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Homöopathie oder Penicillin bei Mandelentzündung? : eine prospektive klinische Studie /Nusche, Marina. January 1998 (has links)
Zugl.: Tübingen, Universiẗat, Diss.
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Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Penicillin-G-Acylase Produktion /Baumert, Josef. January 1995 (has links) (PDF)
Techn. Univ., Diss.--Braunschweig, 1995.
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Optimierung der Penicillin G-Acylase-Bildung bei Escherichia coli 5K (pHM12)Tjokrosoeharto, Handoko, January 1983 (has links)
Thesis (Doctoral)--Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, 1983.
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Einfluss von Polymorphismen im penA-Gen auf das Resistenzverhalten von Neisseria lactamica und Neisseria meningitidis / Impact of penA-polymorphisms on penicillin resistance of Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria meningitidisKarch, André January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Wie das pathogene Bakterium Neisseria meningitidis kolonisiert auch Neisseria lactamica als Kommensale den oberen Nasopharynx des Menschen. Penicillin G ist ein first-line-Therapeutikum gegen Meningokokkeninfektionen. Reduzierte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Penicillin wird bei Meningokokken durch Mutationen im penA-Gen verursacht. Horizontaler Gentransfer zwischen den verschiedenen Neisseria spp. wurde auch für das penA-Gen beschrieben. Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher eine phänotypische und genotypische Analyse der Penicillinresistenz von N. lactamica. Aus den Versuchen sollten Prognosen über die zukünftige Resistenzentwicklung von Meningokokken abgeleitet werden. Die phänotypische Analyse von 123 N. lactamica-Stämmen (MIC [Minimum inhibitory concentration]-Bereich: 0,064 – 2,0 µg/ml, Median: 0,38 µg/ml) und 129 N. meningitidis- Stämmen (MIC-Bereich: 0,016 – 0,25 µg/ml, Median: 0,064 µg/ml) zeigte signifikant höhere MIC-Werte gegenüber Penicillin G bei den N. lactamica-Stämmen als bei den untersuchten Meningokokken. Bei Meningokokken sind Polymorphismen (fünf spezifische Mutationen betreffend) im penA-Gen (kodiert für das PBP2 (penicillin binding protein 2)) für verminderte Penicillinsensibilität verantwortlich, weshalb der betroffene Abschnitt des penA-Gens in allen N. lactamica-Stämmen und N. meningitidis-Stämmen untersucht und mit den bekannten Allelen der penA-Datenbank verglichen wurde. Bei den 123 N. lactamica-Stämmen konnten 60 verschiedene penA-Allele nachgewiesen werden, wovon 51 neu in die internationale penA-Datenbank eingefügt werden konnten. Im Gegensatz zu Meningokokken trugen die N. lactamica-Stämme entweder drei oder fünf der für intermediär resistente Meningokokken charakteristischen Mutationen im penA-Gen. N. lactamica-Stämme mit fünf Mutationen (MIC-Bereich: 0,25 – 2,0 µg/ml, Median: 0,5 µg/ml) zeigten signifikant höhere MIC-Werte als Stämme mit drei Mutationen (MIC-Bereich: 0,064 – 0,38 µg/ml, Median: 0,125 µg/ml), aber auch als Meningokokken mit fünf Mutationen (MIC-Bereich: 0,064 – 0,25 µg/ml, Median: 0,125 µg/ml). Eine phylogenetische Analyse aller in der penA-Datenbank hinterlegten Allele zusammen mit den 51 neuen dieser Studie ergab, dass die Allele mit fünf Mutationen unabhängig von der Spezies eine gemeinsame phylogenetische Linie bildeten, während sowohl die Allele mit drei Mutationen (N. lactamica) als auch die ohne Mutationen (N. meningitidis) jeweils eine separate phylogenetische Gruppe formten. Im Rahmen von in vitro-Transformationen mit chromosomaler DNA von N. lactamica konnte der MIC-Wert des Penicillin-sensiblen Meningokokkenstamms 14 in einem single-step-Ereignis durch Übernahme des betreffenden penA-Gens von N. lactamica erhöht werden. Allerdings konnten nur MIC-Werte erreicht werden, die mit intermediär-sensiblen Meningokokken vergleichbar waren und somit weit unter den MIC-Werten der benutzten N. lactamica-Stämme lagen. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass erhöhte MIC-Werte bei N. lactamica wie auch bei Meningokokken mit Mutationen in der Transpeptidaseregion des PBP2 assoziiert sind. Jedoch sind die im Vergleich zu Meningokokken generell höheren MIC-Werte bei N. lactamica auf andere Faktoren zurückzuführen, die bei N. lactamica eine verminderte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Penicillin bedingen. In den in vitro-Experimenten der vorliegenden Studie konnten diese Faktoren nicht auf Meningokokken übertragen werden. Demnach kann eine Co-Kolonisation mit N. lactamica zwar die MIC-Werte von Meningokokken erhöhen, das Erreichen von bei N. lactamica beobachteten Resistenzniveaus ist allerdings auf diesem Wege nicht möglich. Es ist somit nicht zu befürchten, dass Meningokokken – wie bei Pneumokokken beobachtet – über kommensale Spezies der gleichen Gattung eine massive Reduktion der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Penicillin entwickeln werden. / Neisseria lactamica colonises the human upper nasopharynx together with the pathogen bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. Penicillin G remains a first line therapy against meningococcal disease. Reduced penicillin susceptibility in N. meningitidis is caused by mutations in penA-gene. Horizontal gene transfer between Neisseria spp. has been described for the penA-gene as well. The aim of this study was to provide a phenotypic and genotypic analysis of penicillin resistance in N. lactamica. Moreover, implications about future developments of penicillin resistance in meningococci should be derived. A phenotypic analysis of 123 N. lactamica-isolates (MIC [Minimum inhibitory concentration]-range: 0.064 – 2.0 µg/ml, median: 0.38 µg/ml) and 129 N. meningitidis-isolates (MIC-range: 0.016 – 0.25 µg/ml, median: 0,064 µg/ml) showed significantly higher MIC values in N. lactamica. Five specific polymorphisms in penA-gene (encoding for PBP2 (penicillin binding protein 2)) are responsible for reduced penicillin susceptibility in meningococci. Therefore the penA-gene of all isolates in this study was analysed and compared with the registered alleles in the penA-database. Sixty different penA-alleles were found in the 123 N. lactamica-isolates of this study. Fifty-one of these alleles could not be found in the penA-database and were added to the database during this study. Unlike N. meningitidis, the analysed N. lactamica-isolates harbored either three or five of the mutations in penA-gene, which are typical for intermediate susceptible meningococci. N. lactamica-isolates with five mutations (MIC-range: 0.25 – 2.0 µg/ml, median: 0.5 µg/ml) showed significantly higher MIC-values than N. lactamica-isolates with three mutations (MIC-range: 0.064 – 0.38 µg/ml, median: 0.125 µg/ml), but also than meningococci with five mutations (MIC-range: 0.064 – 0.25 µg/ml, median: 0.125 µg/ml). A phylogenetic analysis of the 51 new alleles in this study together with all alleles of the penA-database showed, that alleles with five mutations grouped together independently of the species they came from, whereas alleles with three mutations (N. lactamica) as well as alleles without mutations (N. meningitidis) formed separate phylogenetic lines. In vitro-transformations with chromosomal DNA from N. lactamica could raise the MIC-value of the susceptible meningococcus a14 in a single step event by receiving the penA-allele from N. lactamica. However, the MIC-values observed in these transformants were only comparable to those in intermediate susceptible meningococci but considerably below the values of the N. lactamica-isolates used for the transformation. The results of this study showed that high MIC-values in N. lactamica as well as in N. meningitidis are associated with mutations in the transpeptidase region of PBP2. However, the generally higher MIC-values in N. lactamica must be attributed to other factors. These factors could not be transferred to meningococci in this study. As a result of this study it can be stated that co-colonisation with N. lactamica might raise MIC-values in N. meningitidis. However, considerable reductions of penicillin susceptibility by horizontal gene transfer from commensal spezies of the same genus (as observed in pneumococci) cannot be expected for N. meningitidis.
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Improving the enzymatic synthesis of semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics via reaction engineering and data-driven protein engineeringDeaguero, Andria Lynn 16 August 2011 (has links)
Semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics are the most prescribed class of antibiotics in the world. Chemical coupling of a β-lactam moiety with an acyl side chain has dominated the industrial production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics since their discovery in the early 1960s. Enzymatic coupling of a β-lactam moiety with an acyl side chain can be accomplished in a process that is much more environmentally benign but also results in a much lower yield. The goal of the research presented in this dissertation is to improve the enzymatic synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics via reaction engineering, medium engineering and data-drive protein engineering.
Reaction engineering was employed to demonstrate that the hydrolysis of penicillin G to produce the β-lactam nucleus 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), and the synthesis of ampicillin from 6-APA and (R)-phenylglycine methyl ester ((R)-PGME), can be combined in a cascade conversion. In this work, penicillin G acylase (PGA) was utilized to catalyze the hydrolysis step, and PGA and α-amino ester hydrolase (AEH) were both studied to catalyze the synthesis step. Two different reaction configurations and various relative enzyme loadings were studied. Both configurations present a promising alternative to the current two-pot set-up which requires intermittent isolation of the intermediate, 6-APA.
Medium engineering is primarily of interest in β-lactam antibiotic synthesis as a means to suppress the undesired primary and secondary hydrolysis reactions. The synthesis of ampicillin from 6-APA and (R)-PGME in the presence of ethylene glycol was chosen for study after a review of the literature. It was discovered that the transesterification product of (R)-PGME and ethylene glycol, (R)-phenylglycine hydroxyethyl ester, is transiently formed during the synthesis reactions. This never reported side reaction has the ability to positively affect yield by re-directing a portion of the consumption of (R)-PGME to an intermediate that could be used to synthesize ampicillin, rather than to an unusable hydrolysis product.
Protein engineering was utilized to alter the selectivity of wild-type PGA with respect to the substituent on the alpha carbon of its substrates. Four residues were identified that had altered selectivity toward the desired product, (R)-ampicillin. Furthermore, the (R)-selective variants improved the yield from pure (R)-PGME up to 2-fold and significantly decreased the amount of secondary hydrolysis present in the reactions.
Overall, we have expanded the applicability of PGA and AEH for the synthesis of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics. We have shown the two enzymes can be combined in a novel one-pot cascade, which has the potential to eliminate an isolation step in the current manufacturing process. Furthermore, we have shown that the previously reported ex-situ mixed donor synthesis of ampicillin for PGA can also occur in-situ in the presence of a suitable side chain acyl donor and co-solvent. Finally, we have made significant progress towards obtaining a selective PGA that is capable of synthesizing diastereomerically pure semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics from racemic substrates.
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Measuring gentamicin and penicillin concentrations in allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares by in vivo microdialysisMurchie, Tracy Ann, January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 152 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Rsn-2-mediated directed foam enrichment of β-lactamaseKrause, Thomas, Keshavarzi, Behnam, Dressel, Jannes, Heitkam, Sascha, Ansorge-Schumacher, Marion B. 30 May 2024 (has links)
Today, the availability of methods for the activity-preserving and cost-efficient downstream processing of enzymes forms a major bottleneck to the use of these valuable tools in technical processes. A promising technology appears to be foam fractionation, which utilizes the adsorption of proteins at a gas–liquid interface. However, the employment of surfactants and the dependency of the applicability on individual properties of the target molecules are considerable drawbacks. Here, we demonstrate that a reversible fusion of the large, surface-active protein Ranaspumin-2 (Rsn-2) to a β-lactamase (Bla) enabled both surfactant-free formation of a stable foam and directed enrichment of the enzyme by the foaming. At the same time, Bla maintained 70% of its catalytic activity, which was in stark contrast to the enzyme without fusion to Rsn-2. Rsn-2 predominantly mediated adsorption. Comparable results were obtained after fusion to the structurally more complex penicillin G acylase (PGA) as the target enzyme. The results indicate that using a surface-active protein as a fusion tag might be the clue to the establishment of foam fractionation as a general method for enzyme downstream processing.
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Rôle des polysaccharides de surface dans la formation des biofilms et rôle du biofilm d’Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae dans la pathogénicitéHathroubi, Skander 05 1900 (has links)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae est un bacille Gram-négatif de la famille des Pasteurellaceae. A. pleuropneumoniae est l'agent étiologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine, une maladie hautement contagieuse et endémique qui cause encore à ce jour d’énormes pertes économiques dans le monde de l’industrie porcine. La pathogenèsedes infections à A. pleuropneumoniae implique plusieurs facteurs de virulence de la bactérie dont les principaux sont les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) et la capsule polysaccharidique (CPS). Ces derniers sont impliqués dans l'adhérence d’A. pleuropneumoniae. Très récemment, il a été démontré qu’A. pleuropneumoniae était capable de produire, sous certaines conditions un biofilm riche en poly- N-acétyl-D-glucosamine (PGA). Cependant, le rôle de cette structure dans la pathogenèse ainsi que les facteurs intervenant dans sa formation et ses signaux déclencheurs sont peu connus à ce jour.
Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que l’antigène O du LPS joue un rôle important dans la formation d’un biofilm mature par A. pleuropneumoniae que ce soit dans un modèle statique ou dans un modèle dynamique en flux, le «drip flow reactor», plus représentatif de l’environnement pulmonaire. Alors que l’absence de la capsule ou du noyau oligosaccharidique du LPS ne semble pas affecter la formation du biofilm, le défaut de formation du biofilm chez le mutant antigène O semble être lié à un problème de production de PGA. En effet, des tests d’immunodétection du PGA associé aux bactéries, à l’aide d’anticorps spécifiques, et les études d’expression du PGA démontrent que le mutant antigène O produit moins de polysaccharide. De plus, les gènes codant pour le système de stress exocytoplasmique CpxRA semblent être moins exprimés chez le mutant antigène O.
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L’expression du système CpxRA a également été étudiée lors de l’exposition de souches faiblement productrices de biofilm à des doses sous inhibitrices de pénicilline G (sous-CMI de PG). L’expression des gènes cpxR et cpxA ainsi que d’un gène codant pour la biosynthèse du PGA est augmentée après exposition à des doses sous-CMI de PG. Cette augmentation est suivie d’une augmentation de la capacité des souches étudiées à former un biofilm ainsi que d’une modification de la composition de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces résultats suggèrent que des doses sous-CMI de PG semblent agir comme signaux activateurs de la formation de biofilm chez A. pleuropneumoniae.
Finalement, des expériences visant à établir l’implication du biofilm dans l’échappement d’A. pleuropneumoniae au système immunitaire ont démontré que les bactéries du biofilm sont moins susceptibles d’activer des cellules immunitaires que les bactéries planctoniques. À l’aide de la spectrométrie de masse, nous avons démontré une distribution différente des structures du lipide A du LPS entre les bactéries planctoniques et ceux du biofilm. Ces modifications structurelles au niveau du lipide A pourraient expliquer, du moins en partie, cette diminution de la réponse inflammatoire suite à l’exposition des macrophages aux bactéries du biofilm d’A. pleuropneumoniae.
Au cours de ce projet, nous avons ainsi pu identifier de nouveaux facteurs importants pour la formation du biofilm d’A. pleuropneumoniae nous permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de formation du biofilm ainsi que son implication dans la pathogénicité. / Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious disease that causes important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Several virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae have been identified. These factors include the Apx toxins, iron uptake systems and surface polysaccharides. Surface polysaccharides including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are implicated in the adhesion of A. pleuropneumoniae. Recent literature indicates that A. pleuropneumoniae has the ability to rapidly form a biofilm rich in poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PGA). However, the role of the biofilm in the pathogenesis as well as factors and signals involved in are little known to date.
In this study, we demonstrated that the LPS O antigen plays an important role in the biofilm formation by A. pleuropneumoniae whether in a static model or a dynamic model under continuous flow, the "drip flow reactor" which is more representative of the lung environment. While truncation of the LPS core oligosaccharide or the absence of CPS did not have any effect, absence of O antigen markedly reduced the ability of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 to form a mature biofilm. This finding was linked for the O-antigen mutant to a reduced pgaA expression and, consequently, a reduced PGA production. Indeed, compared to the parental or other strains, the biofilm of the O-antigen mutant was dramatically reduced and it had less cell-associated PGA. Real-time PCR analyses revealed a significant reduction in the level of pgaA which encodes for biosynthesis of PGA. Interestingly, the O-antigen mutant also exhibited reduced expression of stress extracytoplasmic CpxRA system.
Expression of CpxRA system was also investigated during the exposure of field isolates of A.
pleuropneumoniae to sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G (sub-MICs of PG). III
Surprisingly, cpxR, cpxA and pgaA expression was increased after exposure to sub-MICs of PG. The up-regulation of these genes was followed by an increase of the capacity of the studied strains to form a biofilm as well as a change in the composition of the induced biofilm extracellular matrix. These results suggest that sub-MICs of PG seem to act as activators signal towards biofilms of A. pleuropneumoniae.
Finally, experiments to establish the involvement of the biofilm in the immune evasion of A. pleuropneumoniae have shown that biofilm cells have weaker ability to stimulate innate immune cells compared to planktonic bacteria. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated a different distribution of structures of lipid A of LPS between planktonic bacteria and those of the biofilm. These structural changes in the lipid A could explain, at least in part, the reduction of the inflammatory response following exposure of macrophages to A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm cells compared to their planktonic counterparts.
During this project, we were able to identify new factors important for biofilm formation of A. pleuropneumoniae allowing us to better understand the biofilm formation and its involvement in pathogenicity.
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Nanosistemas de penicilina G benzatina para tratamento profil?tico da febre reum?tica: estudo anal?ticoSilva, Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e 17 August 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006-08-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Investigations in the field of pharmaceutical analysis and quality control of medicines require analytical procedures with good perfomance characteristics. Calibration is one of the most important steps in chemical analysis, presenting direct relation to parameters such as linearity. This work consisted in the development of a new methodology to obtain calibration curves for drug analysis: the stationary cuvette one. It was compared to the currently used methodology, and possible sources of variation between them were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the proposed technique presented similar reproducibility compared to the traditional methodology. In addition to that, some advantages were observed, such as user-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, accuracy, precision and robustness. Therefore, the stationary cuvette methodology may be considered the best choice to obtain calibration curves for drug analyis by spectrophotometry / As investiga??es no campo do controle de qualidade e da an?lise de f?rmacos requerem procedimentos anal?ticos com boas caracter?sticas de desempenho. A calibra??o ? uma das etapas mais importantes na an?lise qu?mica, apresentando a rela??o direta aos par?metros tais como linearidades. Este trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia nova para obter curvas de calibra??o para a an?lise de f?rmaco: a cubeta estacion?ria. Foi comparado ? metodologia atualmente usada, e as fontes poss?veis da varia??o entre elas foram avaliadas. Os resultados demonstraram que a t?cnica proposta apresentou par?metros semelhantes ? metodologia tradicional. Al?m de algumas vantagens como facilidade na execu??o, baixo custo, exatid?o, precis?o e robustez. Conseq?entemente, a metodologia da cubeta estacion?ria pode ser considerada como metodologia de escolha para obter curvas de calibra??o para a an?lise de f?rmacos por espectrofotometria
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Integrovaný vývoj bioprocesu: Z půdního enzymu do kvasinkové produkční platformy / Integrated development of a bioprocess: From the soil enzyme to the yeast production platformBorčinová, Martina January 2021 (has links)
For a sustainable future, there is a call to increase the market share of bio-based technologies and materials. Microbial-based technologies have the potential and the ability to contribute substantively on many levels to global efforts to achieve sustainability. Development and utilization of microbial technologies is, however, an extensive process involving numerous steps, including the discovery of novel technologies and the development of industrially viable production systems. In the presented thesis, individual steps of microbial biotechnology development were addressed. In the first part of the study, a variety of methodological approaches were employed in order to study the effect of the anthropogenic activity (i.e., decades lasting production of penicillin G) on the structure of soil microbial communities. Moreover, both cultivable and non-cultivable fractions of populations were subjected to functional screening in order to unravel the biotechnological potential of the microorganisms in terms of production of enzymes involved in biotransformation of beta-lactam antibiotics: penicillin G acylase (PGA) and alpha amino acid ester hydrolase (AEH). Our results indicated that the impacted communities harbour a microbial community with increased diversity and richness. However, on the...
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