In the last centuries, transition metal chemistry beсome one оf the mоst іmportant tооls for synthesis of valuable organic compounds and different chemical transformations. In particular, transition metal catalysis are capable of forming novel cross coupling bonds. In this background, photocatalysis was developed later to create new chemical transformations by the irradiation with visible light. In this regard, the combination of transition metal catalysis and photochemistry is a breakthrough in catalysis that has provided impossible transformations in organochemistry. One of the widely available reactants in synthesis are alkyl chlorides. However, it is hard to activate chemically stable C(sp3 )-Cl bond at room temperature. In this study, we overcome this limitation by excited-state palladium catalysis under mild conditions. The reaction goes through the hybrid alkyl-Pd radical as a key intermediate. The procedure provides the synthesis of oxindole and isoquinolinedione derivatives mainly from alkyl chlorides via annulation overcoming its chemical limitations. This work will focus on the generation of alkyl radicals from unactivated C(sp3 )-Cl using simple palladium catalysis

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an irreversible, age-related neurodegenerative disorder which causes cognitive impairment and a wide variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) are the mainstay for the treatment of AD. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of acylcholinesters with a relative specificity for acetylcholine (ACh). Observation of a deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmission in AD led to the development of AChEI as the first approved treatment for dementia symptoms. Tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) is a reversible inhibitor of AChE. It was the first drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of cognitive symptoms of AD. Tacrine is now rarely prescribed as a drug for the treatment of AD due to its high hepatotoxicity in almost 50% of the patients. However, tacrine derivatives have considerable potential for the palliative treatment of AD. Synthesis of various bivalent tacrines led to the improvement in inhibitory potency and selectivity towards inhibition of AChE. Heptylene-linked bis-tacrine has especially shown immense promise to be an ideal AChEI. Thus dimerization of a lead compound seemed to be an ideal strategy where the compound can bind to both catalytic anionic site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) on the AChE enzyme. However synthesis of N-alkyl derivatives of expanded tacrines like 12-chloro-2-methyl-6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydrocycloocta[b]quinoline by the standard SNAr methods was unsuccessful and thus alternatives needed to be developed to synthesize N-alkylated and bivalent 12-chloro-2-methyl-6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydrocycloocta[b]quinoline. Upon exploring the alternatives, N-arylation by Pd-catalysis seemed to be the most mild and convenient alternative over the standard SNAr procedures. / Master of Science

Since the first approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors in 2011, numerous direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have reached late stages of clinical trials. Today, several combination therapies, based on different DAAs, with or without the need of pegylated interferon-α injection, are available for chronic HCV infections. The chemical foundation of the approved and late-stage HCV NS3 protease inhibitors is markedly similar. This could partly explain the cross-resistance that have emerged under the pressure of NS3 protease inhibitors. The first-generation NS3 protease inhibitors were developed to efficiently inhibit genotype 1 of the virus and were less potent against other genotypes. The main focus in this thesis was to design and synthesize a new class of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, structurally dissimilar to the inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials or approved, potentially with a unique resistance profile and with a broad genotypic coverage. Successive modifications were performed around the pyrazinone core structure to clarify the structure-activity relationship; a P3 urea capping group was found valuable for inhibitory potency, as were elongated R6 residues possibly directed towards the S2 pocket. Dissimilar to previously developed inhibitors, the P1’ aryl acyl sulfonamide was not essential for inhibition as shown by equally good inhibitory potency for P1’ truncated inhibitors. In vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations disclosed a marked influence from the R6 moiety on the overall drug-properties and biochemical evaluation of the inhibitors against drug resistant enzyme variants showed retained inhibitory potency as compared to the wild-type enzyme. Initial evaluation against genotype 3a displayed micro-molar potencies. Lead optimization, with respect to improved PK properties, were also performed on an advanced class of HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, containing a P2 quinazoline substituent in combination with a macro-cyclic proline urea scaffold with nano-molar cell based activities. Moreover, an efficient Pd-catalyzed C-N urea arylation protocol, enabling high yielding introductions of advanced urea substituents to the C3 position of the pyrazinone, and a Pd-catalyzed carbonylation procedure, to obtain acyl sulfinamides, were developed. These methods can be generally applicable in the synthesis of bioactive compounds containing peptidomimetic scaffolds and carboxylic acid bioisosteres.

6 Abstract The first part of this Thesis describes the preparation of a novel phosphanyl-ferrocene amine, Ph2PfcCH2NH2 (1; fc = 1,1'-ferrocendiyl) in two steps from the known aldehyde Ph2PfcCHO. An oxime Ph2PfcCH=NHOH was prepared firstly by a condensation reaction, and subsequently treated with Li[AlH4] to give the desired amine. The amine was converted into its more stable hydrochloride salt, Ph2PfcCH2NH3Cl. Derivatization of amine 1 was examined through the preparation of a series of phosphanyl-urea ligands Ph2PfcCH2NHC(E)NR1 R2 . Some of these compounds were also prepared via an alternative method employing reductive amination reaction. These donors and their Pd(II) complexes were evaluated in Pd-catalyzed reaction of arylbromides with K4[Fe(CN)6] in order to prepare corresponding benzonitrile derivatives using aqueous reaction solvents. The reaction proceeds with excellent yields and purity when 1 mol.% of Pd- catalyst is used (at 100 řC for 3 hours), especially for electron-rich bromobenzenes. Substrates with electron-withdrawing substituents react significantly slower and corresponding hydrolytic products (benzamides) are isolated. The coordination properties of phosphanyl-amine 1 were examined towards Cu(I) ions. Thus, reaction of 1 with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] provided bis-chelate complex [Cu(1- κ2...

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-09-27T15:51:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelobojustopinheiro.pdf: 20180936 bytes, checksum: 98e45bb923da9d2234c5a70398868760 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T18:08:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelobojustopinheiro.pdf: 20180936 bytes, checksum: 98e45bb923da9d2234c5a70398868760 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T18:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniellelobojustopinheiro.pdf: 20180936 bytes, checksum: 98e45bb923da9d2234c5a70398868760 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Azalactonas são heterociclos derivados de aminoácidos protegidos e ciclizados. Por conter em sua estrutura um sítio eletrofílico, um sítio pro-nucleofílico, além de um sítio nucleofílico ou eletrofílico (que será determinado pelas condições reacionais), esses compostos são extremamente versáteis. Nesse trabalho é demonstrado a reação das azalactonas com o reagente de Schwartz, que através de uma de redução quimiosseletiva gera derivados de aminoaldeídos com excelentes rendimentos em apenas 2 minutos de reação. Outra reação de redução quimiosseletiva demonstrada no trabalho envolve o uso de azalactonas de Erlenmeyer, hidrogênio e Pd/C como catalisador. Dessa forma, azalactonas saturadas funcionalizadas, foram possíveis de ser obtidas em uma metodologia simples, com excelentes rendimentos. O processo foi ainda adaptado para reações em um sistema one-pot, produzindo assim, adutos de Michael, Mannich e produtos de abertura de maneira simples e eficiente. O sítio nucleofílico das azalactonas também é explorado em reações de dimerização diastereosseletivas, utilizando uma base de Brønsted formada in situ pela reação entre acetonitrila e sal tricloroacetato de potássio ou sódio. O mecanismo da reação e estudos cinéticos são demonstrados a partir de uma análise obtida por experimentos online no RMN de ¹H. Além disso, um análogo de um produto natural é obtido através de uma redução estereosseletiva dos dímeros. O sítio nucleofílico das azalactonas também é explorado em reações de carbonilação α-arilativa catalisadas por Pd, utilizando o sistema de duas câmaras, seguido de sua abertura, obtendo, dessa forma, aminoácidos α,α-dissubstituídos protegidos. O mecanismo da reação é proposto após reações controle terem sido realizadas. Os mesmos aminoácidos também puderam ser sintetizados e marcados com o ¹³C. Esses compostos marcados foram aplicados em reações quimiosseletivas, como a reação de descarboxilação de Krapcho, reduções quimiosseletivas, e síntese de heterociclos como as oxazolonas e pirazolonas. / Azlactones are heterocycles derived from amino acids. There are an electrophilic site, a pro-nucleophilic site, and a nucleophilic or electrophilic site (determined by the reaction conditions). These compounds are extremely versatile. In this work the reaction of the azlactones with Schwartz reagent is demonstrated. A chemosselective reduction of these compounds is possible to generate aminoaldehydes in excellent yields in only 2 minutes reaction. Chemosselective reduction of Erlenmeyer azlactones is also demonstrated by using hydrogen gas and Pd / C as a catalyst. In this way, functionalized saturated azlactones are possible to obtain in excellent yields. The process was further adapted to reactions in a one-pot system, producing Michael, Mannich and opening products in a simple and efficient manner. The nucleophilic site of azlactones is also explored in the diastereoselective dimerization reactions promoted by a Brønsted base, affording by the reaction in situ between acetonitrile and potassium or sodium trichloroacetate salt. The mechanism of the reaction and kinetic studies are demonstrated from an analysis obtained by ¹H NMR online experiments. In addition, a stereoselective reduction of a dimer analogue gave a natural product in high both yield and diastereoselectivity. The nucleophilic site of the azalactones is exploited in Pd catalyzed α- arylation carbonylation reactions, using the two-chamber system, followed by their opening, thereby obtaining protected α,α -disubstituted amino acids. The mechanism of the reaction is proposed based on control reactions. The same amino acids could also be synthesized with ¹³C-labeled CO. These coumpounds were applied in chemosselective reactions, such as krapcho decarboxylation reaction, chemosselective reduction, and synthesis of heterocycles such as oxazolones and pyrazolones.