicada uma única vez, em quatro séries de cinco repetições com um minuto de descanso entre as séries. Nosso desfecho primário foi a amplitude de dorsiflexão em cadeia cinética fechada, e os desfechos secundários foram a intensidade da dor no joelho durante o Forward Step-Down Test (FSDT), a Escala de Percepção do Efeito Global (EPEG) e o Pico do Ângulo de Projeção no Plano Frontal (Pico-APPF) do membro inferior durante o FSDT. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados pré-tratamento (baseline), e reavaliados imediatamente e 48h pós-intervenção. Resultados: Todos os três grupos de tratamento produziram um aumento significativo na amplitude de dorsiflexão, porém apenas o GMA e o GMAP produziram um tamanho de efeito moderado. Os três grupos de tratamento produziram um aumento significativo na pontuação da EPEG, de forma que o GMA e o GMA tiveram um tamanho de efeito superior ao GMP. Apenas o GMA conseguiu produzir uma redução significativa da dor no joelho com um tamanho de efeito moderado. O GMA e o GMP produziram uma mudança significativa do Pico- APPF, porém com um tamanho de efeito que variou de pequeno a insignificante. Conclusão: A mobilização de tornozelo com deslizamento em sentido anterior ou com deslizamento em sentindo anterior e posterior produz maior efeito no aumento da amplitude de dorsiflexão. O ganho de dorsiflexão, por sua, vez, exerceu maior influencia na melhora da pontuação da EPEG, e uma pequena influência na redução da dor no joelho e na modificação do Pico-APPF durante o FSDT / Introduction: Patellofemoral Pain (PFP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorder that affect physically active individuals, being its occurrence highest among women. This condition is related with presence in local factors dysfunctions, although there is association with dysfunctions occurrence in proximal and distal factors. Objectives: To investigate the immediate effect of the ankle mobilization on dorsiflexion range improvement in closed kinetic chain in women with PFP who had restrict dorsiflexion. Methods: A Randomized Clinical Trial was performed with \"blinded\" assessor, in which 117 women with PFP was randomly distributed in three treatment groups. In each group, a Mobilization With Movement (MWM) technique was applied with a specific joint glide direction of the tibia: Anterior Mobilization Group (AMG), n=39; Posterior Mobilization Group (PMG), n=39; Anterior and Posterior Mobilization Group (APMG), n=39. The MWM technique was performed only once, in four series with five repetitions and with rest one minute between the series. Our primary outcome measure was the dorsiflexion range in closed kinetic chain, and secondary outcomes measures were the knee pain intensity during Forward Step- Down Test (FSDT), Global Perceived Effect Scale (GPES), and the Peak of Frontal Plane Projection Angle (Peak-FPPA) of the lower limb during FSDT. All outcomes measures were assessed before treatment (baseline), and re-evaluated immediately and 48h after intervention. Results: All three treatment groups produced a significant increased in dorsiflexion range of motion, however only the AMG and APMG produced a moderate effect size. All three treatment groups produced a significant increased on GPES score, so that AMG and APMG had a higher effect size than PMG. Only the AMG was able to produced a significant reduced of knee pain with a moderate effect size. The AMG and PMG produced a significant change in Peak-FPPA, however with an effect size that ranging from small to insignificant. Conclusion: The ankle mobilization with anterior glide or anterior and posterior glide produces a greater effect in increase dorsiflexion range of motion. Dorsiflexion gain, in turn, exerted greater influence on GPES score improvement, and a small influence on knee pain reduction and in Peak- FPPA modification during the FSDT

Thesis (M.Thec.:Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xiii, 110 leaves ; ill. ; 30 cm / According to Wood (1998), patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) refers to a syndrome that comprises of the following signs and symptoms: anterior knee pain, inflammation, imbalance, instability, or any combination thereof. Prevailing literature suggests that the presence of myofascial trigger points (MFTP’s) in quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle could result in a combination of the following signs and symptoms: - Retro- or peripatella pain, - Weakness of the quadriceps muscle (Chaitow and DeLany, 2002) - Loss of full lengthening (Travell and Simons, 1983:248-250) The aetiology of PFPS is poorly understood (Kannus et al. 1999). The current trend in literature suggests an extensor mechanism dysfunction as the most probable aetiology (Galantly et al., 1994; Juhn, 1999). There appears to be a clinical overlap between the two syndromes, in terms of an extensor mechanism dysfunction and of signs and symptoms. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the role of active myofascial trigger points in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle as perpetuating, causative or concomitant factors in the alteration of VL/VM Total Work (TW) in PFPS in distance runners.

Thesis (M.Tech.:Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2006 18, xvii, 157, 14 leaves, Annexures A-K / The aim of this study was to assess the inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation of the patella, in both pathological (osteoarthritis) as well as functional (patellofemoral pain syndrome) conditions, in order to assess the validity of this assessment tool, which is commonly used as a method in identifying restricted patella motion.

Thesis (M.Tech,: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xiii, 62, 19 leaves :|bill. ;|c30 cm / To document the relationship between total work and myofascial trigger points in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis portion of the quadriceps femoris muscle, whilst providing baseline graphs of these muscles with the use of a Cybex 700 Isokinetic Dynanometer in long distance runners both with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Methods: A quantitative, non-intervention clinical exploratory study. Fifty participants were divided into two groups, Group A (40 symptomatics) and Group B (10 asymptomatics). Both groups were screened for vastus lateralis and vastus medialis trigger points. Subjective data was obtained from Group A only, using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale and the Patient Specific Functional Scale. Objective data was obtained from both groups using the algometer, Myofascial Diagnostic Scale, and the Cybex 700 Isokinetic Dynanometer. For descriptive analysis frequency tabulations, box and whisker plots were used to display distributions graphically. Comparisons of categorical and quantitative variables between independent groups were run using chi square and Mann-Whitney testing consecutively. Finally Spearman’s correlation, multivariate generalized linear modelling and repeated measures ANOVA were also used. All statistical analysis was completed at the 95% (p<0.05) level of confidence.

Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review aims to present the available evidence for the effect of McConnell taping on knee biomechanics in individuals with Anterior Knee Pain (AKP). Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Sportdiscus, Pedro and Science Direct electronic databases were searched from inception until September 2014. Experimental research into knee biomechanical or EMG outcomes of McConnell taping compared to no tape or placebo tape were included. Two reviewers completed the searches, selected the full text articles and assessed the risk of bias of eligible studies. Authors were contacted for missing data. Eight heterogeneous studies with a total sample of 220 were included in this review. All of the studies had a moderate to low risk of bias and compared taping to no tape and/ or placebo tape. Pooling of data was possible for three outcomes; average knee extensor moment, average VMO/VL ratio and average VMO-VL onset timing. None of these outcomes revealed significant differences. The evidence is currently insufficient to justify the routine use of the McConnell Taping technique in the treatment of Anterior Knee Pain. There is a need for more evidence on the aetiological pathways of Anterior knee Pain; level one evidence and studies investigating other potential mechanisms of McConnell taping. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die objektief van hierdie resensie was om te bepaal wat die effekte van McConnell Patellar Vasbinding is op knie kinematika, kinetiek en spier aktivering in diegene met Voorafgaande Knie Pyn (VKP). Die navorsers het elektroniese databases soos Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Sportdiscus, Pedro en Science Direct, van aanvang tot September 2014, ondersoek. Eksperimenteel studie ontwerpe wat biomeganiese of EMG gevolge van McConnell Vasbinding vergelyk met geen vasbinding of placebo vasbinding, is ingesluit. Twee resente het die ondersoek voltooi, die volle tekse artikels gekies en die partydigheid risiko van die ingeslote studies, geskat. Skrywers is gekontak vir enige verlore data. Agt heterogeen studies uit ‘n totalle monster van 220 is in hierdie resensie ingesluit. Al die studies het ‘n gematigde tot laag risiko vir eensydigheid en vergelyk vasbinding met geen of placebo vasbinding. Data saamvoeging was moontlik vir drie uitslae, naamlik: gemiddelde knie ekstensor moment; gemiddelde VMO/VL ratio en gemiddelde aanval tydmeting. Geen gevolge het veelseggende verskille of afwykings vertoon. Tans is die bewys nie genoegsaam om die routiene gebruik van McConnell Vasbinding tegniek te regverdig nie in die behandeling van VKP. Meer bewyslewering op die etiologiese paaie van VKP; Graad een bewys en studies wat ander moontlike meganisme van Mc Connell Vasbinding ondersoek, is noodsaaklik.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005. / According to Wood (1998), patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) refers to a syndrome that comprises of the following signs and symptoms: anterior knee pain, inflammation, imbalance, instability, or any combination thereof. Prevailing literature suggests that the presence of myofascial trigger points (MFTP’s) in quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle could result in a combination of the following signs and symptoms: - Retro- or peripatella pain, - Weakness of the quadriceps muscle (Chaitow and DeLany, 2002) - Loss of full lengthening (Travell and Simons, 1983:248-250) The aetiology of PFPS is poorly understood (Kannus et al. 1999). The current trend in literature suggests an extensor mechanism dysfunction as the most probable aetiology (Galantly et al., 1994; Juhn, 1999). There appears to be a clinical overlap between the two syndromes, in terms of an extensor mechanism dysfunction and of signs and symptoms. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the role of active myofascial trigger points in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle as perpetuating, causative or concomitant factors in the alteration of VL/VM Total Work (TW) in PFPS in distance runners.