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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The impact of Septoria tritici on the photosynthetic and carbohydrate metabolism of wheat

Dodd, Thomas January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
2

Investigating a microbial fungicide to enhance biological control of plant disease

Way, John Alexander January 2000 (has links)
The antibiotic, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl), is produced by a range of naturally isolated fluorescent pseudomonads, found in disease suppressive soils. The natural isolate, P. fluorescens F113, protects pea plants from the pathogenic fungus, Pythium ultimum, by reducing the number of pathogenic lesions on the plant's roots. This beneficial effect was however, outweighed by the F113 causing an overall reduction in the emergence of the pea plants in the infected soil. The gene locus responsible for the Phl production was shown to be functionally conserved between the P. fluorescens F113 and another Phl producing organism, P. fluorescens Q2-87. Following identification of this functional sequence homology, the genes were isolated from F113, by optimised, long PCR. The 6.7-kb gene cluster was inserted into the chromosome of a non-pathogenic P. fluorescens, SBW25, which can effect biological control against the plant pathogen, Pythium ultimum through competitive exclusion of the fungus, by means of its strong colonising competence. The insertion was a targeted, homologous recombination designed to insert the Phl coding genes, from the F113, into a non-essential, lacZY coding region of the SBW25 chromosome. The transformed strains of SBW25 assumed two different morphological appearances. The morphological changes were noted at a ratio of 1:1 of normal morphology and altered morphology. Transformation of SBW25 with the Phl locus without this repressor element led to transformants with only normal morphology. All transformants were able to suppress P. ultimum through antibiotic production following the Phl transformation. However, the fitness of the transformants was reduced in flask culture, at 30°C, against the un-transformed SBW25. The organisms transformed with the entire Phl locus were seen to clump together in the culture media. The strain transformed with the Phl locus lacking the repressor element behaved normally. When inoculated on pea seedlings, the strain containing no repressor element behaved similarly to the F113, causing lower pea seed emergence. A transformant containing the entire Phl genetic locus had not lost its environmental competence on the pea roots, maintaining a high population, but was unable to maintain a high population in the surrounding soil.
3

Effects of parental divergence on hybridization and hybrids in the human pathogenic Cryptococcus

You, Man January 2021 (has links)
Hybridization refers to mating between species or between genetically differentiated populations of the same species. Although hybrid offspring may exhibit sterility and/or inviability, hybridization can generate novel genotypic and phenotypic diversities, leading to the origin of new traits and new species, the expansion into ecological niches outside of the parental range (e.g., host range), and altered virulence properties in pathogens. However, the relationship between parental genetic divergence and hybrid performance remains largely unknown. The human pathogenic Cryptococcus (HPC) is an ideal model to study the impacts of parental divergence on the genetic and phenotypic consequences of hybridization. HPC consists of a group of divergent lineages with various degrees of interfertility. These yeasts are the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis, a potentially lethal disease in humans and animals. In this thesis, I examined the effects of parental divergence on cryptococcal hybrids from multiple aspects. I conducted genetic crosses between different lineages to evaluate the mating success and the germination of sexual spores (i.e., basidiospores) under various environmental conditions. Then, I investigated the genotypic and phenotypic diversities among the hybrids under different environmental conditions. Furthermore, I examined the genome stability of diploid inter-lineage hybrids through laboratory experimental evolution and the effect of antifungal drug stress on the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in these hybrids. We found that parental genetic divergence plays an important role in genotypic and phenotypic diversities among hybrid progeny in HPC. However, our results indicate that parental genetic di-vergence alone can’t explain most of the observed variations. Instead, genetic divergence along with specific parental strains, environmental factors, and their interactions all contributed to hybridization success and to hybrid genotypic and phenotypic variations. My findings will broaden the current understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic consequences of hybridization and explore the connection between genetic architecture and hybrid speciation in the human pathogenic Cryptococcus. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD) / The role of hybridization in evolution can vary widely, giving rise to hybrid vigor and hybrid weakness. Hybridization plays an important role in plants and animals, especially crops, with advantages of increased yield and quality of products. However, the emergence of hybrid vigor in pathogens with increased virulence is an increasing threat to plant, animal, and human healths. My PhD thesis aimed at understanding the effects of parental divergence on hybridization and hybrids in the human pathogenic Cryptococcus. Here, I investigated basidiospore germination rate and hybrid progeny genotypes and phenotypes from diverse genetic crosses in this group of pathogens. My findings contribute towards understanding cryptococcal hybrids and establishing treatment plans against infections by these hybrids.
4

Studies on an effector NLP1 expressed during the late phase of plant infection by Colletotrichum orbiculare / ウリ類炭疽病菌の植物感染後期において発現するエフェクターNLP1の研究

Nur, Sabrina Ahmad Azmi 23 July 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21311号 / 農博第2296号 / 新制||農||1064(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5145(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙野 義孝, 教授 田中 千尋, 教授 寺内 良平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
5

Genetic Analyses of Inter-Variety Hybridization in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans

Sun, Sheng 07 1900 (has links)
Cryptococcus neoformans is among the most common human pathogenic fungi and the leading cause of fungal meningitis. It consists of two divergent haploid serotypes A and D, as well as their hybrid serotypes AD. Hybridization between the two serotypes A and D is a widespread phenomenon in natural populations of this species. Studies have shown that serotype AD strains possess unique properties in several medically important traits: they are more virulent in animal models, more tolerant to antifungal drugs, more tolerant to UV radiation and other stresses than one or both parental serotypes. Despite the potential medical and evolutionary importance, relatively little is known about the phenotypic and genotypic consequences of the hybridization in C. neoformans. In my thesis, I present a series of studies that show: (1) recombination occurs at a very low frequency during hybridization between serotypes A and D; (2) serotypes A and D in C. neoformans have diverged from each other not only at the DNA sequence level, but also at the chromosomal structure level, both of which contributed to suppressed recombination and limited genetic introgression between the two serotypes; (3) though there is widespread hybridization, the hybrids seemed largely distinct and the genomes of the parental serotypes A and D populations are relatively unaffected by the hybrids in natural populations; and (4) the fixation of these serotype specific chromosomal rearrangements in the two serotypes, together with evidences of selective sweeps observed at both inversion junctions and genes located close to chromosomal inversions suggest that these rearranged regions (or genes surrounding these regions) were likely involved in the diversification between the two serotypes. My studies provide a genetic framework for future quantitative analyses of medically important traits of C. neoformans. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
6

Caracterização de isolados de Colletotrichum lagenarium, agente causal da antracnose das Cucurbitáceas. / Characterization of Colletotrichum lagenarium isolates, causal agent of anthracnose of cucurbitacea.

Sussel, Angelo Aparecido Barbosa 04 March 2005 (has links)
A antracnose, doença causada por fungos do gênero Colletotrichum, é uma das doenças mais importantes em muitas plantas cultivadas. Nas cucurbitáceas, como pepino, chuchu, melão e melancia, a antracnose é muito freqüente e causa prejuízos bastante elevados. O agente causal é o Colletotrichum lagenarium, que apresenta como sinonímias C. orbiculare e C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cucurbitae. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar cultural, morfológica e patogenicamente, e identificar molecularmente, os isolados de C. lagenarium, obtidos de plantas da família Cucurbitaceae. Os isolados foram obtidos através de isolamento de tecidos de plantas que apresentavam sintomas de antracnose. A caracterização cultural envolveu a avaliação do crescimento micelial, esporulação, coloração da colônia, topografia da colônia, formação de setores, presença e coloração de massa conidial. A caracterização morfológica compreendeu a avaliação das formas e dimensões dos conídios e apressórios. A caracterização patogênica envolveu a avaliação da virulência de todos os isolados em inoculações cruzadas com pepino, melão, melancia, abóbora e chuchu, além da avaliação do período de incubação, do período latente e do índice de crescimento da lesão. A identificação molecular compreendeu a análise de PCR, utilizando "primer" específico para C. lagenarium, para auxílio na identificação da espécie. Quanto à caracterização cultural, os isolados apresentaram uma variabilidade muito grande quanto à cor e topografia da colônia e formação de setores, contudo, quando analisada a coloração de massa micelial, nos isolados em que esta se fez presente, a coloração não apresentou grandes variações. Apesar da grande variação encontrada nos índices de crescimento micelial diário entre os isolados, não existiu grande variação para cada isolado quando se alterou o meio de cultivo. A esporulação não apresentou correlação com o crescimento micelial, e não constituiu um bom parâmetro para caracterização, devido à variação que apresentou tanto entre os isolados, quanto entre os meios de cultivo. Os conídios apresentaram formatos cilíndrico, clavado e levemente curvo, com dimensões variando de 2,25 a 6,38µm de largura e 5,34 a 15,73µm de comprimento. Os apressórios apresentaram os formatos globoso, clavado e lobado, com dimensões variando de 5,54 a 8,68µm de largura e 6,71 a 10,75µm de comprimento. Dos 25 isolados testados nas inoculações cruzadas, apenas 14 se apresentaram virulentos aos hospedeiros testados. Não foi encontrada correspondência entre a virulência do isolado e o hospedeiro, o local de coleta, suas características culturais ou morfológicas. Cada isolado apresentou um comportamento diferente perante os demais, quando se considerou a gama de hospedeiros a ele suscetíveis, e ao seu comportamento quanto aos períodos latente e de incubação, e ao índice de crescimento de lesão. O período de incubação variou de dois a sete dias, e período latente variou de três a nove dias. O índice de crescimento de lesão variou de 0,5 a 4,9mm/dia. Não foi observada correlação entre o período latente, o período de incubação e o índice de crescimento de lesão. Através da identificação molecular, cinco isolados puderam ser identificados pelo "primer" específico utilizado, contudo não foi encontrada correspondência entre a identificação molecular e as caracterizações cultural, morfológica e patogênica. / Anthracnose is one of the most important diseases of cucurbitaceous plants, causing severe damages to cucumber, chayote, melon, watermelon and pumpkin. The causal agent is Colletotrichum lagenarium (syn. C. orbiculare, C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cucurbitae). The objective of this work was to determine cultural, morphological and pathogenic characterization, and molecular identification of C. lagenarium, isolated from plants of the Cucurbitaceae family. The isolates used in this study were obtained through isolation from plants presenting symptoms of Anthracnose. The cultural characterization involved the evaluation of mycelial growth, sporulation, colony colour, colony topography, sectors formation, presence and colour of conidial mass. The shape and size of the conidia and apressoria were assessed to the morphological characterization. The pathogenic characterization involved the evaluation of the virulence of all isolates on cross inoculations with cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin and chayote, evaluation of the incubation period, the latent period and the lesion growth. For the molecular identification PCR analysis was used, with specific "primer" for C. lagenarium, to assist the identification of the species. Colonies of all isolates presented great variability in color, topography, and sectors formation; however the color of the mycelial mass did not present great variations. Despite the great variation found in the daily micelial growth indices among the isolates, great variation for each one did not exist when the culture medium was changed. The sporulation did not present correlation with the micelial growth, showing a high variation among the isolates and the culture media. This later parameter was not useful for characterization. The conidia of the isolates were classified in the shapes cylindrical, clavate and slightly curved, with average dimensions varying from 2.25 to 6.38µm in width, and from 5.34 to 15.73µm in length. The apressoria had the shapes globose, clavate and lobed, with average dimensions varying from 5.54 to 8.68µm in width, and 6.71 to 10,75µm in length. From the 25 isolates tested in the cross inoculations, only 14 were virulent to the tested host plants. Correspondence was not found between the virulence of the isolates and de host plants origin, the local origin, and the cultural and morphological characteristics. Analyzing the variability of susceptible host plants, the inoculation and latent periods, and the lesion growth, each isolate showed a different behavior compared to the others. The incubation period varied from two to seven days, and the latent period varied from three to nine days. The lesion growth varied from 0,5 to 4,9mm/day. It was not observed correlation between the latent and incubation periods, as well as in lesion growth. Five isolates were identified to the pair of primers used, although correspondence was not found among the molecular identification and the cultural, morphological and pathogenic characterization.
7

Atividade fungistática de uma quitinase recombinante do feijão de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.)] contra Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griff. e Maubl.), agente causal da resinose do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L. / Fungistatic activity of a recombinant chitinase String bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.)] Against Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griff . And Maubl.), the causal agent of Resinose cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Lopes Neto, Antônio Viana January 2014 (has links)
LOPES NETO, Antônio Viana. Atividade fungistática de uma quitinase recombinante do feijão de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.)] contra Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griff. e Maubl.), agente causal da resinose do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.). 2014. 57 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T13:45:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avlopesneto.pdf: 1483564 bytes, checksum: 0e776910b7f818898df5c2fc18bff4ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:18:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avlopesneto.pdf: 1483564 bytes, checksum: 0e776910b7f818898df5c2fc18bff4ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_avlopesneto.pdf: 1483564 bytes, checksum: 0e776910b7f818898df5c2fc18bff4ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological activity of a recombinant chitinase (rVuChi) from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) against the phytopathogenic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris, collected and purified after 72h of induction, using a chitin affinity chromatography. The chitinase was eluted from the affinity chromatography using 0.1 M acetic acid. Enzymatic assay was performed against the synthetic substrate (colloidal chitin) in order to determine the activity of the purified recombinant protein. The chitinase displayed a specific activity of 5,637.32 U/mg of protein. Biological tests were performed. In these tests three different isolates of L. theobromae, identified as CNPAT CCJ-127, CNPAT CCJ-166 and CNPAT CCJ-184, were used and the experiments were performed on triplicate. The fungal isolates were obtained from the collection of work from the laboratory of plant pathology from the Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical (Fortaleza-CE, Brasil). In all biological assays the fungicide Carbomax 500 SC® (Carbendazim) at a concentration of 2 mL/L and sterile distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. A total of 50, 100 and 300 µg of recombinant chitinase (rVuChi) was used in all tests. The first test was based on the disk diffusion methodology using filter paper in which the effects of the protein on the mycelium growth, as well as the formation of an inhibition zone on the fungal hyphae were investigated. The second test was based on the diffusion assay in agar. Photographs were used to register the observations. The rVuChi showed moderate to strong fungistatic activities on the mycelial growth of all L. theobromae isolates when used at 100 and 300 µg in the disk diffusion assay. CNPAT CCJ-127 was the most resistant specimen to the rVuChi fungistatic action, as observed by the lower impact of the protein on it is mycelial growth. In the agar diffusion test the amount of 300 µg was the most effective, as observed in the disk diffusion test. In addition, the effect of the protein was most pronounced on the isolates CNPAT CCJ-166 and CNPAT CCJ-184 and less impacting on CNPAT CCJ-127. The recombinant chitinase rVuCHi showed to be an inhibitor of the mycelial growth of three L. theobromae isolates. The fungistatic effects of the protein described here may be due to its ability to degrade chitin, a structural biopolymer that makes part of the cell wall of several phytopathogenic fungi, including L. theobromae. Once this is only a scientific speculation, more studies need to be made to definitely reveal the mechanism of action of rVuChi on L. theobromae. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade biológica de uma quitinase recombinante (rVuChi) de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) contra o fungo fitopatogênico Lasiodiplodia theobromae. A proteína recombinante foi expressa em Pichia pastoris, coletada e purificada após 72h de indução, utilizando cromatografia de afinidade em matriz de quitina. A quitinase foi eluída a partir da cromatografia de afinidade com ácido acético a 0,1 M. Ensaio enzimático foi realizado contra o substrato sintético (quitina coloidal), a fim de determinar a atividade da proteína recombinante purificada. A quitinase apresentou atividade específica de 5.637,32 U/mg de proteína. Testes biológicos foram realizados. Nestes testes três diferentes isolados de L. theobromae, identificados como CNPAT CCJ-127, CNPAT CCJ-166 e CNPAT CCJ-184, foram utilizados e os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata. Os isolados fúngicos foram obtidos da coleção de trabalho do Laboratório de Fitopatologia da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical (Fortaleza-CE, Brasil). Em todos os ensaios biológicos o fungicida Carbomax 500 SC® (Carbendazim), a uma concentração de 2 mL/L, e água destilada estéril foram utilizados como controles positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Um total de 50, 100 e 300 µg de quitinase recombinante (rVuChi) foi utilizado em todos os testes. O primeiro ensaio foi baseado na metodologia de difusão em disco de papel de filtro em que foram investigados os efeitos da proteína sobre o crescimento do micélio, bem como a formação de halo de inibição sobre o crescimento micelial do fungo. O segundo ensaio foi baseado no ensaio de difusão em ágar. Fotografias foram usadas para registrar as observações. A quitinase rVuChi mostrou efeito fungistático variando de moderado a forte sobre o crescimento micelial de todos os isolados de L. theobromae, particularmente quando usada nas doses de 100 e 300 µg, no ensaio de difusão em disco. CNPAT CCJ-127 foi o isolado mais resistente à ação fungistática de rVuChi, como observado pelo menor impacto da proteína em seu crescimento micelial. No teste de difusão em ágar a quantidade de 300 µg foi a mais efetiva, da mesma forma como observado para o de difusão em disco de papel de filtro. Além disso, o efeito da proteína foi mais pronunciado nos isolados CNPAT CCJ-166 e CNPAT CCJ-184 e menos impactante no isolado CNPAT CCJ-127. A quitinase recombinante rVuCHi mostrou ser um inibidor do crescimento micelial de três diferentes isolados de L. theobromae. Os efeitos fungistáticos da proteína aqui descritos podem ser devido à sua capacidade de degradar quitina, um biopolímero estrutural que faz parte da parede celular de vários fungos fitopatogênicos, incluindo L. theobromae. Entretanto, mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos para revelar os possíveis mecanismos de ação de rVuChi sobre L. theobromae.
8

Atividade fungistÃtica de uma quitinase recombinante do feijÃo de corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.)] contra Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griff. e Maubl.), agente causal da resinose do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) / Fungistatic activity of a recombinant chitinase String bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) (Walp.)] Against Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griff . And Maubl.), the causal agent of Resinose cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

AntÃnio Viana Lopes Neto 18 September 2014 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade biolÃgica de uma quitinase recombinante (rVuChi) de feijÃo-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) contra o fungo fitopatogÃnico Lasiodiplodia theobromae. A proteÃna recombinante foi expressa em Pichia pastoris, coletada e purificada apÃs 72h de induÃÃo, utilizando cromatografia de afinidade em matriz de quitina. A quitinase foi eluÃda a partir da cromatografia de afinidade com Ãcido acÃtico a 0,1 M. Ensaio enzimÃtico foi realizado contra o substrato sintÃtico (quitina coloidal), a fim de determinar a atividade da proteÃna recombinante purificada. A quitinase apresentou atividade especÃfica de 5.637,32 U/mg de proteÃna. Testes biolÃgicos foram realizados. Nestes testes trÃs diferentes isolados de L. theobromae, identificados como CNPAT CCJ-127, CNPAT CCJ-166 e CNPAT CCJ-184, foram utilizados e os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata. Os isolados fÃngicos foram obtidos da coleÃÃo de trabalho do LaboratÃrio de Fitopatologia da Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical (Fortaleza-CE, Brasil). Em todos os ensaios biolÃgicos o fungicida Carbomax 500 SC (Carbendazim), a uma concentraÃÃo de 2 mL/L, e Ãgua destilada estÃril foram utilizados como controles positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Um total de 50, 100 e 300 Âg de quitinase recombinante (rVuChi) foi utilizado em todos os testes. O primeiro ensaio foi baseado na metodologia de difusÃo em disco de papel de filtro em que foram investigados os efeitos da proteÃna sobre o crescimento do micÃlio, bem como a formaÃÃo de halo de inibiÃÃo sobre o crescimento micelial do fungo. O segundo ensaio foi baseado no ensaio de difusÃo em Ãgar. Fotografias foram usadas para registrar as observaÃÃes. A quitinase rVuChi mostrou efeito fungistÃtico variando de moderado a forte sobre o crescimento micelial de todos os isolados de L. theobromae, particularmente quando usada nas doses de 100 e 300 Âg, no ensaio de difusÃo em disco. CNPAT CCJ-127 foi o isolado mais resistente à aÃÃo fungistÃtica de rVuChi, como observado pelo menor impacto da proteÃna em seu crescimento micelial. No teste de difusÃo em Ãgar a quantidade de 300 Âg foi a mais efetiva, da mesma forma como observado para o de difusÃo em disco de papel de filtro. AlÃm disso, o efeito da proteÃna foi mais pronunciado nos isolados CNPAT CCJ-166 e CNPAT CCJ-184 e menos impactante no isolado CNPAT CCJ-127. A quitinase recombinante rVuCHi mostrou ser um inibidor do crescimento micelial de trÃs diferentes isolados de L. theobromae. Os efeitos fungistÃticos da proteÃna aqui descritos podem ser devido à sua capacidade de degradar quitina, um biopolÃmero estrutural que faz parte da parede celular de vÃrios fungos fitopatogÃnicos, incluindo L. theobromae. Entretanto, mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos para revelar os possÃveis mecanismos de aÃÃo de rVuChi sobre L. theobromae. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the biological activity of a recombinant chitinase (rVuChi) from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) against the phytopathogenic fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris, collected and purified after 72h of induction, using a chitin affinity chromatography. The chitinase was eluted from the affinity chromatography using 0.1 M acetic acid. Enzymatic assay was performed against the synthetic substrate (colloidal chitin) in order to determine the activity of the purified recombinant protein. The chitinase displayed a specific activity of 5,637.32 U/mg of protein. Biological tests were performed. In these tests three different isolates of L. theobromae, identified as CNPAT CCJ-127, CNPAT CCJ-166 and CNPAT CCJ-184, were used and the experiments were performed on triplicate. The fungal isolates were obtained from the collection of work from the laboratory of plant pathology from the Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical (Fortaleza-CE, Brasil). In all biological assays the fungicide Carbomax 500 SC (Carbendazim) at a concentration of 2 mL/L and sterile distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. A total of 50, 100 and 300 Âg of recombinant chitinase (rVuChi) was used in all tests. The first test was based on the disk diffusion methodology using filter paper in which the effects of the protein on the mycelium growth, as well as the formation of an inhibition zone on the fungal hyphae were investigated. The second test was based on the diffusion assay in agar. Photographs were used to register the observations. The rVuChi showed moderate to strong fungistatic activities on the mycelial growth of all L. theobromae isolates when used at 100 and 300 Âg in the disk diffusion assay. CNPAT CCJ-127 was the most resistant specimen to the rVuChi fungistatic action, as observed by the lower impact of the protein on it is mycelial growth. In the agar diffusion test the amount of 300 Âg was the most effective, as observed in the disk diffusion test. In addition, the effect of the protein was most pronounced on the isolates CNPAT CCJ-166 and CNPAT CCJ-184 and less impacting on CNPAT CCJ-127. The recombinant chitinase rVuCHi showed to be an inhibitor of the mycelial growth of three L. theobromae isolates. The fungistatic effects of the protein described here may be due to its ability to degrade chitin, a structural biopolymer that makes part of the cell wall of several phytopathogenic fungi, including L. theobromae. Once this is only a scientific speculation, more studies need to be made to definitely reveal the mechanism of action of rVuChi on L. theobromae.
9

Caracterização de isolados de Colletotrichum lagenarium, agente causal da antracnose das Cucurbitáceas. / Characterization of Colletotrichum lagenarium isolates, causal agent of anthracnose of cucurbitacea.

Angelo Aparecido Barbosa Sussel 04 March 2005 (has links)
A antracnose, doença causada por fungos do gênero Colletotrichum, é uma das doenças mais importantes em muitas plantas cultivadas. Nas cucurbitáceas, como pepino, chuchu, melão e melancia, a antracnose é muito freqüente e causa prejuízos bastante elevados. O agente causal é o Colletotrichum lagenarium, que apresenta como sinonímias C. orbiculare e C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cucurbitae. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar cultural, morfológica e patogenicamente, e identificar molecularmente, os isolados de C. lagenarium, obtidos de plantas da família Cucurbitaceae. Os isolados foram obtidos através de isolamento de tecidos de plantas que apresentavam sintomas de antracnose. A caracterização cultural envolveu a avaliação do crescimento micelial, esporulação, coloração da colônia, topografia da colônia, formação de setores, presença e coloração de massa conidial. A caracterização morfológica compreendeu a avaliação das formas e dimensões dos conídios e apressórios. A caracterização patogênica envolveu a avaliação da virulência de todos os isolados em inoculações cruzadas com pepino, melão, melancia, abóbora e chuchu, além da avaliação do período de incubação, do período latente e do índice de crescimento da lesão. A identificação molecular compreendeu a análise de PCR, utilizando “primer” específico para C. lagenarium, para auxílio na identificação da espécie. Quanto à caracterização cultural, os isolados apresentaram uma variabilidade muito grande quanto à cor e topografia da colônia e formação de setores, contudo, quando analisada a coloração de massa micelial, nos isolados em que esta se fez presente, a coloração não apresentou grandes variações. Apesar da grande variação encontrada nos índices de crescimento micelial diário entre os isolados, não existiu grande variação para cada isolado quando se alterou o meio de cultivo. A esporulação não apresentou correlação com o crescimento micelial, e não constituiu um bom parâmetro para caracterização, devido à variação que apresentou tanto entre os isolados, quanto entre os meios de cultivo. Os conídios apresentaram formatos cilíndrico, clavado e levemente curvo, com dimensões variando de 2,25 a 6,38µm de largura e 5,34 a 15,73µm de comprimento. Os apressórios apresentaram os formatos globoso, clavado e lobado, com dimensões variando de 5,54 a 8,68µm de largura e 6,71 a 10,75µm de comprimento. Dos 25 isolados testados nas inoculações cruzadas, apenas 14 se apresentaram virulentos aos hospedeiros testados. Não foi encontrada correspondência entre a virulência do isolado e o hospedeiro, o local de coleta, suas características culturais ou morfológicas. Cada isolado apresentou um comportamento diferente perante os demais, quando se considerou a gama de hospedeiros a ele suscetíveis, e ao seu comportamento quanto aos períodos latente e de incubação, e ao índice de crescimento de lesão. O período de incubação variou de dois a sete dias, e período latente variou de três a nove dias. O índice de crescimento de lesão variou de 0,5 a 4,9mm/dia. Não foi observada correlação entre o período latente, o período de incubação e o índice de crescimento de lesão. Através da identificação molecular, cinco isolados puderam ser identificados pelo “primer” específico utilizado, contudo não foi encontrada correspondência entre a identificação molecular e as caracterizações cultural, morfológica e patogênica. / Anthracnose is one of the most important diseases of cucurbitaceous plants, causing severe damages to cucumber, chayote, melon, watermelon and pumpkin. The causal agent is Colletotrichum lagenarium (syn. C. orbiculare, C. gloeosporioides f. sp. cucurbitae). The objective of this work was to determine cultural, morphological and pathogenic characterization, and molecular identification of C. lagenarium, isolated from plants of the Cucurbitaceae family. The isolates used in this study were obtained through isolation from plants presenting symptoms of Anthracnose. The cultural characterization involved the evaluation of mycelial growth, sporulation, colony colour, colony topography, sectors formation, presence and colour of conidial mass. The shape and size of the conidia and apressoria were assessed to the morphological characterization. The pathogenic characterization involved the evaluation of the virulence of all isolates on cross inoculations with cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin and chayote, evaluation of the incubation period, the latent period and the lesion growth. For the molecular identification PCR analysis was used, with specific “primer” for C. lagenarium, to assist the identification of the species. Colonies of all isolates presented great variability in color, topography, and sectors formation; however the color of the mycelial mass did not present great variations. Despite the great variation found in the daily micelial growth indices among the isolates, great variation for each one did not exist when the culture medium was changed. The sporulation did not present correlation with the micelial growth, showing a high variation among the isolates and the culture media. This later parameter was not useful for characterization. The conidia of the isolates were classified in the shapes cylindrical, clavate and slightly curved, with average dimensions varying from 2.25 to 6.38µm in width, and from 5.34 to 15.73µm in length. The apressoria had the shapes globose, clavate and lobed, with average dimensions varying from 5.54 to 8.68µm in width, and 6.71 to 10,75µm in length. From the 25 isolates tested in the cross inoculations, only 14 were virulent to the tested host plants. Correspondence was not found between the virulence of the isolates and de host plants origin, the local origin, and the cultural and morphological characteristics. Analyzing the variability of susceptible host plants, the inoculation and latent periods, and the lesion growth, each isolate showed a different behavior compared to the others. The incubation period varied from two to seven days, and the latent period varied from three to nine days. The lesion growth varied from 0,5 to 4,9mm/day. It was not observed correlation between the latent and incubation periods, as well as in lesion growth. Five isolates were identified to the pair of primers used, although correspondence was not found among the molecular identification and the cultural, morphological and pathogenic characterization.
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Avaliação do efeito de moduladores epigenéticos na biossíntese de produtos naturais em fungos / Evaluation of the effect of epigenetic modifiers in the biosynthesis of fungal natural products.

Almeida, Marília Oliveira de 02 July 2014 (has links)
A manipulação seletiva de alvos epigenéticos usando pequenas moléculas inibidoras das enzimas histona-desacetilases (HDACs) e DNA metiltransferases (DNMTs) é uma estratégia para estimular a expressão das vias biossintéticas e a produção de novos metabólitos secundários em fungos. Neste trabalho, inibidores de histonadesacetilases (butirato de sódio, ácido hidroxâmico suberoilanilida e ácido valproico) e inibidores de DNA metiltransferases (5-azacitidina, hidralazina, procaína e procainamida) foram suplementados em culturas líquidas e sólidas dos fungos endofíticos Fusarium oxysporum SS46, Hyphodermella corrugata FLe8.2 e Chaetomium globosum VR10, das linhagens comerciais Fusarium oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 e Chaetomium globosum ATCC 56726 e do fitopatógeno Botrytis cinerea B0510. O fungo endofítico H. corrugata FLe8.2, em meio PDB, produziu o composto 2-(2-metoxifenil)-4H-piran-4-ona, e sua cultura em meio Czapek suplementada com hidralazina levou ao isolamento de 3-metil-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]-ftalazina. O tratamento de F. oxysporum SS46 e F. oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 com hidralazina em meio Czapek levou ao isolamento de um novo composto, 2H-[1,2,4]triazino[3,4- a]-ftalazina. Nestas culturas houve biotransformação da hidralazina pelos fungos, provavelmente como mecanismo de desintoxicação. Ainda, a hidralazina teve um efeito inibidor sobre a biossíntese do ciclohexadepsipeptídeo beauvericina em F. oxysporum SS46. Nas culturas de C. globosum VR10 em meio Czapek os inibidores de HDACs e de DNMTs suprimiram a biossíntese de chaetoglobosinas. A adição de ácido valproico na cultura de C. globosum VR10 em meio PDB eliciou a produção da chaetoviridina B. A adição de 5-azacitidina nas culturas de C. globosum VR10 em meio sólido PDA não modificou a produção da chaetoglosina A. A produção de chaetoviridina B por C. globosum ATCC 56726 em meio PDA foi inibida na menor concentração de 5-azacitidina, 50 ?M, e retomada na concentração de 150 ?M. O tratamento de B. cinerea B0510 com ácido hidroxâmico suberoilanilida SAHA levou à biossíntese de um novo composto, ácido 5-benzil-2,3-di-hidroxi-3-isopropil-4- oxotetrahidrofuran-2-carboxílico, o qual também foi isolado da linhagem geneticamente modificada B. cinerea Bc ?STC2. No geral, considerando as linhagens fúngicas estudadas, os resultados mostram que a adição de moduladores químicos que atuam em mecanismos epigenéticos promove mudanças no perfil de metabólitos secundários. / The selective manipulation of epigenetic targets using small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activities is a strategy to elicit the expression of biosynthetic pathways and production of new secondary metabolites in fungi. In this work, HDAC inhibitors (sodium butyrate, suberohydroxamic acid and valproic acid) and DNMT inhibitors (5-azacitidine, hydralazine, procaine and procainamide) were supplemented in liquid and solid cultures of the endophytic fungi Fusarium oxysporum SS46, Hyphodermella corrugata FLe8.2 and Chaetomium globosum VR10, of the commercial fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 and Chaetomium globosum ATCC 56726 and of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea B0510. The endophytic fungus H. corrugata FLe8.2 produced 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one in PDB medium, while in the presence of hydralazine in Czapek medium the fungus produced 3- methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]-phthalazine. Treatment of F. oxysporum SS46 and F. oxysporum ATCC MYA 4623 with hydralazine in a Czapek medium led to the isolation of new compound, 2H-[1,2,4]triazino[3,4-a]-phthalazine. Hydralazine was biotransformed by these three fungi probably as a detoxification strategy. In addition, hydralazine also inhibited the biosynthesis of the cyclodepsipeptide beauvericin by F. oxysporum SS46. HDAC and DNMT inhibitors suppressed chaetoglobosins\' biosynthesis by C. globosum VR10 cultures in Czapek medium. The biosynthesis of chaetoviridin B by C. globosum VR10 was elicited by acid valproic in PDB medium. The production of chaetogosin A by C. globosum VR10 in PDA medium has not been affected by 5-azacitidine. The biosynthesis of chaetoviridin B by C. globosum ATCC 56726 in PDA medium was inhibited in the presence of lower concentration 5- azacitidine (50 ?M) and recovered in the higher concentration (150 ?M). Treatment of B. cinerea B0510 with suberohydroxamic acid led to the biosynthesis of the new compound 5-benzyl-2,3-dihydroxy-3-isopropyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid, which was also isolated from the genetically modified strain B. cinerea Bc ?STC2. Results showed that chemical compounds that act in epigenetic mechanisms can induce changes in the secondary metabolite profiles in the fungal strains studied in this work.

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