生技產業為我國未來六大明星產業之一，除政府成立生技創投基金，民間企業也陸續加入這波生技投資行列，如永豐餘集團旗下的上智生技創投，與潤泰集團旗下的鑽石生技投資。以籌資來源而言，又分為借款融資關係(負債端)的外部資金，以及股東投資關係(權益端)的自有資金兩種，對於公司經營各有優缺點，亦應取得平衡。唯目前多數為權益端的資金投入，尤其以該產業中風險最高的新藥研發公司為例，仍普遍高達95%以上的股東權益比率。顯示其籌資來源有限，且難以吸引負債端的投資者參與。而這樣的資金來源比例，除不符合企業融資順位理論於公司成長階段的籌資策略與負債權益比率，權益端資金多以短期獲得高利潤為目的，以資金性質亦不適合占資產達95%以上之比例。 以目前負債端籌資管道，新藥研發公司多數利用台灣中小企業信用保證基金直保部或經濟部促進產業創新或研究發展貸款計畫專案申請，唯融資額度上限遠不足以支付藥物開發費用，且非一般負債端直接經由銀行評估取得融資之方式。綜觀國際業態，單一全新藥物開發至上市平均需約USD8億元(約NTD240億元)不等，而台灣公司的研發策略多數為分段發展或老藥新用(藥物重新定位)策略，但仍有高度資金需求。唯銀行、負債端投資者普遍缺乏投入該產業的意願，主要顧慮為具冗長的產品研發週期業態、高度不確定性的產品上市審查、長期臨床試驗伴隨的高額成本。此外，對於資金專注研發之新藥研發公司，亦面臨擔保品不足之問題。而實務上，負債端資金提供者如銀行，對於複雜的生技領域與新藥研發公司業態不甚了解，為降低融資意願的另一主因。 故本研究旨在建立一套適用於新藥研發公司之一般性價值評估方式，解決此雙方認知差異問題，以增加更多元的籌資管道。其中，本文參考其他國家評估方法，選擇其中針對技術型公司、發展久遠的韓國技術信用保證基金KOTEC評估模式，導入台灣微脂體、基亞生物科技、賽德醫藥科技3間新藥研發公司個案作一評估。並於最後研究結論，經由分析比較個案公司間歷年經營狀況，得出公司整體與個別質、量性指標項目量化的相對分數，以台灣微脂體分數157分最高，基亞生技次之。本研究亦參考個案評估狀況，得出該類公司較佳的一般性經營策略結論，發現公司創立早期可先以開發週期短、風險較低的老藥新用開發以代替副業產生短期營收的效用，同時累積本業開發經驗，待時機成熟再轉入全新藥物開發為一攻守兼具的經營模式，以供新藥研發公司參考。此外，本研究屬於探索性研究，僅於評估新藥研發公司分數階段，尚未轉換為公司融資評等。該部分尚待具一定案源量後，以統計模型將評估分數與還款違約率關聯性做一分析，方能計算融資評等。而建立內部評等模型、資訊系統對台灣銀行規模而言，為一額外高昂成本，亦建議可效法韓國由政府主導為可行方式之一。 / The biotechnology industry is one of the six future stars of the industries in Taiwan. The government established Biotechnology Venture Capital (BVC), and the more and more private companies joined the procession of biotech investments, such as the two famous biotech funds, Taiwan Global BioFund (TGB) and Diamond BioFund Inc.. According to sources of funding, we can divided them into two groups: one is the loan of external funds (liability side), and the other is the shareholder investment of internal funds (equity side), both of them have different advantages and disadvantages for the company, and the company should strike a balance between these advantages and disadvantages. However, the majority of the funds are invested from the equity side, especially the new drug development companies, which are the highest risk types in the industry, and most of their equity ratio is higher than 95 %. This information indicates the limited sources of funding, and the difficulty to attract liability side’s investors to participate. That proportion of funding sources doesn’t comply with the company’s financing strategy and debt to equity ratio in the growth stage of the enterprise life cycle in the pecking order theory, and equity side’s funds are not suitable for accounting for more than 95% of assets in balance sheet because most of them want to get high profits in the short-term. Currently, major new drug development companies usually apply for loans from the Direct Guarantee Dept. of the Small & Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund of Taiwan (Taiwan SMEG) or the Promote Industrial Innovation or R&D Loan Program of Industrial Development Bureau in Taiwan, but the amount of loan is insufficient to cover the costs for the new drug development, and this method is not a general way to obtain liability side’s financing from the bank’s direct evaluation. In the international situation, the progress from development to sale of a single new drug spends about US $800 million (about NT $24 billion) on average. Despite Taiwan's R&D strategies only cover the sectional development progress or the policy of the new usage of old drugs (drug repositioning), there is still a high degree of capital requirement. However, in the present, banks and other liability side’s investors still lack the will to invest in the new drug development companies. These investors concern about several major problems, including the lengthy product development cycle, high uncertainty of the product examination and approval, the high cost of long-term clinical trials in this industry. In addition, these companies are also faced with the problem of lacking collateral, because they invest much money in new drug R&D. On the other hand, liability side’s investors, such as banks, don’t understand the complex field of new drug development companies' business models, and this situation becomes another reason for reducing the financing will. Therefore, we should establish a general evaluation method applicable to new drug development companies, to solve the problem of cognitive differences between liability side’s investors and the borrowers, and expand the funding sources of these companies. This article refers to the actual evaluation method in other countries, chooses the most suitable and well developed evaluation model --- Korea Technology Finance Corporation (KOTEC)’s evaluation method for the technology-based company, and utilizes the method to evaluate three cases of the new drug development companies in Taiwan, including Taiwan Liposome Co., Medigen Biotechnology Crop., and CytoPharm, Inc.. In conclusion of the study, by analyzing and comparing the three companies’ operating situations in recent years, we can get relative quantified scores from the companies’ overall and individual qualitative, quantitative indicators, and the result is that Taiwan Liposome Co. gets the highest score, 157 points, then Medigen Biotechnology Crop. gets the middle one. This study also refers the case situations, to find a better general business strategy for such companies. We find that new drug development company in the early stage can focus on new usage development of old drugs ,which has advantages of short development cycle and lower risk, to replace the sideline that generates short-term revenue, and accumulate the experience of drug development. When the time is ripe, it can transfer to new drug development. This way is the general suggestion of both offensive and defensive business model for new drug development companies. In addition, this study is an exploratory research, which only focuses on the evaluation stage, and has not converted the result into a corporate financing credit rating. To calculate financing credit ratings, we require a lot of historical cases data to establish a statistical analysis model, and link evaluation scores with repayment default rates. The establishment of an internal rating model or information system incurs high additional costs for the size of the banks in Taiwan, so the recommended one of the possible ways is that we can follow the example led by the South Korea Government.

S’appuyant sur les théories du financement hiérarchique et du compromis, cette recherche se donne pour objectif de tester empiriquement la relation structure financière-institution. Ces deux notions partagent des caractéristiques communes favorisant leur association conceptuelle à travers le ratio d’endettement cible spécifiquement via le comportement de conservatisme financier des entreprises. Cela ouvre de nouvelles possibilités d’analyses de ladite relation, notamment, en mobilisant le néo-institutionnalisme. Un échantillon de 204 entreprises françaises cotées à la bourse de Paris, ayant des données complètes entre 1999 et 2007, a servi à entreprendre le volet empirique de l’étude. Les principaux résultats indiquent que l’ensemble des déterminants traditionnels de la structure financière, à l’exception de la taille, joue un rôle important dans la politique de financement de ces entreprises. Le niveau de corruption et la liquidité du marché boursier français (variables institutionnelles juridico-financières) n’influencent pas le choix du niveau d’endettement, mais jouent plutôt un rôle significatif dans le choix de la maturité de la dette. Par ailleurs, la structure financière de ces entreprises converge lentement mais sûrement vers son niveau cible. / Based on the pecking order and trade-off theories, this research aims to test empirically the relationship between corporate capital structure and institution. Both concepts share common characteristics fostering their conceptual association through the target debt ratio specifically via corporate behavior of financial conservatism. This opens new possibilities for analysis of that relationship, in particular, by mobilizing the new institutionalism framework. A sample of 204 French companies listed on the Paris stock exchange, with complete data between 1999 and 2007, was used to undertake the empirical part of the study. The main results indicate that all the traditional determinants of capital structure, except the size, play an important role in the financing policy of these companies. The level of corruption and the French stock market liquidity (legal and financial institutional variables) do not influence the choice of debt level, but rather play a significant role in the choice of debt maturity. In addition, the financial structure of these companies converges slowly but surely toward its target level.

Le financement à court terme est le parent pauvre de la théorie financière. Pourtant, les moyennes entreprises françaises utilisent fortement ce financement. Ce travail a pour objectif d’analyser les déterminants du financement à court terme pour ces entreprises. La première partie vise à établir une revue de littérature des théories permettant d’expliquer l’utilisation du financement à court terme. La deuxième partie vient tester empiriquement ces théories sur deux échantillons, à savoir 201 entreprises familiales et 1 453 entreprises managériales. Il s’agit, d’une part, de caractériser les moyennes entreprises non cotées et d’autres part, de mettre en évidence les déterminants à l’utilisation de financement à court terme. Les principaux résultats indiquent que le financement à court terme est un outil de gestion au service de la moyenne entreprise. Il peut aussi assumer deux rôles, un compensatoire et/ou un de trésorerie passive. Par ailleurs, on met en évidence que les entreprises managériales et familiales exploitent différemment le financement à court terme. / Short-term financing is forgotten by theory of corporate finance. However, French medium-sized firms use a lot this source of funding. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the determinants of short-term financing for these firms. The first part aims to establish a literature review of theories to explain the use of short-term financing. The second part empirically checks these theories on two samples, specifically 201 family businesses and 1,453 managerial firms. On the one hand, it is a question of characterizing the unlisted medium-sized enterprises and on the other hand, highlighting the determinants of the use of short-term financing. The primary results indicate that short-term financing is a management tool for the medium-sized enterprise. It can also have two functions, one compensatory and / or one passive cash. Furthermore, it brings out that managerial and family businesses exploit short-term financing differently.

La décision de détention d’actifs liquides par les entreprises a fait l’objet de rares recherches. Pourtant,les entreprises françaises détiennent des niveaux importants de liquidités parmi leurs actifs. Ce travailvise à étudier théoriquement et empiriquement les motivations et les conséquences de la décision dedétention d’actifs liquides par les entreprises.La première partie de la thèse a pour objectif d’établir un état de l’art des théories explicatives ducomportement accumulateur de liquidités des entreprises. La deuxième partie cherche à testerempiriquement ces théories sur un échantillon de 202 entreprises françaises cotées au SBF 250. Il s’agit,d’un côté, de vérifier s’il existe un niveau optimal d’actifs liquides, de présenter les différents avantageset inconvénients de la détention de liquidités et de déterminer quels facteurs intrinsèques (financiers etorganisationnels) et macro-économiques influencent le niveau de liquidités, et d’un autre côté, d’estimerl’impact des actifs liquides sur l’investissement, la performance économique et financière ainsi que surla valeur de marché de l’entreprise. Le traitement de ces deux questions est articulé autour de l’étudedes rôles modérateurs des contraintes de financement, de la gouvernance d’entreprise et des conditionsmacroéconomiques. / The topic of corporate cash holdings has received relatively little attention from the academicresearchers. Yet, French firms hold significant cash reserves. This research aims to investigate,theoretically and empirically, the motivations and implications of the decision to hold cash.The first part of the thesis aims to provide a state of the art of the theories explaining corporate cashholding behavior. The second part seeks to empirically test these theories on a sample of 202 Frenchcompanies listed on the SBF 250. We first test the existence of an optimal level of liquid assets. Wesubsequently explore the advantages and disadvantages of holding cash before we examine the specific(financial and organizational) and macro-economic determinants of corporate cash levels. Finally, weestimate the impact of liquid assets on firms’ investment, performance and value and then we analyzethe moderating roles of financial constraints, corporate governance and macroeconomic conditions.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera det statistiska signifikanta sambandet mellan kapitalstruktur och lönsamhet för bolag noterade på OMXS Large Cap. Det görs under tidsperioden före samt under Covid-19 och studien använder sig av ett antal variabler för att kunna analysera ett potentiellt samband över en femårsperiod. Uppsatsen undersöker även om det eventuella sambandet ändras av Covid-19 pandemin. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. För att ge svar på forskningsfrågan har paneldata regressioner genomförts på 30 bolag noterade på OMXS Large Cap för perioderna 2017-2019 och 2020-2021. Studien kommer fram till att det finns statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan kapitalstruktur och lönsamhet avseende vissa variabler samtidigt som studien finner att det inte finns samband för vissa andra variabler. Resultaten visar på både negativa och neutrala samband och slutsatsen att hög skuldsättningsgrad har en negativ effekt på lönsamhet dras, vilket stämmer överens med tidigare forskning inom ämnet. Sambanden som hittades visade sig ändras mellan perioden innan och under Covid-19 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the statistically significant relationship between capital structure and profitability for companies listed on OMXS Large Cap. This is done in connection with Covid-19 and the study uses a number of variables to analyze a potential relationship over a five-year period. The study  further examines if the possible relationship is affected by Covid-19. The study has been based on a quantitative method with a deductive approach. In order to answer the purpose of the study, the authors have carried out panel data regressions on 30 companies listed on OMXS Large Cap for the periods 2017-2019 and 2020-2021. The study finds that there exists statistically significant relationships between capital structure and profitability for some of the variables, whilst other variables show no significance. The results show both negative and neutral relations and the conclusion that a higher debt ratio has a negative effect on profitability is drawn, showing the same result as previous research. The results also show that the relationships differ from before the pandemic period to under.

Syftet med denna studie är att analysera eventuella kapitalstruktursförändringar i samband med Covid-19 pandemin hos svenska företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen, OMXS, inom Large Cap. Urvalet utgörs av företag inom alla sektorer i Large Cap, exklusive finanssektorn. Sambandet mellan bolagens beroende och oberoende variabler analyseras före och under pandemins tidsperiod, 2015–2022. De beroende variablerna utgörs som Proxy för kapitalstruktur och omfattas av totala-, kortfristiga-, och långfristiga skulder i förhållande till totala tillgångar. Medan de oberoende variablerna utgörs av företagsstorlek, lönsamhet samt tillväxt. För att uppnå detta baseras uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk på Modigliani och Miller proposition 1 & 2, Pecking Order teorin och Trade Off teorin tillsammans med tidigare empiriska studier samt undersökningar. Uppsatsens analyser omfattas av en deskriptiv analys av samtliga variabler, en korrelationsanalys av de oberoende variablerna och slutligen flera multivariata regressionsanalyser mellan samtliga variabler. För att erhålla de mest valida och reliabla slutsatserna kommer uppsatsen tillämpa en kvantitativ forskningsmetod och en deduktiv ansats. Uppsatsens resultat fann flest statistiskt signifikanta samband mellan samtliga skuldkvoter och företagsstorlek. Uppsatsens slutsats konstaterade att kapitalstrukturen hos OMXS företag inom Large Cap hade förändrats under pandemin i jämförelse med före pandemin. Sammantaget bidrar denna uppsats till en djupare förståelse för sambandet mellan samtliga analyserade variabler baserat på en historisk bakgrund. Därmed kan svenska bolag inom alla sektorer, exklusive finanssektorn, skapa en bättre uppfattning kring sina kapitalstrukturer inför framtida finanskriser. / The purpose of this study is to analyze potential capital structure changes in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic among Swedish publicly traded companies on the Stockholm Stock Exchange, OMXS, within Large Cap. The sample consists of companies across all sectors within Large Cap, excluding the finance sector. Focusing on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables before and during the period of the pandemic, 2015–2022. The dependent variables consist of total-, short- term-, and long- term debt as a proportion to the total assets. These dependent variables constitute as a Proxy for capital structure. The independent variables include size, profitability and growth. To accomplish this, the theoretical framework for this essay is based on Modigliani and Miller proposition 1 & 2, The Pecking Order Theory, The Trade Off Theory along with previous empirical studies. The analyzes contains of a descriptive analysis of all variables, a correlation analysis of the independent variables, and lastly several multivariate regressions analyses between all variables. In order to make it possible to acquire the most valid and reliable conclusions, the study will be based on a quantitative method, applying a deductive approach. The results found the most statistically significant relationships between all debt ratios and company size. The conclusion stated that the capital structure of OMXS companies, within Large Cap, had changed during the pandemic compared to before. In summary the results contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between all analyzed variables based on a historical background. Hence Swedish companies within these sectors can gain a better understanding of their capital structure for future financial crises.