A incessante busca do homem pela eficiência e sofisticação dos processos por ele manejados em todas as áreas do conhecimento, aliada aos grandes avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, tem gerado importantes alterações nos meios de pagamento e na sistemática de liquidação financeira de obrigações. Com o surgimento de mecanismos mais robustos de liquidação, estamos observando a substituição dos meios de pagamento em papel e das transações isoladas entre os indivíduos pela informatização da negociação e o aumento do raio de abrangência das caixas de liquidação. Este trabalho levanta o panorama histórico das câmaras de liquidação, traçando o estado da arte dessa figura no Brasil e suas principais questões jurídicas, também verificando sua aderência às melhores práticas experimentadas em mercados desenvolvidos / Mankinds endless quest for efficiency and sophistication of the processes managed by the men in all areas of knowledge, coupled with major technological advances of recent decades, has generated important changes in payment methods and the clearing of financial obligations. With the emergence of more robust mechanisms of settlement, we are watching the replacement of paper-based payment methods and transactions between isolated individuals by the computerization of trading and the increase of the radius of coverage of the settlement institutions. This work traces the historical view of the clearing houses, outlining the state of the art of this figure in Brazil and its main legal issues, and checking if it complies with the best practices already experienced in developed markets.

A incessante busca do homem pela eficiência e sofisticação dos processos por ele manejados em todas as áreas do conhecimento, aliada aos grandes avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, tem gerado importantes alterações nos meios de pagamento e na sistemática de liquidação financeira de obrigações. Com o surgimento de mecanismos mais robustos de liquidação, estamos observando a substituição dos meios de pagamento em papel e das transações isoladas entre os indivíduos pela informatização da negociação e o aumento do raio de abrangência das caixas de liquidação. Este trabalho levanta o panorama histórico das câmaras de liquidação, traçando o estado da arte dessa figura no Brasil e suas principais questões jurídicas, também verificando sua aderência às melhores práticas experimentadas em mercados desenvolvidos / Mankinds endless quest for efficiency and sophistication of the processes managed by the men in all areas of knowledge, coupled with major technological advances of recent decades, has generated important changes in payment methods and the clearing of financial obligations. With the emergence of more robust mechanisms of settlement, we are watching the replacement of paper-based payment methods and transactions between isolated individuals by the computerization of trading and the increase of the radius of coverage of the settlement institutions. This work traces the historical view of the clearing houses, outlining the state of the art of this figure in Brazil and its main legal issues, and checking if it complies with the best practices already experienced in developed markets.

The letter of credit contract and the collection contract The diploma thesis deals with the topic of the Direct Debit Contract and the Letter of Credit. A Letter of Credit is a special payment instrument issued as a rule by a bank that the principal has undertaken to pay to the person in whose interest the Letter of Credit is open and designated as the authorized amount up to the amount agreed. The Direct Debit is the commitment of the collector of receivables to obtain from the third party a receipt of a sum of money or other Direct Debit. Current legislation, contained in the Civil Code, took over the legal regulation of the Letter of Credit and the Direct Debit from the Commercial Code without any major changes. Both institutes show a number of identical and different elements. From a practical point of view, it is not possible to look for serious application problems in the Letter of Credit or Direct Debit. Keywords: Letter of Credit, Direct Debit, Banking, Bank, Payment Instruments, The Collection Contract

The number of economic opportunities on the Internet is growing together with the intensive expansion of internet users. It is important to connect the internet sale of goods and services with electronic payment methods in order to be effective. The aim of the thesis is to describe electronic payments placed on the Internet, description of their different usage and popularity in accordance with geographical location of the customer, assets and risks, and payment costs and fees. This text offers facts that the provider should consider before choosing some payment method, and on the other hand facts which the payers (end users) consider important. Paid-service provider is introduced to different payment instruments with reference to the use in Czech internet environment. Each type of payment method is illustrated by an example with detailed description of installation progress in practical part of the text.

The object of this work is cash management of concrete business. The objective is an analysis of this system and illustration his working on plan of year 2010. The work is intent on valuation of metods, instruments and sources, these are useful for cash management. It solves at first time a temporary absence of own sources for financing of business needs. The result of this work is proposal of improvement and recommendation for efficiency of system.

This thesis deals with the management of the receivables of BAK,Inc. In the theoretical part are characterized receivables from the perspective of legal, accounting and tax. Further is described the management of receivables and this description is based on the elements of management of receivables, ie analysis of customers, terms of trade, recovery of receivables and, finally, monitoring the status and trends of the receivables. The core of this work is the description of the specific receivables management system in BAK, Inc., which is divided into two fundamental dimensions, namely the prevention and recovery. In conclusion of the practical part are analyzed the structure and status of receivables for years 2007 to 2009 with the help of financial ratios.

Thesis deals with analysis of payment instruments and systems in Czech republic during online shopping and how czech residents perceive them. In the first part is defined e-commerce and jurisdiction of payment systems. Then e-wallets (Paypal, Skrill and Czech alternative PaySec) are described. After that thesis deals with payment buttons and closely related payment agregators(PayU, Agmo, GoPay). Subsequently aquiring of credit cards is delineated. Last section of theoretical part of thesis deals with new method - payments with mobile phones (Mobito, MasterCard Mobile. In second part of thesis - practical part, there is analysed (with the help of primary survey and other provide surveys) actual situation of relation of czech residents to electronic payment instruments and systems focusing on which method are they using while shopping online and how they perceive security of this systems and instruments.

Cette thèse comporte trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre décrit les moyens de paiement permettant le transfert de monnaie électronique (e-monnaie), les déterminants de leur adoption et leur usage dans le monde. Les deux chapitres suivants sont des articles qui analysent la concurrence entre la monnaie fiduciaire et l’e-monnaie à partir du modèle de Lagos-Wright (2005). Dans le premier article, à la différence des espèces, la détention d’e-monnaie est garantie contre le risque de perte ou de vol, et les marchands doivent investir pour recevoir l’e-monnaie. Du fait des complémentarités stratégiques entre les acheteurs et les vendeurs, il existe une multiplicité d’équilibres où seule une monnaie, ou les deux circulent. Nous analysons le bien-être et quantifions le modèle pour expliquer l’échec de l’e-monnaie en Europe et son succès en Asie et aux Etats-Unis. Dans le second article, les espèces concurrencent la monnaie mobile (M-monnaie). Les agents peuvent créer des partenariats et chaque transaction est réglée avec un seul moyen de paiement. Les agents sans partenaire utilisent les espèces, les autres utilisent l’M-monnaie. Les acheteurs avec un partenaire détiennent toujours de l’M-monnaie, seule ou en complément des espèces, alors que les acheteurs sans partenaire utilisent soit l’une, soit l’autre, soit les deux, soit aucune monnaie. Cependant, l’M-monnaie ne remplace les espèces que si le nombre de vendeurs traditionnels est très faible et l’inflation pas trop élevée. Ainsi, le partenariat est un mécanisme de coordination qui explique le succès des applications de paiement mobile proposées par des enseignes à leurs clients fidèles aux Etats-Unis. / This thesis has three chapters. The first chapter describes the means of payment allowingthe transfer of electronic money (e-money), the determinants of their adoption and their usein the world. The following two chapters are articles that analyze the competition between fiat money and e-money from the Lagos-Wright model (2005). In the first article, unlike cash, the holding of e-money is guaranteed against the risk of loss or theft, and merchants must invest to receive e-money. Due to strategic complementarities between buyers andsellers, there is a multiplicity of equilibria where only one money, or both, circulate. We analyze welfare and quantify the model to explain the failure of e-money in Europe and its success in Asia and in the United States. In the second article, cash competes with mobilemoney (M-money). Agents can create partnerships and each transaction is settled with one means of payment only. Agents without a partner use cash, the others use M-money.Buyers with a partner always hold M-money, alone or in addition to cash, while buyers without a partner use either one, or the other, or both, or no money. However, M-money replaces cash only if the number of traditional sellers is very low and inflation not too high.So, partnership is a coordination mechanism that explains the success of mobile payment applications offered by brands to their loyal customers in the United States.