Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schoenlein_nc_dr_rcla.pdf: 708327 bytes, checksum: 8cde8b071e32b6d7c6b3ae6e75ecacae (MD5) / O solo do pólo cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes tem sido poluído há décadas por diversos elementos, como Pb, Zn e outros. Foram realizadas quatro coletas de solo (duas durante a época chuvosa e duas na seca), em cinco locais, entre novembro de 2002 a junho de 2003; mediram-se temperaturas, pH, teores de Pb, Zn e umidade. Os fungos foram isolados através do método de Warcup, modificado, com a utilização de meios de extrato de malte agar (MEA) a 2%, adicionados com doses crescentes de nitrato de Zn e de Pb, sendo as colônias purificadas e identificadas. Foram obtidos 70 táxons de fungos anamorfos com 70% de similaridade entre as micotas obtidas com os dois metais. Foram isolados 43 taxons dos meios de cultura com Pb, havendo predominância de isolamentos nos teores mais elevados (500 a 1000 mg Pb/dm3). Foram obtidos 63 táxons nos meios com Zn, com teores de 200 a 500 mg /dm3. Predominaram espécies de Trichoderma, Penicillium e outras usualmente associadas a substratos em decomposição. Estabelecida a diversidade dos fungos, estudou-se a tolerância do Aspergillus terreus e do Paecilomyces lilacinus a nitratos de Pb e Zn. Foi usado o meio Czapek, com a adição de 250; 500; 750 e 1000 mg de Pb por dm3 e 1.000; 2.000; 3.000; 4.000; 6.000; 8.000 e 10.000 mg de Zn por dm3 .Com os dados obtidos, foi possível cálcular o teor do metal que inibe 50% e 100% do crescimento da biomassa EC 50 e/ou EC100 .Para o A. terreus foram encontrados: EC 50 Pb= 489,05 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb = 1.049,08 mg/dm3 ; EC50 Zn = 81,26 mg/dm3 ; EC100 Zn= 6.360,98 mg/dm3 . Para o P. lilacinus foram encontrados: EC 50 Pb = 1.147,89 mg/dm3; EC 100 Pb = 2.389,45 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn= 8.323,75 mg/dm3; EC 100 Zn= 15.995,36 mg/dm3 . Em relação à sensibilidade a Pb e a Zn, o A. terreus apresentou sensibilidades maiores do que o P. lilacinus. Constatou-se também, que a sensibilidade do A . terreus a Zn foi maior do que ao Pb. / The soil of the ceramic pole, has been polluted since decades by several elements, mainly lead and zinc. Four soil sample collections were conducted (2 during the rainy and 2 in the dry season) at 5 sites, between november 2002 and june 2003, measuring the temperature, pH and the content of Pb, Zn and moisture in the soil. The fungi were obtained by the modified Warcup's soil plate method, using malt extract agar (2%), added of increasing dosis of Zn and Pb salts.The colonies were purified and identified .Seventy anamorphs were obtained, with 70% of similarity between the mycotas isolated from the culture media added with the metals. Fourty three taxa were isolated from the culture media with Pb, with predominance of isolations in higher Pb concentrations (500 to 1000 mg Pb per dm3). 63 taxa were obtained in the media with Zn, mainly in the concentrations between 200 and 500 mg Zn per dm3. Species of Trichoderma, Penicillium and several fungi usually found in decomposing plant debris prevailed. After determining the diversity of fungi in the ceramic pole, Aspergillus terreus and Paecilomyces lilacinus were submitted to tests of tolerance to Pb and Zn. A modified medium Czapek was used amended with 250; 500; 750 and 1000 mg of Pb per dm3 and 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000; 6000; 8000 and 10000 for Paecilomyces lilacinus mg of Zn per dm3 . Afterwards it was possible to calculate the effective concentrations inhibiting growth by 50% and 100% values ( EC50 and EC100 ). Values obtained for A terreus: EC 50 Pb = 489,05 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb= 1.049,08 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn= 81,26 mg/dm3; EC 100 Zn= 6.360,98 mg/dm3 .Values obtained for P. lilacinus; EC 50 Pb = 1.147,89 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb = 2.389,45 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn = 8.323,79 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Zn = 15.995,36 mg/dm3 . With regards to the sensitivity to lead and zinc, A. terreus showed greater sensitivity than P. lilacinus. A greater sensitivity of A. terreus for zinc than lead was recorded.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / Gary M. Pierzynski / The bioavailability of Pb and Zn is linked to the solubility of solid phases and other soil chemical characteristics, which is associated with their environmental risk, suggesting that in situ stabilization of these elements can be accomplished by influencing their chemistry. However, more research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of different soil amendments on reducing Pb and Zn bioavailability. A lab study was conducted to evaluate the effects of five different P amendments and time on Pb/Zn speciation in a contaminated soil using synchrotron-based techniques, while a field investigation studied the effects of composted beef manure on plant biomass production and the influence on microbial function, size, and community shifts. In the lab study, the Pb-phosphate mineral plumbogummite was found as an intermediate phase of pyromorphite formation, which has not been documented until now. Additionally, all fluid and granular P sources were able to induce Pb-phosphate formation, but fluid phosphoric acid (PA) was the most effective with time and distance from the treatment. However, acidity from PA increased the prescence of soluble Zn species, which can have negative environmental consequences. Granular phosphate rock (PR) and triple super phosphate (TSP) reacted to generate both Pb- and Zn-phosphates, with TSP being more effective at greater distances than PR. In the field study, compost additions of 269 Mg ha[superscript]1 significantly decreased bioavailable Zn, while increasing estimated available water, plant nutrients, and plant biomass as compared to a contaminated control and low addition of compost (45 Mg ha[superscript]1) over three years. Additionally, compost additions of 269 Mg ha[superscript]1 significantly increased microbial enzyme activities, nitrification, and microbial biomass over the contaminated control through the duration of the study. Increases in microbial activity and biomass are related to increases in total C, available water, and extractable P, while negative relationships were found with electrical conductivity and with bioavailable Zn. The addition of lime or lime plus bentonite with compost did not further reduce metal availability, increase plant biomass, or improve the size or function of microbial communities. High compost additions caused a slight shift in microbial community structure according to phospholipids fatty acid analysis. Increases in the mole percents of both Gram-positive (Gm[superscript]+) and Gram negative (Gm[superscript]-) bacteria were found depending on site. Microbial biomass of Gm[superscript]+, Gm[superscript]-, and fungi were also increased by high compost additions. Results indicate that large additions of compost are needed to increase microbial biomass, improve microbial activity, and re-establish a healthy vegetative community. This study proposes that organic matter and P amendments can be used to stabilize and reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils and mine waste materials, but must be managed carefully and intelligently.

Fours sets of PM10 samples were collected in three sites in SEQ from December 2002 to August 2004. Three of these sets of samples were collected by QLD EPA as a part of their regular air monitoring program at Woolloongabba, Rocklea and Eagle Farm. Half of the samples were used in this study for the analysis of water-soluble ions, which are Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4 +, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, F-, Br-, NO2 -, PO4 -3 and the other half was retained by QLD EPA. The fourth set of samples was collected at Rocklea, specifically for this study. A quarter of the samples obtained from this set of samples were used to analyse water-soluble ions; a quarter of the sample was used to analyse Pb, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn and Zn; and the rests were used to analyse US EPA 16 priority PAHs. The water-soluble ions were extracted ultrasonically with water and the major watersoluble anions as well as NH4 + were analysed using IC. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Pb, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn and Zn were analysed using ICP-AES while PAHs were extracted by acetonitrile and analysed using HPLC. Of the analysed water-soluble ions, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were high in concentration and determined in all the samples. F-, Br-, NO2 -, PO4 -3 and NH4 + ions were lower in concentration and determined only in some samples. Na+ and Cl- were high in all samples indicating the importance of a marine source. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to examine the temporal variations of the water-soluble ions at the three sites. The results indicated that there was no major difference between the three sites. However, comparing the average concentrations of ions and Cl-/Na+ it was concluded that Woolloongabba had more marine influence than the other sites. Al, Fe and Zn were detected in all samples. Al and Fe were high in all samples indicating the significance of a source of crustal matter. Cu, Mn and Pb were in low concentrations and were determined only in some samples. The lower Pb concentrations observed in the study than in previous studies indicate that the phasing-out of leaded petrol had an appreciable impact on Pb levels in SEQ. This study reports for the first time, simultaneous data on the water-soluble, metal ion and PAH levels of PM10 aerosols in Brisbane, and provides information on the most likely sources of these chemical species. Such information can be used alongside those that already exist to formulate PM10 pollution reduction strategies for SEQ in order to protect the community from the adverse effects of PM pollution.