<p> Society&rsquo;s progression through the digital streaming age has created a music licensing landscape of grave concern to all stakeholders in the industry. These drastic changes have occurred under an outdated legal framework. This paper will recommend a comprehensive reform to our copyright law to uphold the intentions of copyright in the modern, digital age of today. By looking at the history of copyright and its evolution, one can assess how Congress has been tasked with establishing a fair market value for music by promoting the public interest and fairly compensating copyright owners. This will lead to an evaluation and comparison of those methods used to determine fair market value for creative works that will be the basis of the recommendation used to modernize copyright law. This recommendation will comprehensively provide for equitable treatment for all parties in the streaming age through its totality, additional reforms, and alternative ideas.</p>

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Currently there are approximately 20,000 valid gene patents in the United States. The debate regarding biotechnology and patent law has reached a pinnacle over the patentability of genes. Biotech is fighting a patentability war on two fronts. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cannot agree regarding the touchstone of patentability for genes; two branches of the Executive are at odds over whether gene sequences qualify under 35 U.S.C. &sect;101. Recent U.S. Supreme Court and Federal Circuit jurisprudence also undermine the patentability of genes as obvious. This thesis argues that the patentable subject matter debate fails to adequately address the goals of patent policy in fostering innovation. Looking to Canadian and U.K. jurisprudence, it is possible to hone an approach to obviousness that addresses the ethical and research concerns in the patentable subject matter debate while fostering investment and patent protection for non-obvious biotech discoveries.

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Proefschrift--Utrecht. / "Stellingen": [6] p. "Literatuur": p. [173].

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Efter nästan 50 års förhandlingar beslutade rådet år 2009 att införa ett enhetligt patentskydd inom EU. Överenskommelsen om ett fördjupat samarbete resulterade i Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning nr 1257/2012 (patentförordningen) och rådets förordning nr 1260/2012 (översättningsförordningen) samt beslutet om att inrätta en gemensam patentdomstol för att kunna skapa en enhetlig praxis för den europeiska patenträtten. I uppsatsen utreds hur ett mindre företag kommer att påverkas av införandet av EUpatentet. Inledningsvis ges en introduktion till patenträtten och dess utveckling. Vidare beskrivs de olika tillvägagångssätten som finns för patentansökningar inom Europa samt de kostnader som förknippas med dessa. I uppsatsen granskas även det enhetliga patentsystemet och dess innebörd, frågan om översättningar och införandet av den enhetliga patentdomstolen. Slutligen utreds vilka strategiska överväganden som ett företag bör göra vid en ansökan om patent inom Europa. Uppsatsen avslutas med en analys av de olika tillvägagångssätten och de kostnadsexempel som finns presenterade i uppsatsen. En rekommendation ges även om vilka strategiska överväganden ett mindre företag bör göra.

This study attempts to identify the areas of technological strength of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, whose economy is heavily based on natural resources, by analyzing patent information. 606 US patents held by Saskatchewan organizations were identified. The results show that inventive activities are steadily growing and Saskatchewan's technological development has experienced three stages. The Initial stage (1971-1985) was dominated by traditional resource-based technologies; the Emerging stage (1986-1995) was characterized by the emergence of new technologies in the Drugs & Medical field; and the Developing stage (1996-2009) was marked by more of a balance between traditional and new technologies. In Canada and worldwide, inventive activities in Computers & Communication field have been most prominent since the last decade. However, Saskatchewan demonstrates a different path from the rest of the world. While traditional technological fields still dominate in the province, it is gradually building its strength in the Drugs & Medical field. The results present a possibility to diversify the provincial economy if policy makers develop strategies to facilitate the transfer of new technologies to industries

Companies need to be more innovative to exist and sustain profitability in today???s competitive business environment. They try to increase innovation by increasing their internal knowledge through internal and external sources. One of the main external sources that may support firms in improving their capabilities is venture capital (VC). Venture capitalists not only provide financial support for new firms, but also provide value-added activities, such as leadership, administration, marketing and strategic directions. These activities may improve the competitive advantages, productivity, profitability, and innovation of businesses. This study, based on historical data of VC investment and patenting, explores the effects of VC investment on firms??? innovation in different intellectual property rights (IPR) environments and in many industries worldwide, utilizing large datasets and various empirical models. Our negative binomial as well as logistic regression models of the panel data present the significant and positive impacts of VC investment and IPR parameters on increasing business patenting rates under all legal systems, by controlling for cultural, regulatory, and economic and market conditions of the business environment. These rates vary by area. Details of our analysis show that British (Common) and French Civil legal systems, in order, are more effective than other legal platforms, followed by German and Scandinavian. These results can be extended to different world regions and countries, based on their legal system. These outcomes are also supported by detailed analyses on countries. Furthermore, VC investment positively influences most industries but the impact rates differ by industry. In order to adjust our estimations and taking into account any flows in the panel data, we apply robust regression methods and cluster standard errors in the models. In order to test and address endogeneity concerns about the relationship between VC investment and firms??? patenting activities, three methods are applied: reverse causality, the Heckman Selection model, and instrumental variables. The Ease to Do Business index, as a starting business parameter, is our instrument for VC investment and it ranks world economies from the highest to the lowest level. Higher rankings (which translate to low numerical ranks) indicate that the regulatory environment is supportive and simpler for business operations.